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Geography Paper 1 > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the site of Indonesia

A

It’s is Pacific and Indian oceans, on the equator and has Jakarta as its capital city

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2
Q

What situation and connectivity of Indonesia

A

It is a bridge between 2 continents, land orders with Malaysia and Papua New Guinea. Half of all shipping goes through Indonesia.

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3
Q

What is some environmental context of Indonesia

A

It has the largest expanse of 20% of gdp from rainforest. And it’s biodiverse

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4
Q

What is some cultural context of Indonesia

A

There is a giant young population and inhabitants speak many indigenous languages

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5
Q

What is some political context of Indonesia

A

It is a former colony of the Netherlands, democratic, corruption is 37.

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6
Q

What are some key Indonesian economic trends

A

Both gdp and gdp per capita is increasing, economic growth is 5% compared to uk 0.7%. Large amounts of fdi.

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7
Q

What is some demographic changes because of rapid growth in Indonesia

A

Death rates have depleted, fertility rates have decreased and life expectancy has increased

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8
Q

What is the definitiwhat are the impacts of growth on the environment in Indonesia

A

Industrialisation has increase air, water and land pollution. Palm oil extraction causes the rainforest to burn down, reducing biodiversity and causing water pollution.

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9
Q

What are some connections Indonesia has

A

It has joined the group called the BRICS it is part of the MINTs and has great trading links with Asian super powers

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10
Q

What is the site of Jakarta

A

It is located on northern java, it developed on the flat lowlands of java, it is located st the mouth of the ciliwung river

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11
Q

What is the situation and connectivity of Jakarta

A

It is well connected by air and water to the rest of Indonesia, it experiences large amounts of migration, and it is a world city

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12
Q

What is the structure of Jakarta like

A

It’s doesn’t follow the urban model pattern: it’s cbd is small and in the north, industry is spread all around the country and high quality housing is built right next to kampungs

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13
Q

What is happening with Jakarta’s population and spatial growth

A

The city has expanded in all direction, open space and wetlands have disappeared, suburbs population increased by 22 mil and core by 3 mil.

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14
Q

What are causes of growth in Jakarta

A

Jakarta is a primate city meaning there Is large amounts of rural urban migration because of dominance. Rural push and urban pull factors, following family, natural increase and increase in FDI

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15
Q

What are some challenges for people living in Jakarta

A

Housing and water supply because of rapid growth and kampungs being illegal and not having water supplies, flooding because many kampungs are stationed on areas susceptible to flooding. And traffic because only 6% of the city is roads

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16
Q

What are some strategies to make Jakarta more sustainable

A

The skyhydrant which is a device for making safe water. The kampung improvement program. Mother and childe health program and the elevated road network

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17
Q

How does oceanic circulation work

A

Surface ocean currents bring hot and cold water around the world

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18
Q

What happens as the 30° lats

A

This is where the Hadley and Ferrell cells meet so it’s an area of high pressure making it a tropic.

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19
Q

What is the itcz

A

This is the area of high pressure and high amounts of rainfall

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20
Q

What are the natural causes of climate change

A

Asteroid collisions, orbital change, volcanic activity and variations in solar output

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21
Q

What does asteroid collisions do to the climate

A

When an asteroid hits the earth is causes the atmosphere to change. This causes dust particles to find their way into the upper atmosphere and reflect the radiation from the sun reducing the climate

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22
Q

What does volcanic activity do to the climate

A

Observations have found out that a single eruption can cool the globe by 0.3°c for 2 years.

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23
Q

What effects does solar output have on the climate

A

Sunspots on the sun are associated in solar output. This increases the radiation produced and the climate temperature.

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24
Q

What effect does orbital changes have on the climate

A

The path the earth takes around the sun can be 1 of 2 shapes (circular or elliptical) this means that depending on the cycle the earth could be closer or further from the sun and increasing and decreasing climate

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25
Q

What evidence can be used for natural climate change

A

Ice cores, tree rings and historical sources

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26
Q

How do tree rings prove natural climate change

A

This is because as they grow they produce growth rings inside them and if warmer the rings are wider

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27
Q

Where and where typhoon Haitian take place

A

Typhoon Haiyan took place in the Philippines in November 2013

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28
Q

Why did Typhoon Haiyan do so much damage

A

Because the Philippines is a fairly poor part of the world with very minimal investment in prediction, planning and protection schemes

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29
Q

What are the economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

It’s overall damage was $5.8 billion. 6 Million workers lost their jobs and many farming areas were destroyed

30
Q

What are some social Impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

More than 7000 were killed. 2 Million were left homeless and large outbreaks of disease

31
Q

What are some environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

71,000 hectares of farmland was destroyed. A giant power barge was knocked over causeing a massive oil spill and major roads were blocked

32
Q

Where and when did hurricane Katrina take place

A

It took place on the 23rd August 2005 in Florida

33
Q

How many people were killed by Katrina

A

Over 1,700

34
Q

How much damage was done by Katrina

A

It caused around $100 billion damages. 100,000 temporary houses were needed and many people ended up unemployed and even after 6 months later there was no functioning sewage system

35
Q

What are some key characteristics of tropical cyclones

A

They have low pressure, rotation ( due to the coriolis effect) and structure.

