Paper 1 Flashcards
Evaluation cog interview in accuracy of EWT
6 marks
S: increases recall of correct information by 81%
L: investment of time and money in training police in the techniques, some elements may be more effective than others
Increases recall of incorrect information by 61%
AO1 of MSM:
Sensory register: capacity is 10-12 but because duration is short only 4 can be recalled , duration short, coding is modality specific
STM: coding is acoustic, duration is 18- 30 seconds, capacity if 7 +_ 2 chunks
LTM: coding is semantic, duration is lifetime, capacity is unlimited
Transfer processes between stores attention - rehearsal
Memory lost due to displacement or decay
Linear model made up of unitary stores
Outline findings about the role of the father:
4 marks
Findings on the development of primary/secondary attachment:
Schaffer and Emerson found that the majority of babies formed primarya ttachments with mothers first, fathers were typically second attachments
Howver 75% of infants formed attachments with father by 18 months
Role of father in play vs emotional support
Research suggest fathers tend to engage more in physically stimulating and unpredictable play comparison to mothers who are more nurturing - supports idea that fathers have a distinct role in social and emotional developemnt
Single parent families and same sex parents studied by golombok and found that they showe no significant differences in social or emotional developemnt compared to those in two parent heterosexual families - suggest not role of gender but quality of parenting was more important
Adoption by father of maternal role
- Field studied 4 month old infants with primary caregivers mothers, secondary care giver fathers and primary care giver fathers
- found that primary care give fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding hands similar to mother primary care giver suggets that responsiveness is key not gender
Economic implications of research into the role of father in attachment:
(4 marks)
Research showing the importance of the paternal role and hence to an increase of avaliablity in paternal leave. This, in turn allows mothers to return to work if they wish.
Cost of paternal leave could take money from economy but could be evened out by mothers returning to work early
Discuss research into the influence of early attachment in childhood and/or adult relationships
(16 marks)
- AO1 Bowlbys internal working model as a model for later relationships
- AO3 myron - Wilson bullies - support that attachment type affect social development
- Hazan and shaver - love quiz
Self report, not using strange situation
- 40 women, assessed as infants with strange sit
Limitation to two - process model for phobias (2 marks)
Possible role of biological preparedness
Development of phobias in the absence of a traumatic experience
Advantages of case study over questionnaire
(4 marks)
Provides rich, detailed qualitative data
Can use many methods to study behaviour such as interview, observation, experiment. Wider range of data, breadth and depth
Greater value in the relationship between patient X and researcher which increases accuracy and validity of data
Studies can be longitudinal so can measure changes in patient Xs behaviour over time
Outline and evaluate one or more neural explanation of OCD. (8 marks)
AO1:
- structural deficits in OCD - orbito frontal cortex and worry circuit
- low levels of serotonin and high levels of dopamine
-
AO3:
- scanning studies of structural change in OCD
- success of drug therapy supporting serotonin explanations
- not all OCD patients showed a structural change or responded to drug therapy, undermining the explanation
Discuss ethical issues in social influence research:
(8 marks)
AO1:
- deception / informed consent in milgrams and Asch
- protection from harm / psychological distress in milgrams and zimbardos
AO3:
- the need for deception to reduce and avoid demand characteristics to have internal validity
- the guidlines were not established when the studies took place: the studies could have led to introduction of ethical guidelines
- cost benefit analysis: may have been worth what we learnt form the studies: from Milgrams study we learn the dangers of ‘blind obedience’
Social influence processes in social change
Example of decrease in smoking but can be applied to different stem or just AO1
- Minority influence processes:
- examples: anti smoking signs or advertisement or lobbies
- convincing through consistency, flexibility and commitment
- snowball effect - change gradually over time, gain momentum, increasing growth - Conformity processes:
- normative social influence: young people norm is to stay fit and healthy, those who smoke may be rejected, fear of rejection, stop smoking to fit in
- informational social influence: more is known now about damaging effects of smoking, less people smoke - Obedience processes:
- laws ‘no smoking here’
- people likley to obey laws, influenced behaviour
AO3 of MSM:
Sensory register:
- support from sperling
- pps had to recall a line of letters after being shown them for 0.5s
- whole report condition 4-5 letters
- partial repot condition (played a stone aligned with a specific line)
- 3 - 4 letters
STM:
- baddely - tested recall of word list - acoustically similar and dissimilar, semantically similar and dissimilar
- STM - errors with acoustic - coding is acoustic
- LTM - semantic
- miller - chunks 7+-2 - digit span review - capacity increased by chunking
- Peterson and Peterson trigrams
LTM:
- Bahrick high school recall - at 48 years later pps could remember 70% of people with photo recognition
- HM - support that LTM and STM are separate - after accident did nt form new memeoris but could remember some LTM
- compare w WMM - suggests memory stores are unitary
Explanations to social resistance
Locus of control
Social support
Autonomous state
Absence of authoritarian personality
Explain why disobedience is likely to occur if someone has social support or locus of control
Social support: disobedience is more likely to occur in the presence of others who are disobedient, gives other more confidence to disobey, responsibility is shared so the more disobeyers the less consequenc
Locus of control: disobedience is more likely in those with an internal locus of control because they rely on their own judgment about whether to something
Describe how situational variables have been found to affect obedience. Discuss what they tell us about why we obey
Content:
Milgrams procedure including variations of proximity and location
Milgram variation of uniform
Bickmans litter study of uniform
Including levitate authority and autonomous/ agentic states in explanations
Discussion:
Suggests factors in the context of explanation for example uniform and legitimate authority
Decreased proximity to authority figure meant autonomous state returned
Hofling - 21/22 nurses obeyed which may show legitimacy authority is more important than proximity
There must be other factors involved other than situational such as dispositional authoritarian personality as in milgrams study obedience was never 0 or 100%
One way researchers investigated capacity of STM
Jacob’s digit span study where pos read a sequence of letters and were asked to repeat them back immediately
Discuss the WMM
AO1:
Model of STM which see the store as active processor. Made up of video spatial sketchpad which deals with visual and spatial information, phonological loop auditory information and limited capacity of 1-2 seconds, episodic buffer which intogrates information from other stores and LTM and is modality specific and has limited capacity, temporary store for all information and central executive which is limited capacity and modality free and coordinates other components controls attention and desicion making
Ao3:
KF case study support
Explains dual task study results from baddeley
Limitation is the vague untestable nature of central executive which
Highly controlled lab studies undermine validity
Outline statistical frequency as an explanation of abnormality
Abnormality defined by behaviour that is rare or uncommon, occupies the extreme end of the normal distribution curve and uses up to date statistics e.g IQ
Limitation of systematic desensitisation
Time consuming
Not suitable for free floating phobias. Social phobia too difficult to make a hierarchy of needs
Expensive
Progress may not generalise out of clinical environment
Discuss genetic explanations for OCD
AO1:
OCD is an inherited condition, vulnerability is passed on through generations. Candidate genes have been identified as possible causes (Taylor)
Specific genes and their function SERT, COMT
AO3:
Twin study evidence mz- 63% dz - 32%
Methodical problems with twin studies
Animal studies ahmari - genetic basis for repetive ritualistic behaviour
Half of cases of OCD followed a traumatic experience which undermines genetic explanation
Effectiveness of SSRIS
Doesn’t account for ppl with OXD with no family history
