Paper 1 Flashcards
What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?
The nucleus stores the cell’s genetic material and controls cellular activities.
True or False: The mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell.
True
Fill in the blank: The __________ is responsible for protein synthesis.
ribosome
What organelle is responsible for packaging and distributing proteins?
Golgi apparatus
Which organelle is involved in detoxifying harmful substances?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
What is the primary role of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell.
True or False: Chloroplasts are found in animal cells.
False
What structure provides support and shape to plant cells?
cell wall
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the site of lipid synthesis.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is known for its role in cellular respiration?
mitochondria
Multiple choice: What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A) Lipid synthesis B) Protein synthesis C) Energy production
B) Protein synthesis
What organelle is responsible for the modification of proteins?
Golgi apparatus
True or False: Vacuoles are larger in animal cells than in plant cells.
False
What is the function of cytoplasm?
Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the cell and holds organelles in place.
What is the Endosymbiotic theory?
explains how complex eukaryotic cells evolved from simpler prokaryotic cells. It sugests that ancient prokaryotic cells started to live inside a larger host cell in a mutually benefitial relatioship. Over time these internalized cells became permanant and evolved into organells like mitochondria and choloplast. Evidence: they have their own DNA, they have double membranes, they reproduce independently and their oval shape is similar to bacteria cells.
Which cells have a Cell wall and whats its function and made of?
The only cells that have cell wall are Prokaryotic (bacteria), and plant Eukaryotic cells. Function: structural support and protection of the cell. The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, which are complex polymer sugars and amino acids.
Do animal Eukaryotic cells have Cell wall?
NO, only cell membrane
What is Lysosome?
Structure: mambrane-bound organelles found in animal cells, spherical vesicles.
Function: they play the role of digestion by breaking down biomolecules like, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, they also do waste management by recycling useful components.
What organell is responsible for destrying bacteria and viruses?
Lysosome
Describe Eukaryotic cells
They are the cells in animals, plants, fingui and lichens. They are large cells with mambrane-bound organells that performe their specific roleinsode the cell. They store a large amount of DNA inside the nucleus.
Describe Prokaryotic cells
They are bacteria and archea, they are small cells and are unicellular, which means that is made up of just one organism cell that performs all life functions in that cell. It has no nucleus and small amount of DNA floating free, like the other organells inside of the cytoplasm.
What is a Flagellum?
Its a long tail-like structure in Prokarotic cells that allows the cell to move through liquid envirnments.
What are the Pilus?
They are short-hair like structure in prokaryotic cells that help the cell attach to surfaces or other cells
What is Plasma membrane and what are they made of?
Its the same as Cell membrain and they are made of lipids and proteins
What is cell transport through protein chanel mean?
The process of moving substances across the cell mambrane. There are 2 types of cell transport:
1. Passive transport: is automatic and it requiers no energy (ATP). An example is Difussion, is when particles move in or out of the cell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
2. Active transport: energy is requierd and for protein channels to asist this particles to move from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
Describe Condensation reaction:
its a chemical reaction that happens when two molecules join together through a covalent bond, and in the process they loose a water molecule
What are stem cells?
They are cell that are able to develop into different types of cells in the body and they are able to self-renew. They are essential for growth, developement and tissue repair. Tissue repair is done by replacing dameged or dead cells in skin, blood and muscles.
What are common formations of Condensation reaction?
- Protein synthesis, where amino acids link to form polypeptides
- Carbohydrates formation, when two monosacchsrides joint to form dissaccharides or polysaccharides
- Lipid synthesis, when fatty acids and glycerol bont to form triglycerides
What is a covalent bonds?
is the linkage that results from the sharing of a electron pair between two atoms. These bonds are strong and stable bonds
What are limiting factors of Photosynthesis?
