Paper 1 - Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What are the 7 functions of the skeleton?
- Support
- Structural shape
- Blood cell production
- Mineral storage
- Protection
- Movement
- Muscle attachment
What is the purpose of a flat bone?
To provide protection.
What Is the purpose of short and long bones?
Short bone - allows fine movement
Long bone - allows gross movement
What is the purpose of irregular bones?
Specialised and allows muscle attachment.
What lubricates a joint and reduces friction?
Synovial membrane
Synovial fluid
Cartilage
What does a ligament in a joint do?
Stabilises a joint and absorbs shock.
What is a ligament?
Connects bone to bone.
What is a tendon?
Connects muscle to bone.
What Is the bursae?
Providing a cushion between bones and tendons, and reduces friction.
What movement is possible at a hinge joint?
Flexion and extension.
What movement is available at a ball and socket joint?
Abduction, adduction
Flexion, extension
Rotation
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing toes away from the body.
What is dorsiflexion?
Pointing toes up towards the body.
What is an agonist?
The primary muscle mover which contracts.
What is an antagonist?
Muscle relaxes during movement
Name 2 isotonic contractions.
Concentric and eccentric
What is an isotonic contraction?
When muscles change in length as they contract.
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric?
Concentric is when the muscle shortens during contraction and eccentric is when the muscl lengthens during contraction.
What is an isometric contraction?
When muscles stay the same length during contraction.
What is tidal volume?
Normal amount of air inspired/expired.
What is expiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air forced out in after tidal volume.
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
Amount of air forced in after tidal volume.
What is residual volume?
The air left in the lungs prior to maximal expiration.
What is vital capacity?
Largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired/inspired
What is the pathway of air?
Mouth and nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Name the features that insist in gaseous exchange.
Large surface area
Moist, thin walls
Large blood supply
Large amount of capillaries.
What happens to the diaphragm during expiration and inspiration?
Inspiration = contracts and flattens.
Expiration = relaxes into dome shape.
What happens to the ribs during inspiration and expiration?
Expiration = lower
Inspiration = rises
What happens to the external intercostal muscles during inspirational and expiration?
Expiration = relaxes
Inspiration = Contracts
What happens to the internal intercostal muscles during expiration and inspiration?
Expiration = contracts
Inspiration = relaxes
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute.
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat.
What are the benefits of a stronger heart?
Pump out more blood per contraction, resulting in higher stroke volume.
What blood vessels contains a valve?
Veins
Do arteries have thick or thin walls?
Thick
What is vasodilation?
Widening of arteries
Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium.
What’s next?
The blood passes into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle contracts to force blood out of the heart to the lungs via the left pulmonary artery.
What’s next?
At the lungs, gaseous exchange occurs and oxygen is taken up by the blood. The blood becomes oxygenated.
The oxygenated blood is transported back to the left atrium via the pulmonary artery.
What’s next?
The blood then flows into the left ventricle.
What does the aorta do?
Transport the blood out of the heart and around the body.
What is aerobic exercise?
An exercise competed at a low intensity for a long period of time. Requires oxygen.
What is anaerobic exercise?
An exercise that is high intensity for a short period of time with the absence of oxygen.
What is the aerobic equation?
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + carbon dioxide + water
What is the anaerobic equation?
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
Name 3 methods of recovery.
- Cool down
- Ice baths and massage
- Manipulation of diet
How does a cool down aid recovery?
Maintains and elevated breathing rate to help remove lactic acid from the body.
How does manipulation of diet aid in recovery?
Eating carbohydrates, in order to restore energy stores.
Keeping hydrated.
How does ice baths and massages aid in recovery?
Important after anaerobic exercise. Forces blood vessels to vasoconstriction, which forces the lactic acid out and prevents delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS).
What is epoc?
Epoc - excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption.
The proccess which ensures lactic acid is removed from the body by keeping an elevated breathing rate.
When does epoc occur?
After anaerobic exercise.
Name some immediate effects of exercise.
Increase in temperature
Increase in heart rate
Increased breathing rate
Skin becomes red
Name some short term effects of exercise.
Muscle cramps
Doms
May feel sick
Fatigue
Dizziness
Name some long term effects of exercise.
Hypertrophy occurs (heart grows)
Body shape changes
Resting heart rate decreases
Strength will increase
Cardiovascular endurance and muscular endurance will increase.
