Paper 1 Flashcards
Abstract Nouns
refer to ideas / concepts that only exist in the mind - love, freedom, peace
Accent
the distinct pronunciation patterns of a group of people
Adjacency pair
a pair of utterances in a conversation that go together - question and answer, greeting and reply
Adjective
a describing word that modifies a noun - the orange sky
Adverb
a word that modifies a verb telling you how, where or when the action takes place - he ran quickly
Adverbials
phrases / clauses which help express the place ( in the garden ), time ( in May ), or manner ( in a strange way
Analogical overextension
A word for one object is extended to one in a different category; usually on the basis that it has some physical or functional connection
Article
a determiner such as ‘a’ or ‘the’
Audience
the people who receive the text
Auxiliary verb
a verb used in forming the tenses and moods of other verbs - can, could shall, should will, would, am, is, are
Clause
contains at least one subject and one verb - a sentence
Cohesion
Cohesion is the flow of sentences and paragraphs from one to another
Collocation
two or more words that are often found together in a group or phrase with a distinct meaning - fish and chips, back to front, mum and dad
Comparative adjective
faster, bigger, slower
Complement
a noun group or adjective group that completes the expression “they felt very tired”
Complex sentence
at least one independent clause (simple sentence) and one or more dependent clauses
“Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the microwave”
Compound
a word formed from two other words - dustbin
compound sentence
has two or more independent clauses usually joined by a conjunction or semicolon
“I want to lose weight, yet I eat chocolate daily”
compound-complex sentence
at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
“When I grow up, I want to be a ballerina, and my mum is proud of me”
concrete nouns
refer to things we touch / experience physically - snow, table, butter
conjunction
a word that joins clauses together - and, but, if, or
connotation
associated meaning
context
where, when and how a text is produced or received
declarative
a statement - a type of sentence - the cat sat on the mat
definite article
- usually used to refer to the noun as something already mentioned or that is specific to the text
- marks a definite noun phrase
- the dog, the writer, the city
deixis
terms that place the words in context - tomorrow, there, they, today
denotation
literal meaning
determiner
words determining the status of the noun
An Old Corgy Dog Pants Quickly
A - articles (a, an, the) O - ordinal numbers (first, second, third) C - cardinal numbers (one, two, three) D - demonstratives (this, that, those) P - possessives (my, your, hers) Q - quantifiers (most, all, some)
discourse
the structure of the text
discourse marker
words and phrases that manage the direction and flow of the discourse
but, anyways, never the less, however
discourse structure
the way a text is structured
etymology
the history of a word
field
a specific subject/area that the language has come from - medical field
formality
how formal the text is
spoken mode = informal usually
written mode = formal usually
genre
the kind of text - advert, speech , song
gestural
communicating without speech/words e.g. body language
grammar
the way we arrange words to make proper sentences
grapheme
The individual letters or groups of letters that represent the phoneme
high-frequency lexis
words that appear often in everyday speech
hyperlink
an electronic link embedded in a text that takes the reader to another website
hypernyms
categories - pets, vehicles, sweets
hyponyms
examples within categories - dog, truck, lollipop
idiom
a form of common non-literal expression - i was dead on my feet
idiolect
your own individual way of speaking
imperative
a command - give the hat to me
indefinite article
referring to non-specific nouns - i need a pen
inflection
an ending such as -ed, -s or
-ing added to a word that changes a tense or number or to makes it plural
infographic
graphic visual representations of information
interrogative
a question
intertextuality
when a text alludes to / references another text
intonation
the pitch of your voice
juxtaposition
placing two words / thing next to each other to create a contrast
lexical/semantic field
vocabulary that is related by topic in a text
lexicon
the dictionary or the vocabulary of a language
linear
when the text is organised in a sequence - beginning, middle and end
low-frequency lexis
not commonly used lexis in day to day
main clause
a clause that can stand on its own grammatically
main verb
the verb that carries the main meaning of the sentence - she fed the cat
minor sentence
an incomplete sentence that still makes sense - not right now, like father like son, what the hell
hybrid mode
when a text features elements of both written and spoken mode
modal auxiliary verb
a sub-category of auxiliary verb that expresses degrees of possibility or probability
3 forms, modal verbs of:
Possibility: can, could
Probability: should, ought
Obligation/necessity: must
mode
texts can be in spoken mode, written mode or hybrid mode
modifier
any word that describes a noun - can be an adjective, adverb or noun
morphological derivation
forming a new word from an existing word - predict + able = predictable, nice + ly = nicely
multimodal
a text that uses more than one mode - hybrid
non-linear
when the text follows no kind of sequence
noun phrase
a group of words with a noun at the centre of it - Jack’s birthday , Derek’s book
noun
words which name people, places, things and ideas
object
the thing/person that the action is done to
over-generalization
the process of a virtuous error
pace
the speed at which you talk
passive voice
the subject undergoes the action of the verb - ‘they were killed’ not ‘he killed them’
phonetics
the study of sounds
phonology
the classification of the sounds
possessive determiner
my, your, their, his, hers
post-modified
the modification that comes after the head
in the noun group ‘the rules of the game’, the prepositional phrase ‘of the game’ is a postmodifier
pragmatics
studies how context contributes to meaning
pre-modified
modification that comes before the head
vegetarian burger - head burger is modiefied
preposition
words used before a noun to express the situation (time, place) below, above, across, at, by, before
proper nouns
words for specific people / places
prosodics
the rhythm and intonation of language
pun
play on words often using the multiple meanings of words for effect
purpose
describes why the text was produced - to entertain, to inform, to pursuade
register
the type of language used in a discourse - formal register, medial register, academic register
regular verbs
past tense versions are formed by adding an -ed to the end
walk, climb, jump
semantic field
a pattern of words with similar meanings found across a text - bolt, trap, cage = semantic field of control
semantic shift
the change in a meaning of a word
semantics
meaning of words
stress
where emphasis is placed of a word
subject
- controls the content of the discourse
- refers to the person or the thing that is doing or being something
subordinate clause
depends on the main clause to exist (dependent clause)
superlative adjective
expresses the highest level of the quality - the fastest car
synonym
a word that has a similar meaning to another word - big, massive, enormous
syntax
the study of sentence patterns of a language
tag question
an interrogative clause added to the end of a declarative to make it a question - we are meeting for lunch tomorrow, aren’t we?
active voice
when the subject is the actor - ‘he killed them’ not ‘they were killed’
