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AQA Biology: A Level > Paper 1 and 3: Mass Transport > Flashcards

Paper 1 and 3: Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

Cardiac output =

A

Stroke rate x volume

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2
Q

Right side of heart =

A

Deoxygenated blood

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3
Q

Left side of the heart =

A

Oxygenated blood

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4
Q

How do you know which side is the left side of the heart on a diagram?

A

The one with the thicker muscle/ bigger side

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5
Q

What direction do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from heart

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6
Q

What direction do veins carry blood?

A

Towards the heart

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7
Q

Why is the muscle on the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle?

A

Cus it has more muscle/ muscle fibre

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8
Q

Why are the ventricle walls thicker than the atria?

A

Cus they contract the heart w/ greater force = higher pressure to pump blood further

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9
Q

What is the purpose of valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood

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10
Q

What is the exception to the artery rule?

A

Coronary arteries

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11
Q

What do the coronary arteries do?

A

Supply oxygen & glucose to heart/ cardiac muscle

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12
Q

What are factors that can lead to Coronary Heart disease (CHD)? [5]:

A
  • Diet high in cholesterol
  • Genetic factors
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • high blood pressure
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13
Q

What causes a heart attack (CHD)? [5]:

A
  1. CHD = narrower lumen in arteries
  2. Restricted blood flow so not enough reaches heart
  3. Not enough O2 and glucose so no ae respiration
  4. No ATP produced so no energy for heart to contract
  5. Mycordial infarction (heart attack)
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14
Q

What is the name of the valve between the ventricles and arteries?

A

Semilunar valves

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15
Q

What is the name of the valve between the atria & the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular valves

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16
Q

What are the other names for AV valves? [2]:

A
  • Tricuspid valve

- Bicuspid valve

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17
Q

What holds valves together so that they don’t invert?

A

Cords/ heart strings / tendons

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18
Q

What does the hepatic artery do?

A

Carries blood away from heart towards liver

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19
Q

What does the hepatic vein do?

A

Carries blood towards heart from liver

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20
Q

What does the renal artery do?

A

Carries blood away from the heart towards the kidney

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21
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Carries blood towards heart from kidney

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22
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle? [3]:

A
  1. Atria contract & ventricles relax
  2. Ventricles contract & atria relax
  3. Ventricles & atria both relax
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23
Q

Cardiac cycle- stage 1 [4]:

A
  • Volume of atria decreases
  • so pressure in atria increases pushin blood to ventricles
  • volume of ventricles increases
  • So pressure in ventricles increases
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24
Q

Cardiac cycle- stage 2 [4]:

A
  • Increased vol in ventricles increases pressure
  • AV valves close cus pressure in ventricles higher than in atria
  • Blood pumped into aorta & pulmonary artery cus SL valves forced open
  • This is cus pressure is lower in aorta & pulmonary artery
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25
Q

Cardiac cycle- stage 3 [3]:

A
  • Blood flows thru aorta/ pulmonary artery
  • Pressure in arteries increases = greater than ventricles
  • Semilunar valves close
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26
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation curve s- shaped/ sigmoid curve?

A
  • First oxygen binds easily
  • Makes it easier for 2nd & 3rd oxygen to bind
  • Difficult for 4th Oxygen to bind
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27
Q

What type of biological molecule is haemoglobin? [2]:

A
  • Quaternary protein

- It has 4 polypeptide chains

28
Q

Why is Hb a quaternary protein?

A

It has 4 polypeptide chains ( more than one)

29
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen =

A

pO₂

30
Q

High pO₂ =

A

High O₂ conc

31
Q

Where is the pO₂ High?

A

At the alveoli

32
Q

Where is the pO₂ low?

A

At respiring muscles

33
Q

When does Hb have a high affinity for O₂?

A

When pO₂ is high

34
Q

What happens with pO₂ at muscles? [4]:

A
  • At respiring muscles pO₂ is low
  • cus O₂ is continually diffused into muscle
  • for aerobic respiration
  • so Hb would have a low affinity for O₂ here
35
Q

What happens to the pO₂ when pCO₂is high? [3]:

A
  • when pCO₂ is high pO₂ is low
  • Cus O₂ is being used for respiration which makes CO₂
  • Oxygen dissociates more readily
36
Q

When pO₂ is low =

A

Oxygen dissociates more readily from haemoglobin

37
Q

Bohr shift [2]:

A
  • At high pCO₂ Hb has a lower affinity for O₂ so O₂ dissociates readily
  • The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right
38
Q

What happens to glucose before translocation?

