Paper 1 Flashcards
what are the functions of the skeleton
- support or shape
- protection
- movement
- making blood cells
- mineral storage
how does the skeleton help with support/shape
- the skeleton is a rigid bone frame for the rest of the body our shape is mainly due to our skeleton
- the skeleton support the soft tissues like skin and muscle
- this helps you have good posture which is an essential in loads of sports such as gymnastics
how does the skeleton help with protection
- bones are very tough, they protect vital organs like the brain, heart and lungs
- this allows you to perform well on sport without fear of specious injury
eg. the skull protects the brain so you can head for he football or take punches in a boxing match without serious injury
how does the skeleton help with movement
- muscles attached to bones by tendons can move bones at jones
- this movement is essential for performance in sport
- there are different types of movement at the various joints which are important in different sports
how does the skeleton help with making blood cells
- some bones contain bone marrow which makes the components of blood - red and white blood cells
- red blood cells are really important during exercise they transporting oxygen to the muscle that need to move
- athletes with more red blood cells perform better, the more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles
how’s does the skeleton help with mineral storage
- bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorus
- these help with bone strength - so you’re less likely to break a bone
- they are also needed for muscle contraction so the body can move
what are the types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
long bones
long bones (eg. the humerus in the arm) are used for larger gross movements
short bones
short bones are used for smaller finer movements - eg. bones in the hand moving at the wrist
flat bones
flat bones (eg. the ribs) protect internal organs their broad surface also allows muscles attachment
which bones are long bones
humerus
ulna and radius
femur
fibular and tibia
which bones are flat bones
cranium
sternum and ribs
scapula
pelvis
what is the purpose of flat bones
to protect vital organs
which bones are short bones
talus
what are other bones
patella
vertabrae
sporting examples of the humerus being used
used by muscles to move the whole arm eg. swinging a badminton racket
sporting example of the ulna and radius being used
used by the muscles to move the lower arm eg. b bending the arm at the elbow to throw a netball
sporting example of the femur being used
used by sauces to move the lower leg such as to kick a football
sporting example of talus being used
bears the body’s weight when on foot eg. standing and running
which organ does each flat bones protect
cranium - brain
ribs and sternum - lungs and heart and kidneys
scapular - shoulder joint
pelvis - reproductive organs and bladder
joints
any point in the body where two or more bones meet.
articulating bones
the bones that meet at a joint
major joints
hip
pelvis
knee
ankle
elbow
types of joints
hinge
ball and socket
where are ball and socket joints
hip and shoulder
where are hinge joints
ankle
elbow
knee
the eight types of movement
flexion
extension
adduction
abduction
rotation
circumduction
plantar flexion
dorsi flexion
flexion and sporting example
decreasing the angle of the bones at a joint
knee - preparing to kick a ball
hip - seat landing gin trampolining or long jumper preparing to land
elbow - downward phase of press up
extension and sporting example
increasing the angle of the bones at a joint
knee - follow through after kicking a ball
hip - legs moving upwards and forwards when running
elbow - upward phase of a press up
shoulder - arm movement of a swimmer doing a backstroke start
adduction and sporting example
movement towards the midline of the body
shoulder - inwards phase of star jump or playing a forehand in tennis
hip - the crossover leg action when throwing a javelin
abduction and sporting example
movement away from the midline of the body
shoulder - gymnast crucifix hold or pull phase of or outward phase of star jump
circumduction and sporting examples
movement when a limb is held straight and is moved as if to draw circles with the foot or hand
hip - step over in football
shoulder - swimming butterfly arm movement
rotation and sporting examples
turning a limb along it’s long axis or a circular movement where the rest of the body remains still
hip - driving a golf ball
shoulder - swimming freestyle
plantar flexion and sporting examples
pointing the toes at the ankle or increasing the ankle joint
only occurs at ankle
- a dancer going on pointe
- a trampolinist performing a straight jump
dorsiflexion and sporting examples
movement of the foot up towards the shins or decreasing the angle at the ankle joint
only occurs at the ankle
- foot of leading leg when hurdling
what types of movement occur at a ball and socket joint
flexion/extension
rotation/circumduction
adduction/abduction
what types of movement occur at hinge joints
flexion/extension
what are the 3 types of connective tissue
ligaments, tendons and cartilage
ligaments
hold bones together to restrict how much joints can move. this helps maintain the stability of the skeleton and prevents dislocation of joints. they are made of tough and fibrous tissue (like very tough string)
