Paper 1 Flashcards
How did the atomic structure develop over time?
In 1803 dalton discovered the solid atom model, in 1904 Thomson discovers the plum pudding model, in 1911 Rutherford discovered the solar system model, in 1913 Bohr discovered the electron cell model
What is an isotope
An isotope is an element with the same number protons but a different number of neutrons. Same atomic number but different mass number
How do you work out relative atomic mass
You multiply the mass number of each isotope by its percentage present and add them all together and divide by 100.
Who was Mendeleev
Dimitri Mendeleev was a scientist who created a basic periodic table in 1869 which developed into the current periodic table.
What was changed to Mendeleevs periodic table
In mendeleevs periodic table it was ordered by RAM however the modern periodic table is ordered by mass number
What is a group on the periodic table
Groups show how many outer shell electron a element has
What does a period on the periodic table show
Periods show how many electron shells each element has
What is an ion
An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge
What is a cation
A cation is a positively charged ion. This is formed by a metal donating its outer shell of electrons to a non metal so both have a full outer shell of electrons
What is an anion
An anion is a negatively charged ion. It got donated the outer shell of a metal so that both have a full outer shell of electrons.
What are the properties of an ion.
Ions have strong electrostatic forces of attraction. Ions form a lattice structure which has a regular arrangement of ions. Ionic compounds often have high bp and mp
What is a covalent bond
A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons (between 2 or more non metals)
What is graphene.
Graphene is a giant molecular substance which resembles a single layer of graphite.
What are fullerenes
Fullerenes are a sheet of graphene filled to form hollow balls and tubes
What are typical properties of metals
Metals often are shiny, good electrical conductors, have high density and have high melting points
What are metallic bonds
Metallic bonds are strong electrostatic forces of attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons
What is the structure of a metal?
A metal consists of a giant lattice of positively charged metal ions. And it has a sea of delocalised electrons.
What is the empirical formula
This is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element
What is the relative formula mass
The relative formula mass is used to calculate the RAM of all atoms shown in its formula
What is the law of conservation of mass
The law of conservation of ,ass stats that the total mass of reactants and products stays constant during a chemical reaction. The total mass before and after a reaction is the same
What is a closed system
A closed system is a situation in which no substances can enter or leave during a reaction
What is a non- enclosed reaction
A non-enclosed system is a situation in which substances can enter or leave during a reaction
What does it mean when a reactant is in excess
This means that there is enough to react with other reactants and for some to be left overhead when the reaction ends
What is a solution
A solution is a mixture of a solute (the substance that dissolves) and a solvent (the substance the solute dissolves in)
What is avrogadros constant
This is 6.02x10^^23
What is a mole
A mole is the unit for the amount of a substance. 1 mol is Avogadro constant number of particles of that substance
What is the equation for moles
Moles = mass / RAM or RAF
What is a pure substance
A pure substance contains a singular element or compound
What is paper chromatography used for?
Paper chromatography is used to separate mixtures of soluble substances
What is a strong acid.
A strong acid fully dissociate ions into a solution
What is a weak acid
A weak acid is an acid that partially dissociates ions into a solution
What is a base
A base is an alkali that reacts with acid to form a salt and water only
What is electrolysis
Electrolysis is the process to decompose ionic compounds in he molten state or dissolved in water
What is an electrolyte
An ionic compound in its molten state
What is an anode
Is the positively charge electrode that attracts negative anions. It is the opposite to the cathode
What is the reactivity series.
(Private Second class m a c z i t k he can make some gun powder
Potassium, sodium, calcium magnesium, aluminium, carbon, zinc, iron, tin, lead, hydrogen, copper, mercury, silver, gold, platinum
What is oxidation
Oxidation is the gain of oxygen by a substance and the loss of an electron
What is reduction
Reduction is the loss of oxygen by a substance and the gain of an electron
How do you extract iron ore
You extract iron by reducing iron oxide using carbon in a blast furnace.
Iron oxide + carbon -> iron + carbon monoxide
How do you extract aluminium
Because aluminium is more reactive than carbon it is reduced in an electrolytic cell. It is dissolved in cryolite. At cathode aluminium ions gain electrons and turn into aluminium. At anode oxide ions lose electrons to form oxygen
What is bioleaching
Bioleaching is a biological method of metal extraction that uses bacteria. Copper can be copper sulfide. The bacteria oxidises sulfide ions. The ore breaks down and the copper ions are released.
What is a life cycle assessment
A life cycle assessment is a analysis of its impact on the environmental
What are Transition metals
These are the majority of metals and are placed between group 2 and 3
What are the physical properties of transition metals
High mp, high density and are suitable for construction materials
What are the chemical properties of transition metals
Typical properties include, formation of coloured compounds, catalytic activity. These are often used as catalysts.
What are the properties of group 1 and 2 metals
Typical properties include, low mp, low density, formation of white or colourless compounds and lack of catalytic activity
What does oxidation of metals result in
Oxidation in metals results in corrosion. The corrosion of iron and steel is rusting
How can you prevent rusting
Some ways are painting, using grease, coating with plastic or another metal. And storing a more reactive metal like zinc inside the metal
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals
This is because they have particles made of many different size atoms meaning it’s hard for them to move
What is the equation for atom economy
Atom economy = total RAM of desired product / total RAM of all products * 100
What is the haber process
This is a reversible reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen to form ammonia
What is dynamic equilibrium
In a closed system a reversible reaction can reach equilibrium. A chemical equilibrium is dynamic
What is a fuel cell
A hydrogen oxygen fuel cell is made by the 2 and makes a voltage.
What is a chemical cell
This is made by a piece of zinc in zinc sulphate and copper in copper sulphate and connect them.
What is an endothermic reaction
An endothermic reaction is where the temperature in the surroundings decrease due to the reactants not producing enough energy
What is klar volume
Volume / moles
What is another equation for moles
Volume/24
