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Geography > Paper 1 - Glaciated Landscapes > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Glaciated Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition - Ablation

A

The loss of mass from the glacier e.g. meltwater, avalanches, sublimation, evaporation

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2
Q

Definition - Abrasion

A

Small rocks within the base of the glacier rub against the bedrock

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3
Q

Definition - Accumulation

A

The ways a glacier gains mass e.g. snow

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4
Q

Definition - Active Layer

A

The top layer of soil above permafrost, which thaws annually in summer

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5
Q

Definition - Alpine Regions

A

Areas of low temperature in high altitude, mountainous regions

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6
Q

Definition - Arêtes

A

A ridge formed between two cirques

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7
Q

Definition - Basal Ice Melting

A

The weight of a temperate glacier causes meltwater, which will then erode the bedrock through fluvial erosion

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8
Q

Definition - Basal Sliding

A

Glacier sliding over bedrock, due to meltwater, which will then erode the bedrock through fluvial erosion

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9
Q

Definition - Cold Based Glacier

A

The glaciers temperature remains below 0 degrees so the base of the glacier remains frozen and moves very little

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10
Q

Definition - Compressional Flow

A

Ice builds up and thickens due to friction as a glacier travels upwards along a shallow gradient

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11
Q

Definition - Cirque

A

A round hollow in the side of a hill with a steep backwall

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12
Q

Definition - Crushing

A

The weight of the glacier causes fracturing in the bedrock

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13
Q

Definition - Drumlin

A

When a glacier hits an obstacle that cannot be eroded, deposition from underneath the glacier builds up behind the obstacle

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14
Q

Definition - Erratics

A

Boulders transported and deposited by a glacier. The type of rock that forms the erratic will usually differ from the rock types in the surrounding landscape

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15
Q

Definition - Esker

A

A long, winding ridge of glacial deposition

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16
Q

Definition - Extensional Flow

A

Ice thins out, creating crevasses, due to an increase in the glaciers velocity down a shallow gradient

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17
Q

Definition - Fluvial Erosion

A

Water within the glacier erodes the base of the glacier over time through; hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion

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18
Q

Definition - Corrosion

A

Chemical erosion - Rocks or stones eroded as water gets into cracks and holes and dissolves the rock through chemical changes

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19
Q

Definition - Attrition

A

Erosional Process - Rocks and pebbles are carried in the flow of a river. They repeatedly knock into each other which causes the rocks to erode or break

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20
Q

Definition - Hydraulic Action

A

The sheer force of water crashing rocks into each other and causing material to become dislodged

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21
Q

Definition - Glacial Budget

A

The difference between accumulation and ablation for a glacier

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22
Q

Definition - Frost Heave

A

The freezing and expansion of water beneath the ground, resulting in floor uplift

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23
Q

Definition - Glacial Period

A

A period of time of colder average global temperatures causing the growth of ice cover, glacial advances and sea levels to fall

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24
Q

Definition - Glacial Trough

A

A U-shaped valley formed from a v-shaped river valley that becomes filled and eroded over time by a glacier

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25
Q

Definition - Hanging Valleys

A

A valley with a wall at one end, due to the glacier that filled the valley previously being low energy

26
Q

Definition - Holocene

A

Our current glacial period of limited ice cover, lasting over 10,000 years

27
Q

Definition - Ice Wedge

A

Water infiltrates small cracks in the permafrost and expands on freezing repeatedly

28
Q

Definition - Interglacial Period

A

A period of time of warmer average global temperatures, resulting in reduced ice cover, glacial retreat and sea levels to rise

29
Q

Definition - Internal Deformation

A

Glacial movement caused by the weight of the glacier above deforming the ice

30
Q

Definition - Kames

A

Piles of material, sorted due to the differing weight of sediment, left on the valley floor after a glacier melts

31
Q

Definition - Milankovitch Cycle

A

Changes to the tilt and shape of the orbit will affect the average temperature of the Earth

32
Q

Definition - Meltwater Channels

A

Streams of meltwater formed by higher temperatures

33
Q

Definition - Moraines

A

Deposits of eroded material that has been transported by a glacier. Moraines may be lateral, medial, ground, recessional or terminal

34
Q

Definition - Nivation

A

Erosional processes involving snow and ice

35
Q

Definition - Orbital Eccentricity

A

How far a plants orbit is from being a perfect circle

36
Q

Definition - Outwash Plain

A

Material is wages out and deposited due to large volumes of meltwater as a glacier recedes

37
Q

Definition - Patterned Ground

A

Formed through the frost heave of stones in and underneath the active layer

38
Q

Definition - Periglacial

A

Landscapes found at the edge of glacier, polar and alpine regions. Permafrost occurs, with low precipitation and only highly adapted plant species survive

39
Q

Definition - Permafrost

A

Permanently frozen soil throughout the year

40
Q

Definition - Pingo

A

A mound produced as ground is forced upwards through frost heave

41
Q

Definition - Plucking

A

Rocks on the bedrock are frozen within the glacier. As the glacier moves, the rocks are pulled from the bedrock and moved

42
Q

Definition - Polar Regions

A

Areas of maximum ice sheets and limited vegetation, located at high latitudes on Earth

43
Q

Definition - Solifluction

A

The movement of waterlogged soil, trapped between the active layer and permafrost

44
Q

Definition - Till Plain

A

An ice sheet detaches from the main glacier and melts, releasing all loose till and sediment across the bedrock

45
Q

Definition - Warm based glacier

A

Faster travelling glaciers due to basal meltwater trapped underneath the glacier, acting as lubrication to allow the glacier to move

46
Q

Definition - Rock step

A

Stepped long profile in a glacial trough

47
Q

Definition - Truncated spur

A

Shorten spurs of projecting bedrock into a valley. These can form steep cliff like valley sides

48
Q

Definition - Roche Moutonne

A

Ice smoothed bed rock mound with a steeper side facing down valley

49
Q

Definition - Ribbon Lake

A

Long, thin lake in a glacial trough

50
Q

Definition - Fjord

A

Glacial trough that has even flooded by the sea

51
Q

Definition - Knock and Lochan

A

A lowland area with small rounded hills of exposed bedrock and hollows with small lakes

52
Q

Definition - Striations

A

Rocks scarred with thin parallel scratches

53
Q

Definition - Pyramidal Peak

A

Pointed peak with radiating arêtes

54
Q

How far does a cold based glacier move?

A

2/3 metres per year

55
Q

How far does a warm based glacier move?

A

2/3 metres per day

56
Q

What conditions are needed for glacial ice to form?

A

More snow needs to accumulate than is being lost via melting over the year. This occurs above the regional snow line -> the height above which there is a permanent cover of snow

57
Q

What is a relict glacial landscape?

A

Not currently experiencing glacial activity, but features landforms created by ice when the climate was colder in the past

58
Q

What are periglacial environments?

A

Anywhere or non-glacial environments often on the edge of glacial environments where the ground is permanently frozen

59
Q

Formation - Hanging Valley

A

Ice in the main valley eroded more rapidly than ice in the tributary valleys often producing a waterfall

60
Q

Formation - Ribbon Lake

A

Glaciers over deepen their valleys as the ice is thicker and so more erosive towards the centre of the glacier. Rock basin fills with water

61
Q

Formation - Rock Steps

A

Differential erosion as the glacier moves over a resistant band of rock, or where 2 glaciers meet

Geography (3 decks)

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