they also protect bones by absorbing shock
tendons
attach muscle to bone to allow bones to move when muscles contract
cartilage
acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement. it also aids the stability of a joint
which types of joint are synovial
both hinge and ball and socket joints
synovial joint
a joint that allows a wide range of movement and has a joint capsule enclosing and supporting it
what features does a synovial joint have
- ligaments
- cartilage
- synovial membrane
- synovial fluid
- joint capsule
- bursae
what does a synovial membrane do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
the synovial membrane releases and replenishes synovial fluid, it lines the joint capsule and removes wear and tear debris produced
what does a joint capsule do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
it surrounds the joint, the synovial membrane attaches to its interior, and it adds strength and protection to the joint preventing wear and tear from happening to the bone
what does synovial fluid do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
lubricates the joint and reduces friction, wear and stops rubbing
what does the bursae do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
they reduce friction generated by soft tissue rubbing during movement
what is the bursae
bursae is a thin flattened sack of synovial fluid. it sits in between tendons, ligaments and joint capsule.
what does cartilage do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
- smooth and fibrous that covers the ends of the bones and prevents them rubbing
- spongy properties assist in absorbing shock that’s created in movement
- cushions the bone and prevents wear and tear
what does ligaments do at a synovial joint to prevent injury
- provides protection to the joint and ensures the bones do not move unintentionally during movement and get damaged
- restrict bones from moving beyond range of movement helping prevent dislocation
- helps absorb shock due to slight elastic nature
muscle contraction
when a muscle contracts it creates tension to apply force to a bone they can be isometric or isotonic
isometric contractions and example
the muscle stays the same length and so nothing moves
example : plank and handstand
isotonic construction and examples
the muscle lengths changes length under tension and so something moves
examples : press ups
two types of isotonic contraction
eccentric contraction and concentric contraction
concentric contractions
this is when a muscle contracts and shortens
this type of contraction pulls on a bone to cause movement to happen
example : your bicep in a the upward phase of a bicep curl
eccentric contractions
this is when a muscle contracts and lengthens
this helps you to control the speed of the movement
example : your bicep in the downward phase of a bicep curl so the weight falls slowly from tension
antagonistic muscles
pairs of muscles that work against each other
one muscle contracts while the other one relaxes and vice versa
agonist/prime mover
one of the antagonists muscle that contracts
antagonist
the muscle that is relaxes
examples of antagonistic muscle pairs (5)
- hamstrings and quadriceps
- biceps and triceps
- hip flexors and gluteals
- gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
- latissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius
cardio vascular system
transport things around the body in the blood stream, like oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients (glucose)
this gives the muscles what they need to release energy to move during exercise (and takes away waste products like lactic acid)
when exercising, more blood is moved nearer to the to cool the body more quickly this means that you can exercise for a long time without overheating
teh 3 parts of the cardio vascular system
heart, blood and blood vessels
distole
when the heart relaxes and fills with blood
systole
when the heart contracts and pumps the blood out
a cardiac cycle
a phase of distole and systole
what happens in the right side of the heart in cardiac cycle
- deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the vena cava (a vein) as the heart relaxes
- the right atrium contracts, pushing the blood through a valve into the right ventricle
- the right ventricle contracts pushing the blood through another valve into the pulmonary artery which carries blood to the lungs
- gases are exchanged in the lungs and the blood is oxygenated
is the right side of the heart oxygenated/deoxygenated
deoxygenated
is the left side of the heart oxygenated/deoxygenated
oxygenated
what happens in the left side of the heart in cardiac cycle
- oxygenates blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein as the heart relaxes
- teh left atrium contracts, pushing the blood through a valve into the left ventricle
- the left ventricle contracts pushing the blood through another valve into the aorta (an artery) this transports the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body - including muscles
- when the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood it becomes deoxygenated again
why does blood flow
because of differences in pressure caused my the cardiac cycle
valves open to let blood fill the heart chambers and close to prevent back flow (when blood flows the wrong way)
