Paper 1 Basics Flashcards
What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?
Relative charge: +1, Relative mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of a neutron?
Relative charge: 0, Relative mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of an electron?
Relative charge: -1, Relative mass: 1/1836
What is an isotope?
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
What is the atomic number of an element?
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
What is the mass number of an element?
The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
What is a compound?
A substance made from two or more different elements that are chemically bonded together.
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms covalently bonded together.
What is ionic bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
What is covalent bonding?
The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms.
What is metallic bonding?
The attraction between delocalized electrons and positive metal ions.
What is the formula for calculating the number of moles?
Moles = Mass (g) / Molar Mass (g/mol)
What is the law of conservation of mass?
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
What is a limiting reactant?
The reactant that is completely used up first, limiting the amount of product formed.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat.
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.
What is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.
What are the main stages of the water cycle?
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection.
What is the pH scale used for?
Measuring how acidic or basic a substance is.
What is the formula for calculating concentration?
Concentration (mol/L) = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L)
What is the general equation for a neutralization reaction?
Acid + Base → Salt + Water
What are the properties of acids?
Taste sour, turn blue litmus paper red, and have a pH less than 7.
What are the properties of bases?
Taste bitter, feel slippery, turn red litmus paper blue, and have a pH greater than 7.
What is electrolysis?
The process of using electricity to break down a compound into its elements.
What are electrodes and their types in electrolysis?
Electrodes are conductors through which electricity enters or leaves a substance. The positive electrode is the anode, and the negative electrode is the cathode.
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction where both reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously.
What is reduction in terms of electrons?
Gain of electrons.
What is oxidation in terms of electrons?
Loss of electrons.
What is the reactivity series?
A list of elements ordered by their reactivity from most reactive to least reactive.
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
What is the collision theory?
The theory that chemical reactions only occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and proper orientation.
What is the periodic table?
A table of elements arranged by increasing atomic number, with elements of similar properties in the same column (group).
What is a group in the periodic table?
A column of elements with similar chemical properties.
What is a period in the periodic table?
A row of elements where properties change progressively across the table.
What are alkali metals?
Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive, especially with water.
What are halogens?
Elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, known for being very reactive non
What is a period in the periodic table?
A row of elements where properties change progressively across the table.
Example sentence: The third period of the periodic table includes elements like sodium, magnesium, and aluminum.
What are alkali metals?
Elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, known for being highly reactive, especially with water.
Example sentence: Lithium, sodium, and potassium are examples of alkali metals.
What are halogens?
Elements in Group 7 of the periodic table, known for being very reactive non-metals.
Example sentence: Chlorine and fluorine are common examples of halogens.
What are noble gases?
Elements in Group 0 (or 18) of the periodic table, known for being inert due to their full valence electron shell.
Example sentence: Helium, neon, and argon are noble gases.
What is the electronic configuration of an element?
The distribution of electrons in an atom’s electron shells.
Example sentence: The electronic configuration of carbon is 2,4.
What is the octet rule?
Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have a full set of eight valence electrons.
Example sentence: Sodium follows the octet rule by losing one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration.
What are transition metals?
Elements found in the central block of the periodic table, known for their ability to form various oxidation states and colored compounds.
Example sentence: Iron, copper, and gold are transition metals.
What is thermal decomposition?
The breakdown of a compound into simpler substances when heated.
Example sentence: Calcium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
What is a precipitate?
A solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.
Example sentence: The formation of a white precipitate indicates a chemical reaction has occurred.
What is an alloy?
A mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and another element, to improve its properties.
Example sentence: Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
What is the Haber process?
An industrial process used to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
Example sentence: The Haber process is essential for producing ammonia-based fertilizers.
What is dynamic equilibrium?
A state in which the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
Example sentence: The concept of dynamic equilibrium is crucial in understanding reversible reactions.
What is Le Chatelier’s principle?
The principle stating that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system will shift to counteract the disturbance and restore equilibrium.
Example sentence: Le Chatelier’s principle helps predict how a system will respond to changes in conditions.
What are the main products of the electrolysis of brine?
Chlorine gas, hydrogen gas, and sodium hydroxide solution.
Example sentence: Electrolysis of brine produces useful products like chlorine for water treatment.
What is a homologous series?
A group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by CH₂.
Example sentence: Alkanes form a homologous series with a general formula of CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
What is the general formula for alkanes?
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
Example sentence: Methane, ethane, and propane are examples of alkanes with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
What is the general formula for alkenes?
CₙH₂ₙ
Example sentence: Ethene, propene, and butene belong to the alkene family with the general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
What is crude oil?
A complex mixture of hydrocarbons that can be separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
Example sentence: Crude oil is refined into various products like gasoline and diesel through fractional distillation.
What is fractional distillation?
A process used to separate a mixture of liquids based on their different boiling points.
Example sentence: Fractional distillation is a key step in refining crude oil into usable products.
What is cracking?
The process of breaking down large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful ones, often using heat and a catalyst.
Example sentence: Cracking is essential for producing valuable products like gasoline from heavier hydrocarbons.
What is the test for hydrogen gas?
A lit splint will produce a ‘pop’ sound.
Example sentence: To test for hydrogen gas, hold a lit splint near the gas and listen for the distinctive ‘pop’ sound.
What is the test for oxygen gas?
A glowing splint will relight.
Example sentence: The test for oxygen gas involves extinguishing a glowing splint and observing it relight in the presence of oxygen.
What is the test for carbon dioxide gas?
Limewater turns cloudy.
Example sentence: The presence of carbon dioxide gas is confirmed when limewater, a solution of calcium hydroxide, turns cloudy.
What is the test for chlorine gas?
Damp blue litmus paper turns red, then bleaches white.
Example sentence: Chlorine gas can be identified by its reaction with damp blue litmus paper, turning it red and then bleaching it white.
What are the characteristics of a solid?
Definite shape and volume, particles closely packed in a fixed position.
Example sentence: Ice is a solid with a fixed shape and volume due to the arrangement of its particles.
What are the characteristics of a liquid?
Definite volume but no definite shape, particles are close but can move past each other.
Example sentence: Water is a liquid that takes the shape of its container but maintains a constant volume.
What are the characteristics of a gas?
No definite shape or volume, particles are far apart and move freely.
Example sentence: Oxygen gas is a good example of a substance that exhibits the characteristics of a gas.
