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Geography > Paper 1 - Glaciated Landscapes > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Glaciated Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Definition - Ablation

A

The loss of mass from the glacier e.g. meltwater, avalanches, sublimation, evaporation

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2
Q

Definition - Abrasion

A

Small rocks within the base of the glacier rub against the bedrock

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3
Q

Definition - Accumulation

A

The ways a glacier gains mass e.g. snow

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4
Q

Definition - Active Layer

A

The top layer of soil above permafrost, which thaws annually in summer

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5
Q

Definition - Alpine Regions

A

Areas of low temperature in high altitude, mountainous regions

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6
Q

Definition - Arêtes

A

A ridge formed between two cirques

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7
Q

Definition - Basal Ice Melting

A

The weight of a temperate glacier causes meltwater, which will then erode the bedrock through fluvial erosion

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8
Q

Definition - Basal Sliding

A

Glacier sliding over bedrock, due to meltwater, which will then erode the bedrock through fluvial erosion

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9
Q

Definition - Cold Based Glacier

A

The glaciers temperature remains below 0 degrees so the base of the glacier remains frozen and moves very little

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10
Q

Definition - Compressional Flow

A

Ice builds up and thickens due to friction as a glacier travels upwards along a shallow gradient

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11
Q

Definition - Cirque

A

A round hollow in the side of a hill with a steep backwall

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12
Q

Definition - Crushing

A

The weight of the glacier causes fracturing in the bedrock

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13
Q

Definition - Drumlin

A

When a glacier hits an obstacle that cannot be eroded, deposition from underneath the glacier builds up behind the obstacle

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14
Q

Definition - Erratics

A

Boulders transported and deposited by a glacier. The type of rock that forms the erratic will usually differ from the rock types in the surrounding landscape

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15
Q

Definition - Esker

A

A long, winding ridge of glacial deposition

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16
Q

Definition - Extensional Flow

A

Ice thins out, creating crevasses, due to an increase in the glaciers velocity down a shallow gradient

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17
Q

Definition - Fluvial Erosion

A

Water within the glacier erodes the base of the glacier over time through; hydraulic action, attrition, corrosion

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18
Q

Definition - Corrosion

A

Chemical erosion - Rocks or stones eroded as water gets into cracks and holes and dissolves the rock through chemical changes

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19
Q

Definition - Attrition

A

Erosional Process - Rocks and pebbles are carried in the flow of a river. They repeatedly knock into each other which causes the rocks to erode or break

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20
Q

Definition - Hydraulic Action

A

The sheer force of water crashing rocks into each other and causing material to become dislodged

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21
Q

Definition - Glacial Budget

A

The difference between accumulation and ablation for a glacier

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22
Q

Definition - Frost Heave

A

The freezing and expansion of water beneath the ground, resulting in floor uplift

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23
Q

Definition - Glacial Period

A

A period of time of colder average global temperatures causing the growth of ice cover, glacial advances and sea levels to fall

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24
Q

Definition - Glacial Trough

A

A U-shaped valley formed from a v-shaped river valley that becomes filled and eroded over time by a glacier

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25
Definition - Hanging Valleys
A valley with a wall at one end, due to the glacier that filled the valley previously being low energy
26
Definition - Holocene
Our current glacial period of limited ice cover, lasting over 10,000 years
27
Definition - Ice Wedge
Water infiltrates small cracks in the permafrost and expands on freezing repeatedly
28
Definition - Interglacial Period
A period of time of warmer average global temperatures, resulting in reduced ice cover, glacial retreat and sea levels to rise
29
Definition - Internal Deformation
Glacial movement caused by the weight of the glacier above deforming the ice
30
Definition - Kames
Piles of material, sorted due to the differing weight of sediment, left on the valley floor after a glacier melts
31
Definition - Milankovitch Cycle
Changes to the tilt and shape of the orbit will affect the average temperature of the Earth
32
Definition - Meltwater Channels
Streams of meltwater formed by higher temperatures
33
Definition - Moraines
Deposits of eroded material that has been transported by a glacier. Moraines may be lateral, medial, ground, recessional or terminal
34
Definition - Nivation
Erosional processes involving snow and ice
35
Definition - Orbital Eccentricity
How far a plants orbit is from being a perfect circle
36
Definition - Outwash Plain
Material is wages out and deposited due to large volumes of meltwater as a glacier recedes
37
Definition - Patterned Ground
Formed through the frost heave of stones in and underneath the active layer
38
Definition - Periglacial
Landscapes found at the edge of glacier, polar and alpine regions. Permafrost occurs, with low precipitation and only highly adapted plant species survive
39
Definition - Permafrost
Permanently frozen soil throughout the year
40
Definition - Pingo
A mound produced as ground is forced upwards through frost heave
41
Definition - Plucking
Rocks on the bedrock are frozen within the glacier. As the glacier moves, the rocks are pulled from the bedrock and moved
42
Definition - Polar Regions
Areas of maximum ice sheets and limited vegetation, located at high latitudes on Earth
43
Definition - Solifluction
The movement of waterlogged soil, trapped between the active layer and permafrost
44
Definition - Till Plain
An ice sheet detaches from the main glacier and melts, releasing all loose till and sediment across the bedrock
45
Definition - Warm based glacier
Faster travelling glaciers due to basal meltwater trapped underneath the glacier, acting as lubrication to allow the glacier to move
46
Definition - Rock step
Stepped long profile in a glacial trough
47
Definition - Truncated spur
Shorten spurs of projecting bedrock into a valley. These can form steep cliff like valley sides
48
Definition - Roche Moutonne
Ice smoothed bed rock mound with a steeper side facing down valley
49
Definition - Ribbon Lake
Long, thin lake in a glacial trough
50
Definition - Fjord
Glacial trough that has even flooded by the sea
51
Definition - Knock and Lochan
A lowland area with small rounded hills of exposed bedrock and hollows with small lakes
52
Definition - Striations
Rocks scarred with thin parallel scratches
53
Definition - Pyramidal Peak
Pointed peak with radiating arêtes
54
How far does a cold based glacier move?
2/3 metres per year
55
How far does a warm based glacier move?
2/3 metres per day
56
What conditions are needed for glacial ice to form?
More snow needs to accumulate than is being lost via melting over the year. This occurs above the regional snow line -> the height above which there is a permanent cover of snow
57
What is a relict glacial landscape?
Not currently experiencing glacial activity, but features landforms created by ice when the climate was colder in the past
58
What are periglacial environments?
Anywhere or non-glacial environments often on the edge of glacial environments where the ground is permanently frozen
59
Formation - Hanging Valley
Ice in the main valley eroded more rapidly than ice in the tributary valleys often producing a waterfall
60
Formation - Ribbon Lake
Glaciers over deepen their valleys as the ice is thicker and so more erosive towards the centre of the glacier. Rock basin fills with water
61
Formation - Rock Steps
Differential erosion as the glacier moves over a resistant band of rock, or where 2 glaciers meet

Geography (3 decks)

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