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Sport Science > Paper 1 - Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 7 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Structural shape
  3. Blood cell production
  4. Mineral storage
  5. Protection
  6. Movement
  7. Muscle attachment
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2
Q

What is the purpose of a flat bone?

A

To provide protection.

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3
Q

What Is the purpose of short and long bones?

A

Short bone - allows fine movement
Long bone - allows gross movement

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4
Q

What is the purpose of irregular bones?

A

Specialised and allows muscle attachment.

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5
Q

What lubricates a joint and reduces friction?

A

Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Cartilage

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6
Q

What does a ligament in a joint do?

A

Stabilises a joint and absorbs shock.

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7
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone.

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8
Q

What is a tendon?

A

Connects muscle to bone.

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9
Q

What Is the bursae?

A

Providing a cushion between bones and tendons, and reduces friction.

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10
Q

What movement is possible at a hinge joint?

A

Flexion and extension.

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11
Q

What movement is available at a ball and socket joint?

A

Abduction, adduction
Flexion, extension
Rotation

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12
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Pointing toes away from the body.

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13
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Pointing toes up towards the body.

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14
Q

What is an agonist?

A

The primary muscle mover which contracts.

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15
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Muscle relaxes during movement

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16
Q

Name 2 isotonic contractions.

A

Concentric and eccentric

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17
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

When muscles change in length as they contract.

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18
Q

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric?

A

Concentric is when the muscle shortens during contraction and eccentric is when the muscl lengthens during contraction.

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19
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

When muscles stay the same length during contraction.

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20
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Normal amount of air inspired/expired.

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21
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air forced out in after tidal volume.

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22
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Amount of air forced in after tidal volume.

23
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The air left in the lungs prior to maximal expiration.

24
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired/inspired

25
Q

What is the pathway of air?

A

Mouth and nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

26
Q

Name the features that insist in gaseous exchange.

A

Large surface area
Moist, thin walls
Large blood supply
Large amount of capillaries.

27
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration and inspiration?

A

Inspiration = contracts and flattens.
Expiration = relaxes into dome shape.

28
Q

What happens to the ribs during inspiration and expiration?

A

Expiration = lower
Inspiration = rises

29
Q

What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspirational and expiration?

A

Expiration = relaxes
Inspiration = Contracts

30
Q

What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration and inspiration?

A

Expiration = contracts
Inspiration = relaxes

31
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.

33
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.

34
Q

What are the benefits of a stronger heart?

A

Pump out more blood per contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume.

35
Q

What blood vessels contains a valve?

A

Veins

36
Q

Do arteries have thick or thin walls?

A

Thick

37
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of arteries

38
Q

Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium.
What’s next?

A

The blood passes into the right ventricle.

39
Q

The right ventricle contracts to force blood out of the heart to the lungs via the left pulmonary artery.
What’s next?

A

At the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs and oxygen is taken up by the blood. The blood becomes oxygenated.

40
Q

The oxygenated blood is transported back to the left atrium via the pulmonary artery.
What’s next?

A

The blood then flows into the left ventricle.

41
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Transport the blood out of the heart and around the body.

42
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

An exercise competed at a low intensity for a long period of time. Requires oxygen.

43
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

An exercise that is high intensity for a short period of time with the absence of oxygen.

44
Q

What is the aerobic equation?

A

Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water

45
Q

What is the anaerobic equation?

A

Glucose -> energy + lactic acid

46
Q

Name 3 methods of recovery.

A
  1. Cool down
  2. Ice baths and massage
  3. Manipulation of diet
47
Q

How does a cool down aid recovery?

A

Maintains and elevated breathing rate to help remove lactic acid from the body.

48
Q

How does manipulation of diet aid in recovery?

A

Eating carbohydrates, in order to restore energy stores.
Keeping hydrated.

49
Q

How does ice baths and massages aid in recovery?

A

Important after anaerobic exercise. Forces blood vessels to vasoconstriction, which forces the lactic acid out and prevents delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS).

50
Q

What is epoc?

A

Epoc - excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption.
The proccess which ensures lactic acid is removed from the body by keeping an elevated breathing rate.

51
Q

When does epoc occur?

A

After anaerobic exercise.

52
Q

Name some immediate effects of exercise.

A

Increase in temperature
Increase in heart rate
Increased breathing rate
Skin becomes red

53
Q

Name some short term effects of exercise.

A

Muscle cramps
Doms
May feel sick
Fatigue
Dizziness

54
Q

Name some long term effects of exercise.

A

Hypertrophy occurs (heart grows)
Body shape changes
Resting heart rate decreases
Strength will increase
Cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance will increase.

Sport Science (6 decks)

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