36
Q

What Re the requirements for a tropical cyclone.

A

Twitch needs a warm open sea with low pressure 26°c

37
Q

How do tropical cyclones form

A

They need warm sea temps and high humidity, low wind sheer coriolis effect and low pressure

38
Q

What do tropical cyclones cause

A

Flooding, storm surges and landslides

39
Q

What are the 4 layers of the earth

A

Inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

40
Q

Why do tectonic plates move

A

The core heats the molten rock in the mantle to create convection currents these currents move the crust

41
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundary

A

Convergent, divergent and conservative

42
Q

What happens at a convergent plate boundary

A

2 plates collide and one plate subducts below the other. Creates many earthquakes and volcanoes

43
Q

What happens at a divergent boundary

A

Rising convection currents pull crust apart forming a volcanic ridge. Creating some shield volcanos

44
Q

What happens at conservative boundaries

A

2 plates brush against each other. Either traveling in different directions or at different speeds

45
Q

What is a hotspot on the earth

A

These are hot points on the earth crust with high heat flow. These are cause by mantle plumes causeing the crust to melt.

46
Q

What are shield volcanos wand where are they formed

A

Shield volcanoes are formed by thin runny lava which flows a long distance before solidifying. These are found on constructive boundaries or hotspots. The lava produced is called basaltic

47
Q

What are composite volcanoes and where are they formed

A

These are found on destructive plate boundaries and are formed by eruptions of viscous sticky lava. It produces andestic magma

48
Q

What is the epicentre and focus for a earthquake

A

The focus is the central point in the earthquake deep under the surface. The epicentre is the point on the surface above the focus

49
Q

What are primary impacts of earthquakes

A

Deaths, injuries, destructions or damage to buildings and destruction to roads, railways and bridges

50
Q

What are some secondary impacts of earthquakes

A

Fires are caused by broken gas pipes, landslides on slopes, spread of disease due to lack of sanitation and tsunamis I’d earthquake occurs offshore

51
Q

How are buildings strengthened to stop earthquakes

A

Installing ring beams to stop walls falling, strong frame work, strengthened walls, rubbed foundations to absorb impact and reinforcing pipes

52
Q

How is development measured

A

This is measures using economic and social indicators

53
Q

What is the gdp

A

This is the total value of goods produced by a country in a year.

54
Q

What is the HDI

A

this puts together the gpd, life expectancy, and education to measure development.

55
Q

What’s the difference in population between developing, emerging and developed countries

A

Developing and emerging countries have high fertility rates, low life expectancy and high death rates meaning they have a long population. Whereas developed countries have lower birth, death and fertility rates. They have higher age expectancy meaning they are much more spread out

56
Q

What are 2 theories of development

A

Rostows modernisation theory and franks dependency

57
Q

Where is mount Kilauea and what type of volcano is it

A

Mount Kilauea is a shield volcano in Hawaii

58
Q

How was mount Kilauea formed

A

This was formed by a volcanic hotspot which formed all of the Hawaiian islands.

59
Q

What is mount pinatubo and where is it.

A

Mount pinatubo is a strata which is found in the Philippines

60
Q

How many people were killed by mount pinatubo in 1991

A

847

61
Q

What are the problems with rostows theory

A

It is outdated, it assumes all countries start at the same point, doesn’t consider the quality of a countries resources.

62
Q

What are the 5 stages of rostows theory in order

A

Traditional society, pre-conditions for take off, take off, drive to maturity and high mass consumption

63
Q

What is franks dependency theory

A

This is that developing countries can’t develop because they are dependent on developed countries and are being exploited by these countries.

64
Q

What are the problems with franks theory

A

It is outdated and doesn’t take into a fact other factors

65
Q

What is top-down development

A

These are large scale developments that effect the whole country and are done by the government and TNCS

66
Q

What is bottom up development

A

This is development done by the local communities with the help of aid and only help that local area

67
Q

What is globalisation

A

This is the idea that countries are all becoming more connected and has led to interdependence between countries

68
Q

What is a meg a city

A

A city with a population greater than 10 Million

69
Q

What is a world city

A

A city with a dominant role in global processes

70
Q

What is the definition of urban primacy

A

The most important city in a country which dominates the rest of the country

71
Q

What’s the difference between formal and informal employment

A

Formal employment works on a steady salary and is contracted whereas informal isn’t

Geography Paper 1 (1 decks)

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