Paper 1 - 2023 Flashcards
The UK’s landscape is made up of different rock types. Identify which one of the following is an igneous rock. (1)
A) basalt
B) chalk
C) sandstone
D) slate
A - Basalt
State one characteristic of igneous rocks.
(1)
One of the following Formed from cooling
Crystals
Dense
Hard
Identify the type of woodland in grid square 7084
(1)
Mixed Woodlands
Name the settlement at 723828
(1)
Greys Green
Explain one way that geology has affected the development of UK landscapes.
(2)
Lowland landscapes form on less resistant rock (1) which is eroded more
rapidly (1).
Name one type of mass movement
(1)
One of the following:
Rock falls
Soil creep
Slides
Slumping
Identify the year with the greatest amount of coastal erosion. (1)
A) 2012
B) 2015
C) 2017
D) 2020
D – 2020
Explain one reason why rates of coastal erosion may change over time.
(2)
Waves are more frequent in winter (1) because the weather is more stormy
(1).
Study Figures 2b and 2c in the Resource Booklet.
Examine the role of physical processes in the formation of the spit shown in Figures 2b and 2c.
You must use evidence from Figures 2b and 2c in your answer.
(8)
AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)
AO3
* A spit is a long and narrow ridge of sand or shingle with one end
attached to the land and the other end projecting out to sea.
* They are formed by erosion and deposition.
* As destructive waves break against the coastline, they erode the rock.
The main processes are abrasion and hydraulic action.
* The eroded material is then broken into smaller pieces by attrition.
* The waves pick up the eroded material which is carried along the
coastline by longshore drift.
* The direction of longshore drift is determined by the direction of the
prevailing wind.
* The material is deposited and starts to build an attached beach (the spit)
out to sea where the coastline changes direction.
* It is deposited when the waves do not have sufficient energy to pick it
up/ transport it further along the coast.
* Deposition continues out to sea in the direction of the longshore drift
which is moving the material.
* The spit comes to an end, however, owing to the flow of the river which
picks the material up and transports it out to sea.
* A salt marsh develops behind the spit in a low energy environment –
with it being sheltered from waves by the spit.
AO4
* The prevailing wind direction is from the north-east (north easterly).
* Longshore drift is moving sediment from north-east to south-west along
the coastline
* The coastline changes direction at the start of the spit (Spurn Bird
observatory).
* The spit is aligned from north-east to south-west.
* The spit is at the mouth of the Humber Estuary.
* It is located approximately 30km to the south-east of Hull.
* The river is approximately 2km wide at this point.
* It consists of a mixture of sand and shingle.
* There is a beach along the full length of its eastern side.
* It is 4-5km long.
* The maximum width of its main body is approximately 0.3km.
* It stretches from grid reference 420150 to 397105.
* The width of the spit is similar along most of its length although it has a
bulbous end with a width of approximately 0.4km.
* The river flow is from north west to south east.
* There is a saltmarsh behind the spit which is approximately 3km wide.
Name one type of erosion. (1)
Award 1 mark for one of the following, maximum of 1 mark.
Abrasion/ corrasion (1)
Attrition (1)
Hydraulic action (1)
Solution/ corrosion (1)
Study Figure 3a in the Resource Booklet.
Identify the peak discharge shown on Figure 3a. (1)
A) 200 m3/s
B) 320 m3/s
C) 420 m3/s
D) 530 m3/s
D – 530 m3/s
Explain one reason why there is a lag time between peak rainfall and peak
discharge following a storm. (2)
The rain may infiltrate into the soil (1) which means that it will take time to
reach the river (1).
Study Figures 3b and 3c in the Resource Booklet.
Examine the possible advantages and disadvantages of the reservoir and dam
shown in Figures 3b and 3c.
You must use evidence from Figures 3b and 3c in your answer.
(8)
AO3 (4 marks) / AO4 (4 marks)
AO3
* There is a range of advantages and disadvantages linked to the construction of
a dam and reservoir in this location.
* Advantages include: - the dam will help regulate the flow of Haweswater Beck - the water stored behind the dam in the reservoir can be used to provide
drinking water - there is the possibility of using the dam and reservoir to generate hydro-electric
power - the dam is made from concrete/ stone and will last for many years - the reservoir can be used for water-sports and may attract tourists to the area - the dam is very visible and will make local residents feel safe
- Disadvantages include: - the dam can be seen to be ugly and may put tourists off visiting the area - the dam will visually impact on the river landscape as concrete/ stone blocks
look unnatural - dams and reservoirs are expensive to build and maintain - sediments can be trapped behind the dam causing a lack of deposition further
downstream - the reservoir can silt up because sediment is trapped behind the dam - settlements and farmland can be lost when a valley is flooded - conifers are often planted in the areas around reservoirs leading to less bio
diversity
AO4
* There is a dam in grid square 5015.
* The dam is approximately 400m wide.
* The dam is made from concrete or large building blocks.
* The dam stretches from north to south-east.
* There are areas of conifers surrounding the dam and along the southern edge of
the reservoir.
* The reservoir is approximately 6km long and 1km wide.
* It stretches from south to north-east.
* It is approximately 50m deep at its deepest point.
* A stream (Haweswater Beck) flows out from the end of the reservoir.
* The surrounding land is mountainous, reaching over 600 metres above sea
level.
* The reservoir and dam are located in the bottom of a valley.
* A village was flooded by the construction of the dam.
* There is a hotel located in grid square 4813 – 6 figure GR - 484137
Name one type of weathering.
(1)
Award 1 mark for one of the following, maximum of 1 mark.
Biological (1)
Chemical (1)
Mechanical/ Physical (1)
Carbonation (1)
Exfoliation/ onion-skin weathering (1)
Hydrolysis (1)
Study Figure 4a in the Resource Booklet.
Identify the grid square in which Red Tarn is located.
(1)
A) 3412
B) 3415
C) 3613
D) 3115
B – 3415