blood vessels
transport blood they have a hollow centre called the lumen so blood can flow through. the diameter of the lumen is dependent on the type of blood vessel
blood pressure
measures/means how strongly the blood presses against the walls of the blood vessels
blood vessels with thicker walls can carry blood at higher pressure
what are the three types of blood vessel
arteries
veins
capillaries
arteries
carry b;old away from the heart
all arteries carry oxygenated blood except for pulmonary arteries
they have thick muscular walls enabling them to carry blood at higher pressures
small lumen
veins
carry blood towards the heart
have valves to prevent backflow / blood flowing the wrong way
all veins carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins
they carry blood at low pressures so have thin walls and less muscle then arteries
large lumen
capillaries
carry blood through the body to exchange gases and nutrients with the body’s tissues
have very thin walls so substances can easily pass through
very narrow so lots can fit into body’s tissue giving them a larger surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily and so that blood can only pass through them slowly giving more time for gaseous exchange
what are the other two types of blood vessel
arterioles and venues
what are arterioles and venules
arterioles - branch off arteries
venules - meet to from veins
how are arterioles and venules used
oxygenated blood flows through arteries into arterioles and then into capillaries
after gases have been exchanged between the capillaries and the body tissues, blood is transported from the capillaries into venues where it flows back into veins
what are the two cells that make up blood in your body
white blood cells and red blood cells
red blood cells function
carry oxygen and transport it around the body to be used to release energy needed by muscles during physical exercise
they also carry carbon dioxide to the lungs
haemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells) stores the oxygen and carbon dioxide
oxyghaemoglobin is formed by oxygen and haemoglobin combining
white blood cells function
to fight against disease so you stay healthy and perform well
4 main steps of respiratory system
- air passes through the nose or mouth and then into the trachea
- the trachea splits into two tubes called bronchi one going into each lung
- the bronchi split progressively into smaller tubes called bronchioles
- the bronchioles finally end up at small bags called alveoli where gases are exchanged
how do the diaphragm and intercostal muscles help the air to move
inhaling - the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to move the ribcage upwards and expand the chest cavity this decreases the air pressure in the lungs drawing air in
exhaling - the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles relax moving the ribcage down and shrinking the chest cavity, air pressure in the lungs increases forcing air out of the lungs the same way out came in
gaseous exchange process
- oxygenated blood delivers oxygen and collect carbon dioxide as it circulates around the body, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart and is then pumped to the lungs
- in the lungs, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the capillaries to the alveoli so it can be breathed out
- oxygen from the air you breathe into the lungs moves across from the alveoli to your red blood cells in the capillaries
- the oxygenated blood returns to the heart and is pumped around the rest of the body. red blood c ells carry oxygen around the body and delivers it to where it’s needed (muscles)
what process is involved with gaseous exchange
diffusion
the gases move down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration
adaptations of gaseous exchange
alveoli are surrounded by lots of capillaries giving them a large blood supply to exchange gases with
they also have a larger surface area and moist, thin walls - so gases only have a short distance to move
tidal volume
amount of air inspired and expired with each normal breath
will increase with exercise higher and closer together
expository reserve volume
the additional amount of air that can be expired from the lungs after normal expiration
decreases during exercise
inspiritory reserve volume
the additional amount of air that can be inspired from the lungs after inspiration
decreases during exercise
residual volume
the amount of air that is left ion the lungs after forceful expiration
doesn’t change during exercise
aerobic exercise
this is respiration with the presence of oxygen
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
this means that your body is keeping up with oxygen demand
aerobic exercise
the release of energy in the presence of oxygen
- long periods of time
- working at 60-80% of MHR
- low to moderate intensity
anaerobic exercise
glucose -> energy + lactic acid
exercise not in the presence of oxygen
- high intensity
- 80-90% of MHR
- short in duration
- creates lactic acid as waste product
how are carbohydrates used as a fuel
the body’s main energy source used in aerobic exercise at moderate intensity and for high intensity anaerobic exercise
how are fats used as a fuel
used as furl for aerobic exercise at low intensity
fats provide more energy than carbohydrates
can’t be used for high intensity
