Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology a-level > paper 1 > Flashcards

paper 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

F: Types of super-ego

A

Weak - no guilt
Deviant - internalise morals that aren’t acceptable (oedipus complex).
Harsh - lots of guilt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

F: Psychodynamic explanations for crime

A
  1. Super-ego (freud)
  2. Maternal deprivation (Bowlby)
  3. Defence Mechanisms (displacement, sublimation, rationalisation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

F: AO3 psychodynamic explanations

A
  • shortage of empirical research
  • gender bias - girls weaker super-ego (castration)
  • unconscious = unfalsifiable (pseudoscience)
    +Dietz + Warren = 76% of 41 serial rapists abused when younger
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

AM: 3 stages of anger management

A
  1. Cognitive preparation - reflect on past anger/triggers.
  2. Skill Acquisition - cognitive skills
  3. Application practice - practice skill (role play)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

AM: Research support for anger management

A

Keen - offenders aged 17-21, 2 hour long sessions (7 in 3 weeks, 8th a month later)

High level of self control + increased awareness.
- Initial issue with offenders not taking the course seriously

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

AM: research that DOESN’T support anger management

A

Blackburn - role play scenarios = artificial as doesn’t have all the triggers.

Loza-Fanous - not a particular cause for anger, not all offenders suffer from anger issues (eg Ted Bundy), crime motivated by anger provides an ‘excuse’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

AM: AO3 positives

A

AM focuses on cognitive aspects of processing (triggers) - develop self-management techniques - multi-disciplinary approach - long term impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SZ: psychological explanations - family dysfunction

A
  1. Schizophrenogenic mothers
  2. Double-bind theory
  3. Expressed emotion (EE)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SZ: family dysfunction AO1

A

Schizophrenogenic mothers - FROMM-REICHMANN - mothers who are cold, rejecting and controlling can cause distrust/ paranoid delusions.
- mother uses child to satisfy her own needs.

Double-bind theory - BATESON - child in conflicting situations about what is wrong - world = confusing + dangerous = disorganised thinking and delusions.

EE - LINSZEN - verbal criticism, hostility and over-emotional involvement = stress and delusions. (4X more likely if family has high EE level).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SZ: AO3 schizophrenogenic mothers

A
  • evidence for family relationships is retrospective.
  • READ - 42 studies, 69% females, 59% men w/ SZ had a history of physical/sexual childhood abuse (issues with validity of evidence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SZ: AO3 Double-bind theory

A
  • little overall evidence
  • BERGER - sz p’s higher recall of double bind compared to control - may be unreliable due to illness.

LIEM - no difference in Sz families compared with control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

SZ: psychological explanation EV

A
  • biological factors often overlooked - genetic - diathesis-stress model (interactionist) - can be used with any explanation.
  • Family based explanations are weak - little supporting evidence - leads to parent blaming
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

SZ: psychological explanations - Cognitive explanations

A
  1. Cognitive deficits -sufferers experience issues with attention, communication and information overload. (hard processing auditory/visual info).
  2. Cognitive bias - delusions, auditory hallucinations
  3. dysfunctional thought processing - metarepresentation leads to hallucinations - SZ don’t have cognitive ability to reflect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

SZ: what does dysfunction of central control lead to?

A

speech poverty

FRITH - sz experience derailment of thoughts and spoken sentences as each word triggers an automatic association they can’t suppress.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

SZ: AO3 cognitive explanations (psychological)

A

+ practical application - CBT helps social functioning

+ support for different info processing - STIRLING - stroop test - P’s took twice as long to complete task, supporting dysfunction of central control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SZ: diagnosis and classification - AO1

A

positive symptoms - hallucinations, delusions (false beliefs), psychomotor disturbances - rocking.

negative symptoms - thought disorder, words confused, speech poverty, avolition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SZ: AO3 classification

A

SCHEFF - labels the individual, self-fufilling prophecy, lower-self esteem.

  • ethics - do the benefits outweigh the costs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

SZ: AO3 reliability

A
  • everyone needs to use same DSM system.
  • patients report symptoms
  • comorbidity - 2 or more illnesses - symptom overlap.
  • LORING AND POWELL - gender bias - some behaviour psychotic in males, not in females.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SZ: AO3 validity

A
  • no such thing as ‘normal’ symptoms
  • unsuitable treatment may be administered (ethics+practical issues).
  • ROSENHAN - pseudopatients led 8 normal people being sectioned despite being normal.
  • COCHRANE - culture bias - afro-caribbean (normal hearing voices).
20
Q

SZ: Biological explanations

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Dopamine hypothesis
  3. Neural correlates: negative
21
Q

SZ: Biological expl.

AO1 genetics

A

GOTTESMAN - MZ= 48%, DZ = 17% risk of sz.

BENZEL ET AL - COMT, DRD4, AKT1 all associated with sz excess dopamine in D2 receptors (can lead to positive symptoms).

KENDLER - first degree relatives 18X more likely than general population.

22
Q

SZ: biological expl.

AO3 genetics

A
  • genetics are only partly responsible, identical twins would have 100% concordance rates (not due to nature)
  • not all SZ P’s have enlarged ventricles.
23
Q

SZ: Biological expl.

AO1 Dopamine

A

Hyperdopaminergia - too much dopamine in sub-cortex = speech poverty and hallucinations.

