paper 1 Flashcards
(45 cards)
F: Types of super-ego
Weak - no guilt
Deviant - internalise morals that aren’t acceptable (oedipus complex).
Harsh - lots of guilt
F: Psychodynamic explanations for crime
- Super-ego (freud)
- Maternal deprivation (Bowlby)
- Defence Mechanisms (displacement, sublimation, rationalisation)
F: AO3 psychodynamic explanations
- shortage of empirical research
- gender bias - girls weaker super-ego (castration)
- unconscious = unfalsifiable (pseudoscience)
+Dietz + Warren = 76% of 41 serial rapists abused when younger
AM: 3 stages of anger management
- Cognitive preparation - reflect on past anger/triggers.
- Skill Acquisition - cognitive skills
- Application practice - practice skill (role play)
AM: Research support for anger management
Keen - offenders aged 17-21, 2 hour long sessions (7 in 3 weeks, 8th a month later)
High level of self control + increased awareness.
- Initial issue with offenders not taking the course seriously
AM: research that DOESN’T support anger management
Blackburn - role play scenarios = artificial as doesn’t have all the triggers.
Loza-Fanous - not a particular cause for anger, not all offenders suffer from anger issues (eg Ted Bundy), crime motivated by anger provides an ‘excuse’.
AM: AO3 positives
AM focuses on cognitive aspects of processing (triggers) - develop self-management techniques - multi-disciplinary approach - long term impact
SZ: psychological explanations - family dysfunction
- Schizophrenogenic mothers
- Double-bind theory
- Expressed emotion (EE)
SZ: family dysfunction AO1
Schizophrenogenic mothers - FROMM-REICHMANN - mothers who are cold, rejecting and controlling can cause distrust/ paranoid delusions.
- mother uses child to satisfy her own needs.
Double-bind theory - BATESON - child in conflicting situations about what is wrong - world = confusing + dangerous = disorganised thinking and delusions.
EE - LINSZEN - verbal criticism, hostility and over-emotional involvement = stress and delusions. (4X more likely if family has high EE level).
SZ: AO3 schizophrenogenic mothers
- evidence for family relationships is retrospective.
- READ - 42 studies, 69% females, 59% men w/ SZ had a history of physical/sexual childhood abuse (issues with validity of evidence)
SZ: AO3 Double-bind theory
- little overall evidence
- BERGER - sz p’s higher recall of double bind compared to control - may be unreliable due to illness.
LIEM - no difference in Sz families compared with control.
SZ: psychological explanation EV
- biological factors often overlooked - genetic - diathesis-stress model (interactionist) - can be used with any explanation.
- Family based explanations are weak - little supporting evidence - leads to parent blaming
SZ: psychological explanations - Cognitive explanations
- Cognitive deficits -sufferers experience issues with attention, communication and information overload. (hard processing auditory/visual info).
- Cognitive bias - delusions, auditory hallucinations
- dysfunctional thought processing - metarepresentation leads to hallucinations - SZ don’t have cognitive ability to reflect
SZ: what does dysfunction of central control lead to?
speech poverty
FRITH - sz experience derailment of thoughts and spoken sentences as each word triggers an automatic association they can’t suppress.
SZ: AO3 cognitive explanations (psychological)
+ practical application - CBT helps social functioning
+ support for different info processing - STIRLING - stroop test - P’s took twice as long to complete task, supporting dysfunction of central control.
SZ: diagnosis and classification - AO1
positive symptoms - hallucinations, delusions (false beliefs), psychomotor disturbances - rocking.
negative symptoms - thought disorder, words confused, speech poverty, avolition
SZ: AO3 classification
SCHEFF - labels the individual, self-fufilling prophecy, lower-self esteem.
- ethics - do the benefits outweigh the costs
SZ: AO3 reliability
- everyone needs to use same DSM system.
- patients report symptoms
- comorbidity - 2 or more illnesses - symptom overlap.
- LORING AND POWELL - gender bias - some behaviour psychotic in males, not in females.
SZ: AO3 validity
- no such thing as ‘normal’ symptoms
- unsuitable treatment may be administered (ethics+practical issues).
- ROSENHAN - pseudopatients led 8 normal people being sectioned despite being normal.
- COCHRANE - culture bias - afro-caribbean (normal hearing voices).
SZ: Biological explanations
- Genetics
- Dopamine hypothesis
- Neural correlates: negative
SZ: Biological expl.
AO1 genetics
GOTTESMAN - MZ= 48%, DZ = 17% risk of sz.
BENZEL ET AL - COMT, DRD4, AKT1 all associated with sz excess dopamine in D2 receptors (can lead to positive symptoms).
KENDLER - first degree relatives 18X more likely than general population.
SZ: biological expl.
AO3 genetics
- genetics are only partly responsible, identical twins would have 100% concordance rates (not due to nature)
- not all SZ P’s have enlarged ventricles.
SZ: Biological expl.
AO1 Dopamine
Hyperdopaminergia - too much dopamine in sub-cortex = speech poverty and hallucinations.
Hypodopaminergia - too little dopamine in pre-frontal cortex cause issues with decision making and = negative symptoms.
DAVIS - dopamine abnormalities not found in all SZ patients. Autopsies - larger number of dopamine receptors in sz patients.
SZ: biological expl.
AO3 dopamine
- cause and effect issues (correlation).
- new drugs (clozapine) target serotonin and glutamate - limits validity of dopamine hypothesis.