- Temperature. Stages:
1. as the temperature increases reate of photosynthesis increases
2. Optimal point: chlorophyll giments are at its highest level of activity ocupide, and rate of photosynthesis
3. Denaturation happens when the temperature passed its optimal point and chlorophyll pigments start to breakdown - Light intensity:
1. as the light intensity increases reate of photosynthesis increases
2. Optimal point: chlorophyll giments are at its highest level of activity ocupide, and rate of photosynthesis
3. After the light intensity passes the optimal point the rate of photosynthesis stays constant because all chlorophyll pigments are occupide - CO2 concentration (ppm):
1. as CO2 concentration increases reate of photosynthesis increases
2. Optimal point: rubisco enzyms are at its highest level of activity, and rate of photosynthesis
3. After the CO2 concentration passes the optimal point, the rate of photosynthesis stays constant because all Rubisco enzymes are buisy
Describe DNA structure in Prokaryotic cells:
DNA is typically floating in the cytoplasm, not enclosed by a mambrane, but some cell s also contain Plasmids, which are small circular DNA molecules separate from the main chromosome also floating in the cytoplasm.
Describe the two Metabloc reactions and give examples of each
- Anabolic reaction is when small molecules join together to form a bigger molecule and requier energy
Examples:
- Photosynthesis: it requiers solar energy and other molecules, to produce glucose
- Protein synthesis: from amino acids to proteins
- DNA replication: from nucleotides to DNA - Catabolic reaction is when a big molecule breaks down into smaller molecules and in the process they release energy
- Cellular respiration: glucose is broken down with other molecules to produce ATP(energy)
- Digestiom of food
What are hydrogen bonds?
They are weak electrostatic attractions between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom.
Examples:
- DNA structure: hydrogen bonds between A-T (2 bonds) an G-C (3 bonds), to hold the double helix together
- Protein folding: hydrogen bonds help maintain the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins
- Water molecules: hydrogen bonds hold water molecules toghether, contributing to properties like surface ttention and high boiling pointo
What is the role of Choloesterol in Lipid Transport and Cell Mambrane?
- Cholesterol interacts with phospholipids to regulate the monvement of molecules across the mambrane. It also helps maintain membraine fluidity and stability, preventing it from becoming too rigid or too permeable.
- Cholesterol is transported into the blood via lipoproteins and it does two things:
a. LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein): it delivers cholesterol to cells but can contribute to plaque formation (blockages) in arteries if excessive.
b. HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein): helps remove excess cholestrol from the bloodstream, reducing heart disease risk
What are the Carbon properties?
Carbon is an atom that has 4 covalent bonds to which other atoms can connect to and create a vast range of molecules. These bonds are very improtante in the chemistry of life because it provides structural stability and strength. Carbon is the foundation of life because it can form the backbone of biomolecules like: proteins, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Examples of Disaccharides:
disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides (simple sugars), formed by condensation reaction. Types of disaccharidess are:
- Sucrose: composed of glucose and fructose monosaccharides. Its found in natural sugars
- Maltose: composed of glucose and glucose monosaccharides. Its found in grains
- Lactose: composed of glucose and galactose monosaccharides. Its found in dairy products.
Where does aerobic and anearobic respiration occure?
Aerobic occures in the Mitochondria
Anearobic occures in the cytoplasm of the cell
What is the primary purpose of cellular respiration?
To convert glucose into usable energy in the form of ATP.
True or False: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
True.
What is the main byproduct of aerobic respiration?
Carbon dioxide and water.
Which process occurs in the absence of oxygen: aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration.
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP.
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.
Multiple choice: Which organism primarily uses aerobic respiration?
animals, humans
How much ATP does aerobic anearobic respiration produce?
Aerobic produces 38 ATP and anearobic prodices 2 ATP
Fill in the blank: In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely broken down into __________.
carbon dioxide and water.
What type of cells primarily perform aerobic respiration?
Eukaryotic cells.
Which type of respiration is more efficient and why?
Aerobic respiration is slower but more efficient because it produces more 38 ATP than anearobic, which is faster but less efficient because it only produces 2 ATP.
what type of reaction is Cell Respiration?
catabolic reaction
What are the Reactants also organic molecules, and the Products also inorganic molecules, of Cell respiration?
Reactants: oxygen (6O2), and glucose (C6H12O6)
Products: water (6H2O), carbon dioxyde (6CO2), and 38 ATP (energy)
What are the main source of energy in Cell Respiration?
The main source is Carbohydrate-glucose, then lipids, and proteins can also be used if glucose isn’t available for use for the cell.
What is the main functions of ATP energy in a cell?
ATP is used to power active transport, synthesize polimers, and move structures in the cell
What does ATP and ADP stand for?