Hypodopaminergia - too little dopamine in pre-frontal cortex cause issues with decision making and = negative symptoms.

DAVIS - dopamine abnormalities not found in all SZ patients. Autopsies - larger number of dopamine receptors in sz patients.

24
Q

SZ: biological expl.

AO3 dopamine

A
  • cause and effect issues (correlation).

- new drugs (clozapine) target serotonin and glutamate - limits validity of dopamine hypothesis.

25
Q

SZ: biological expl.

AO1 neural correlates

A
  • ventral striatum involved in avolition

JUCKEL - negative correlation between activity levels in ventral striatum and severity of negative symptoms.

ALLEN - auditory hallucinations compared to control group = lower activation levels in superior temporal gyrus found in hallucination group.

JOHNSTONE - Sz enlarged ventricles compared to control - Sz related to loss of brain tissue

26
Q

F: Biological explanations : atavistic

A

LOMBROSO - atavistic characteristics - examined skulls of 383 dead and 3839 living criminals - 40% atavistic characteristics

27
Q

F: atavistic AO3

A

+ beginning of profiling

  • causation issues - facial issues due to environment.
  • poor control - didn’t compare to non criminals so can’t see differences.
  • GORING - 3000 criminals, 3000 non - no evidence to support lombroso
28
Q

F: Biological explanations - Genetics

A

Twin studies - LANGE - 10/13 MZ, 2/17 both in prison

Candidate genes - TILOHEN - 900 offenders - MAOA, CDH13 = 13X more likely violent criminal.

Diathesis stress model - environmental influences can’t be ignored - MEDNICK - 13,000 danish adoptees:
13% no parents convicted
20% one parent convicted
24.5% both parents convicted

29
Q

F: biological explanations - genetics AO3

A
  • problems with twin studies - poorly controlled - MZ/DZ based on appearance not DNA, lacks validity
  • small sample, environment is confounding variable
  • MZ doesn’t = 100% rates
30
Q

F: biological expl - neural explanations

A

neural differences in brain - APD - reduced emotional response.

Prefrontal cortex - RAINE - 11% reduction in volume of grey matter (APD people).

Mirror neurons - KEYSERS - APD asked to emphasise with someone in pain - empathy reaction activated - switch on and off - controlled by mirror neurons

31
Q

F: biological expl. - neural explanations AO3

A
  • biological reductionism - overly simplistic

- biological determinism - can someone claim they weren’t acting under their own free will (ethical issues).

32
Q

what is a type 1 error?

A

hypothesis is mistakenly accepted, null is rejected

33
Q

what is a type 2 error?

A

the null hypothesis is mistakenly accepted, experimental is rejected

34
Q

what is nominal data?

A

categories, most basic

35
Q

what is interval data?

A

precise data eg. time, temperature, weight

36
Q

what is ordinal data?

A

ranked, not knowing exact value as could be subjective

37
Q

what does the stats table look like?

A

Test of difference

Independent groups, repeated measures/ matched pairs , test of association/ correlation

nominal
ordinal
interval

MSC
MWS
URP

38
Q

Holism AO1

A

People and behaviour studied as a whole system - Gestalt psychologists.

Level of explanation:

  1. biological explanations (cells, genes, brain structure)
  2. psychological explanations (beh, envir, cogn)
  3. social and cultural (influence of social groups on behaviour)
39
Q

Reductionism AO1

A

breaking down behaviour into constituent (smaller) parts

40
Q

Holism AO3

A

+ can explain key aspects of behaviour (eg. deindividuation (SPE- Zimbardo) interactions between people).

  • unscientific as doesn’t establish causation - not operationalised variables that can be manipulated or measured.
  • interactionist approach - diathesis stress - SZ- combine drugs + therapy
41
Q

Reductionism AO3

A

+scientific credibility - operationalised variables, experiments etc.

+ biological reductionism = therapies for SSRI for OCD - SOOMRO ET AL - to reduce anxiety. (+RLA)

  • limited - ignores complexity of behaviour
    RITAIN - only believe in neurochemical imbalance - what about underlying problem.

drug treatments - variable success rates.

42
Q

Parasocial relationships AO1

A

one sided relationships that occur with media personalities

peak at ages 11-17. education = lower levels, greater attraction to media personalities. gender = men = sports stars, women = entertainment

43
Q

PR: celebrity attitude scale

A

McCUTCHEON -

  1. entertainment social (gossip, social interaction)
  2. Intense-personal (fan = celeb soul mate)
  3. Borderline pathological (uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviours).
44
Q

PR: absorption addiction model

A

progresses to a delusion of a real relationship - product of deficiencies people have in real life.

Absorption - focus attention on celeb - move from entertainment to intense.

Addiction - to sustain involvement - increases over time (delusional thinking occurs here).

45
Q

PR: AO3 support

A

MALTBY - celeb worship + body image poorer 14-16 (more intense personal = ED).

KIENLEN - 63% stalkers = loss of primary caregiver during childhood - 50% abuse from pcg.

GILES - age - young more interested than older.

McCUTCHEON + HOURAN - celeb worship syndrome (CWS) - 600 P’s, 1/3 CWS

individuals with intense attitudes = increased anxiety, depression and social dysfunction.

insecure attachment more likely - self report = decrease internal validity.

psychology a-level (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions