Paper 1

Question 1

Mahsa Amini protests in Iran?

Answer 1

Masha Amini was detained by Iran morality police for allegedly not wearing a hair covering in public. In the process of being arrested the police beat Amini in the head multiple times ultimately leading to her death
As a result many iranian women took to the streets waving headscarves in the air to protests not only police brutality but specifically the mistreatment of women by authority figures
However the peaceful protest quickly turned violent→ with women starting to rip off women’s head scarves that were not participating and also burning religious texts
Legitimacy decreases often as a result of use of violence

Question 1

Poland LGBTQ rights

Answer 1

Poland a primarily catholic country, created LGBTQ+ ideology free zones where gay people can actively be discriminated against
Violations of first generation rights
EU → withheld funding from regions that declared themselves “LGBTQ+ free zones.” This financial pressure aimed to incentivize these regions to revoke their declarations and align with EU principles.
Four of the regions withdrew after EU’s announcement but continued to violate human rights

Question 2

Libya no fly zone

Answer 2

n 2011, the international community intervened in Libya due to the government violence during the Arab Spring protests. The UN and NATO issued the establishment of a no-fly zone in Libya to protect civilians from airstrike attacks. The intervention resulted in Libyan rebel groups overthrowing the government which provided a short-term solution to a deep-rooted long term issue. The country was sent into even further political and social instability and conflict and the international community received backlash for the lack of a helpful response. Although the intervention resulted in a coup against the government, the political ideology of internal hatred and conflict still remains deep within the countries veins today. Therefore, the politcization of human rights allowed for the international communities involvement and short term success but cultural relativism and conflicting ideals of Libyan people have hindered any real success in the application.

Question 3

UN peacekeeping mission in haiti

Answer 3

Peacekeeping in Haiti, After Haiti’s president was exiled, the security council authorized the UN mission to help restore the peace of what was a broken country politically.
The UN peacekeepers fathered and left behind hundreds of women sexually assaulted and impregnated but they did not face any consequences
They abused their power to the extent where minors were offered food and small amounts of cash to engage in sexual activities with U.N. personnel

Shows the ineffectiveness of global governance organizations, corrupt missions boil down to the UN’s lack of control
No authority, but also no consequences for peacekeepers because if there are then states sovereignty can feel threatened and they will withdraw support
UN therefore has no power to control

Question 4

FARC in Colombia

Answer 4

The revolutionary armed forces of colombia(FARC) was a far right communist party who had the goal of overthrowing the colombian government and replacing it with one that favored a more marxist ideology
FARC was a very violent group and often used ransoms from kidnapping to fund the organization and often bombed parts of colombia as a part of their social demonstrations
In 2016 FARC signed a peace deal with the colombian government
The case study of FARC illustrates how legitimacy of a social organization can be undermined as a result of utilizing violence, FARC is often called a terrorist organization and its efforts to extend government outreach to more rural columbia were often shadowed by their use of violence

Question 5

ICC

Answer 5

Limitations:
Lack of resources: only allows for a handful of persecutions per year
Needs state’s support + cooperation (most countries will only help when it benefits them)
Countries can just opp out of court
No enforcement power
ICC ordered Putin’s arrest, however, Russia just did not recognize ICC jurisdictions
Loss of legitimacy for the ICC
Connection to Global Governance
Brings together countries + legal systems to address issues that transcend national borders, promoting a global response to international crimes
Effective global governance cannot be achieved without effective international cooperation + is a means to promote common interests and shared values (interdependence)
all countries need to partake/implement to be fair