A

It is converted into sucrose

39
Q

Why is glucose converted before translocation?

A

Cus sucrose is less soluble than glucose

40
Q

Translocation [4]:

A
  • sucrose AT’d into sieve tube elements at top of phloem
    ↓ Ψ
  • Water from xylem osmosis into sieve tube element ↑ pressure at top of phloem
  • Sucrose diffuses out from phloem into sink so Ψ at the bottom of phloem ↑
  • Water osmosisises back into the xylem so pressure at the bottom of phloem ↓
  • Sucrose in sink converted back into glucose so pressure gradient is established
41
Q

What does a pressure gradient in the phloem mean? [4]:

A
  • High pressure at the top
  • Low pressure at the bottom
  • Particles move from ↑ pressure to ↓ low pressure
  • This allows for translocation to keep happening
42
Q

How is starch digested? [3]:

A
  • Amylase from saliva breaks down glycosidic bonds in starch (hydrolysing into maltose)
  • Maltase hydrolyses glycosidic bonds into 2 a glucose
  • Glucose cotransported with Na+
43
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Salivary glands & mouth

44
Q

Where is maltase produced?

A

Small intestine

45
Q

Digestion of lipids [3]:

A
  • Big lipid droplets are emulsified into bile salts (small drop)
  • bile salts hydrolised by lipase into micelles
  • micelles are fat soluble so can diffuse across membranes
46
Q

Lipid droplets vs bile salts =

A

Bile salts have higher SA:Vol

47
Q

what is a micelle?

A

Tiny droplets of monoglyceride + fatty acids that release the monoglyceride close to the cell membrane so that it can diffuse into the epithelium of the smol intestine

48
Q

Digestion [definition]:

A

Hydrolysing large biological molecules, using enzymes, to small molecules that can be absorbed across cell mebrane

49
Q

endopeptidases =

A

Hydrolyses peptide bonds within a polypeptide

50
Q

Exopeptidases =

A

Hydrolyses peptide bonds at the END of the polypeptide

51
Q

Membrane-bound dipeptidases =

A

hydrolyses the peptide bonds between dipeptides

52
Q

Amino acid absorption [3]:

A
  • Na+ pumped out into cell (low conc)
  • It diffuses in via a co-transporter
  • amino acids come in against their conc gradient
53
Q

Veins [4]:

A
  • Thin layer of muscle so can’t contract
  • smooth endothelium to reduce friction
  • One way valves prevents backflow
  • Low pressure blood
54
Q

Arteries [3]:

A
  • Narrower lumen than in vein so high-pressure blood
  • Thick layer of muscle so can contract & change flow
  • Folded endothelium & elastic tissue so they can recoil to maintain smooth pressure
55
Q

Capillaries [3]:

A
  • They surround all cells
  • endothelium is 1 cell thick for short diffusion pathway
  • Capillary beds have a high SA
56
Q

Formation of tissue fluid [4]:

A
  • Higher hydrostatic pressure in the blood than in tissues fluid
  • so water & smol molecules forced out e.g glucose na+
  • Large molecules stay in capillary
  • Pressure decreases cus water leaves
57
Q

Return of tissue fluid [4]:

A
  • Ψ of blood lower than in tissue fluid cus proteins stayed
  • so water moves into capillary thru osmosis
  • causes excess tissue fluid to drain into lymph
  • hydrostatic pressure drops in capillary (water moves down Ψ conc gradient
58
Q

Transpiration [definition]:

A

The evaporation of water from the leaves thru the stomata

59
Q

why is water cohesive?

A

Water molecules stick together cus they are polar

60
Q

Xylem [4]:

A
  • transports water & minerals
  • upwards direction only
  • hollow cus made of dead cells
    = no cell wall
61
Q

Cohesion tension theory [4]:

A
  • Transpiration of water creates low pressure at the top of the xylem
  • water in xylem is pulled up creating tension
  • cus h2o molecules stick together so their weight can be supported in the column
  • water molecules are sucked up to the leaves
62
Q

Factors that affect transpiration [3]:

A
  • Light
  • humidity/ wind
  • temp
63
Q

How does light affect transpiration? [2]:

A
  • More light = more stomata open

- This means more waterloss/ evaporation

64
Q

How does humidity/ wind affect transpiration?

A

They affect the water vapour gradient by decreasing it (not steep)

65
Q

How does temp affect transpiration? [2]:

A
  • more temp = more evaporation

= more water puled up xylem

AQA Biology: A Level (18 decks)

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