ATP - Adenosine triphosphate (1 Adenine, 1 RIbos, and 3 Phosphate groups)
ADP - Andenosine diphosphate (1 Adenine, 1 Ribon, and 2 Phosphate groups)
How does ATP transform into ADP?
Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from ATP through hydrolysis reaction to form ADP
Describe Hydrolysis reaction:
Hydrolysis reaction is a chemical process in which a molecule is broken down by adding water
Is Lactid Acid a product of Anearobic respiration True or False?
True
What is the goal of Anearobic respiration?
Anearobic respiration acts as a backup when oxygen is lacking
What kind of cells ALWAYS use anearobic respiration?
Red blood cells dont have mitochondria, so they always perform anearobic respiration to produce energy
What are the byproducts of Anearobic respiration?
Lactid acid in animals, or Ethanol and CO2 in yeats
Where does Anearobic respiration occure?
Occures in muscl cells during intence activity, and in yeast and some bacteria
What is the primary process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy?
Photosynthesis
True or False: Photosynthesis occurs only in plants.
False also in some bacteria
Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light during photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
What gas is taken in by plants during photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a reactant in photosynthesis? A) Water B) Carbon Dioxide C) Glucose
C) Glucose
State the formula of photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + solar energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the site of photosynthesis in plant cells?
Chloroplasts
Multiple Choice: Which factor does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis? A) Light intensity B) Temperature C) Soil pH
C) Soil pH
Short Answer: What is the significance of photosynthesis to life on Earth?
Photosynthesis produces oxygen and organic compounds, supporting life.
Describe Photosynthesis:
Photosynthesis is how autotrophicorganism convert light energy into chemichal energy to produce glucose
What type of reaction is Photosynthesis? Describe it:
Photosynthesis is an anabolic reaction because it starts with simple molecules to make complex molecules
What are the reactants, products and byproducts of Photosynthesis?
Reactants: are Carbon (6CO2), Water (6H2O) and light energy
Products: are Oxygen (6O2) and Glucose (C6H12O6)
Byproducts: is Oxygen
What are Solar radiations?
Solar radiation is the energy emitted by the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves
What are wavelenths?
They determine the different levels of energy emitted by the sun
Whatare electromagnetic spectrum
Is the set of wavelengths af all solar radiation. The shorter the set of wavelengths the more energy, he longer wavelegths the are the ones that have less energy
Where does Photosynthesis happen in a cell?
Chloroplast
How are is the solar spectrum of wavelengths reprecented?
They are reprecented with colors, going from shortest wavelength (400nm), to the longest (700nm), starting with the color violate, to blue, to green, to yellow, to orange, and finaly red, being the longest wavelengths.
How do plants absorb solar radiation?
Plant absord solar radiation through Chlorophyll, a pigment protein found in Chloroplast organell.
Why do plants appear green?
Because Chlorophyll absorbs blue light going from 400-500mn, and red light 600-700nm in the electromagnetic spectrum, and reflects green light from 500-570nm. So the color of the light that is reflected from plants is the color that our eyes sees.
What are the main types of Chlorophyll?
- Chlorophyll a: is the primary pigmnet that absorbs light for photosynthesis
- Chlorophyll b: is the accessory pigment that works alongside of chlorophyll a, and captures extra light
What are Carotenoids in Photosynthesis?
Carotenoids is a type of pigment like chlorophyll that absorbs violate and blue-green light but mainly helps protect the plant from too much sunlight.
what is Photolysis?
Is part of the process of photosynthesis where splitting water molecules using light energy
What is Substrate?
its the substance on which an enzyme acts
What is the Active site of an Enzime?
Its the region on the surface of the enzyme which binds to the substrate molecule
Enzyme Catalysis
involves molecular motion and the collision of substratee with the active site.
Describe the 3 stages of Enzyme activity:
- Substrate Binging: the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme
- Catalysis Reaction: enzyme breaks down or build up the substrat into a new substance (the product), speeding up the reaction by making it easyer for the molecules to change
- Product released: the product is released from the active site, and enzyme returns to its original shape, ready to catalyze aother reaction
What is the effect of pH on enzymes activity?
each enzyme ahs an optimal pH at which it functions more eficiently, but when the pH goes lower or higher then the optimal level, then the enzyme denaturates and its structure changes and looses its shape and functionality
Examples of proteins:
collagen, rhodopsin, insulin and immunoglobulins
