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Chemistry TRIPLE HIGHER 😈 > Paper 1 Basics > Flashcards

Paper 1 Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?

A

Relative charge: +1, Relative mass: 1

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2
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of a neutron?

A

Relative charge: 0, Relative mass: 1

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3
Q

What is the relative charge and mass of an electron?

A

Relative charge: -1, Relative mass: 1/1836

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4
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

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5
Q

What is the atomic number of an element?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

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6
Q

What is the mass number of an element?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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7
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made from two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.

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8
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms covalently bonded together.

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9
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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10
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.

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11
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

The attraction between delocalized electrons and positive metal ions.

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12
Q

What is the formula for calculating the number of moles?

A

Moles = Mass (g) / Molar Mass (g/mol)

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13
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

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14
Q

What is a limiting reactant?

A

The reactant that is completely used up first, limiting the amount of product formed.

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15
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat.

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16
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.

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17
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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18
Q

What are the main stages of the water cycle?

A

Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.

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19
Q

What is the pH scale used for?

A

Measuring how acidic or basic a substance is.

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20
Q

What is the formula for calculating concentration?

A

Concentration (mol/L) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L)

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21
Q

What is the general equation for a neutralization reaction?

A

Acid + Base → Salt + Water

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22
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A

Taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, and have a pH less than 7.

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23
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A

Taste bitter, feel slippery, turn red litmus paper blue, and have a pH greater than 7.

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24
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

The process of using electricity to break down a compound into its elements.

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25
Q

What are electrodes and their types in electrolysis?

A

Electrodes are conductors through which electricity enters or leaves a substance. The positive electrode is the anode, and the negative electrode is the cathode.

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26
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where both reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously.

27
Q

What is reduction in terms of electrons?

A

Gain of electrons.

28
Q

What is oxidation in terms of electrons?

A

Loss of electrons.

29
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

A list of elements ordered by their reactivity from most reactive to least reactive.

30
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.

31
Q

What is the collision theory?

A

The theory that chemical reactions only occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.

32
Q

What is the periodic table?

A

A table of elements arranged by increasing atomic number, with elements of similar properties in the same column (group).

33
Q

What is a group in the periodic table?

A

A column of elements with similar chemical properties.

34
Q

What is a period in the periodic table?

A

A row of elements where properties change progressively across the table.

35
Q

What are alkali metals?

A

Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive, especially with water.

36
Q

What are halogens?

A

Elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, known for being very reactive non

37
Q

What is a period in the periodic table?

A

A row of elements where properties change progressively across the table.

Example sentence: The third period of the periodic table includes elements like sodium, magnesium, and aluminum.

38
Q

What are alkali metals?

A

Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive, especially with water.

Example sentence: Lithium, sodium, and potassium are examples of alkali metals.

39
Q

What are halogens?

A

Elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, known for being very reactive non-metals.

Example sentence: Chlorine and fluorine are common examples of halogens.

40
Q

What are noble gases?

A

Elements in Group 0 (or 18) of the periodic table, known for being inert due to their full valence electron shell.

Example sentence: Helium, neon, and argon are noble gases.

41
Q

What is the electronic configuration of an element?

A

The distribution of electrons in an atom’s electron shells.

Example sentence: The electronic configuration of carbon is 2,4.

42
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have a full set of eight valence electrons.

Example sentence: Sodium follows the octet rule by losing one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration.

43
Q

What are transition metals?

A

Elements found in the central block of the periodic table, known for their ability to form various oxidation states and colored compounds.

Example sentence: Iron, copper, and gold are transition metals.

44
Q

What is thermal decomposition?

A

The breakdown of a compound into simpler substances when heated.

Example sentence: Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

45
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.

Example sentence: The formation of a white precipitate indicates a chemical reaction has occurred.

46
Q

What is an alloy?

A

A mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and another element, to improve its properties.

Example sentence: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

47
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

An industrial process used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.

Example sentence: The Haber process is essential for producing ammonia-based fertilizers.

48
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

A state in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.

Example sentence: The concept of dynamic equilibrium is crucial in understanding reversible reactions.

49
Q

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

A

The principle stating that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.

Example sentence: Le Chatelier’s principle helps predict how a system will respond to changes in conditions.

50
Q

What are the main products of the electrolysis of brine?

A

Chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide solution.

Example sentence: Electrolysis of brine produces useful products like chlorine for water treatment.

51
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by CH₂.

Example sentence: Alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

52
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

Example sentence: Methane, ethane, and propane are examples of alkanes with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.

53
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CₙH₂ₙ

Example sentence: Ethene, propene, and butene belong to the alkene family with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ.

54
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

Example sentence: Crude oil is refined into various products like gasoline and diesel through fractional distillation.

55
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

A process used to separate a mixture of liquids based on their different boiling points.

Example sentence: Fractional distillation is a key step in refining crude oil into usable products.

56
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process of breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones, often using heat and a catalyst.

Example sentence: Cracking is essential for producing valuable products like gasoline from heavier hydrocarbons.

57
Q

What is the test for hydrogen gas?

A

A lit splint will produce a ‘pop’ sound.

Example sentence: To test for hydrogen gas, hold a lit splint near the gas and listen for the distinctive ‘pop’ sound.

58
Q

What is the test for oxygen gas?

A

A glowing splint will relight.

Example sentence: The test for oxygen gas involves extinguishing a glowing splint and observing it relight in the presence of oxygen.

59
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?

A

Limewater turns cloudy.

Example sentence: The presence of carbon dioxide gas is confirmed when limewater, a solution of calcium hydroxide, turns cloudy.

60
Q

What is the test for chlorine gas?

A

Damp blue litmus paper turns red, then bleaches white.

Example sentence: Chlorine gas can be identified by its reaction with damp blue litmus paper, turning it red and then bleaching it white.

61
Q

What are the characteristics of a solid?

A

Definite shape and volume, particles closely packed in a fixed position.

Example sentence: Ice is a solid with a fixed shape and volume due to the arrangement of its particles.

62
Q

What are the characteristics of a liquid?

A

Definite volume but no definite shape, particles are close but can move past each other.

Example sentence: Water is a liquid that takes the shape of its container but maintains a constant volume.

63
Q

What are the characteristics of a gas?

A

No definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.

Example sentence: Oxygen gas is a good example of a substance that exhibits the characteristics of a gas.

Chemistry TRIPLE HIGHER 😈 (2 decks)

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