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paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the benefits of using an electron microscope inside of a light microscope?

A

Light microscopes, allow you to visualise finer details including organelles

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2
Q

What’s the difference between a light, microscope and electron microscope?

A

Light microscopes are cheaper to make and they allowed to see the outlines of cells. Electron microscopes are more expensive, but they allow you to see finer details as they are have a greater resolving power and higher resolution.

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3
Q

How do you convert micro meters to millimetres?

A

Divided by 1000

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4
Q

What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?

A

eukaryotic cells have a nucleus prokaryotic cells do not that unity material is contained in plasmids

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5
Q

What extra organelles do plant cells contain that animal cells do not?

A

cell wall made of cellulose for more structure and protection
a permanent vacuole which stores sap
chloroplast is made of chlorophyll, which is used for photosynthesis

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6
Q

How do bacteria reproduce?

A

by binary fission

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7
Q

if bacteria divided every 10 minutes after an hour, how many bacteria will be produced?

A

1 hour = 6x10minute
so you would do
2^6= 64

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8
Q

What is a diploid cell?

A

A cell that has 23 pairs of chromosomes does a normal human cells

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9
Q

What is a haploid cell?

A

so that only has 23 chromosomes does a gametes (sperm and egg cells)

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10
Q

What is the function of mitosis?

A

To grow and repair cells

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11
Q

describe the process of mitosis

A

The nucleus, dissolves/divides and genetic material is duplicated
The two sets of chromosomes are moved to different sides
The mitochondria and ribosomes and other organelles duplicate
The cell divides producing to genetically identical diploid cells

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12
Q

What are stem cells and where are they found?

A

stem cells are undifferentiated cell that can be specialise to perform specific functions they found in animal embryos and plant meristems

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13
Q

In animals, where are stem cells made throughout the life

A

in the bone marrow, but these cab only specialised into blood cells

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14
Q

What’s the purpose of an embryo cloning?

A

embryo clones can be made of a person to harvest stem cells from, these can then be used to treat conditions without the cells being rejected by the patient’s body can also be used to preserve species or produce crops with desired traits

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15
Q

What is an example of a passive movement

A

Diffusion as it requires no energy. It’s the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient.

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16
Q

How can I rate of diffusion be increased?

A

increasing the difference in concentration
Increasing the surface area
Increasing the temperature

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17
Q

What is the purpose of osmosis?

A

to balance the concentration of solution inside and outside of cell

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18
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles through a membrane via carrier proteins against the concentration gradient, which means it requires energy, hence the need for carrier proteins

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the digestive system?

A

to break down large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules, so that nutrients can be absorbed from foods eaten and used in the body

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20
Q

What parts of the body are involved in the digestive system?

A

The teeth
Saliva
Stomach
Large intestine
small intestine
pancreas
Liver

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21
Q

what is the function of the teeth and saliva in the digestive system?

A

The teeth break down food mechanically, and the saliva contains amylase, which are a type of enzyme, and these also start the process of breaking down food

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22
Q

What is the function of the liver in the digestive system?

A

The liver produces bile which is stored in the gallbladder before going to the small intestine bile emulsify lipids to form droplets increasing the surface area. I love him to be better absorbed or disposed of

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23
Q

What is the function of the pancreas in the digestive system?

A

The pancreas secretes amylase, which breaks down starch into glucose in the small intestine

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24
Q

How is nutrients, absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

nutrients like glucose, absorbed into the bloodstream by Villi in the small intestine. However, it cannot absorb starch this way because it’s too large.

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25
Q

How is water absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

Through the large intestine

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26
Q

how does the stomach break down food?

A

The stomach contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes which chemically break down food. It’s also a muscle which turns up food

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27
Q

What is the lock and key principle?

A

every enzyme is specific, it only breaks down substrate that fits its active site this is called an enzyme substrate complex

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28
Q

What are the three different types of enzymes and what did they break down?

A

carbohydrates breakdown carbohydrates into simple sugars
Protease break down proteins into amino acids
Lipases breakdown are lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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29
Q

What can cause an enzyme to denature?

A

Is the temperature or pH of its environment becomes too high

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30
Q

What is the food test for testing for starch?

A

Using iodine if starch is present, it turns from orange to black

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31
Q

how do you test for the presence of sugar is?

A

Using a Benedicks solution if the sugars are present, it turns from blue to orange 

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32
Q

how do you test for the presence
proteins?

A

using a biuret’s reagent of proteins are present, tense from blue to purple 

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33
Q

How do you test for the presence of lipids?

A

using cold ethanol flip is a presence it goes from clear to cloudy

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34
Q

What components of the body are involved in the respiratory system?

A

The trachea
The bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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35
Q

How does oxygen end up in the bloodstream?

A

oxygen diffuse into the bloodstream and binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells to be transported. It does this to the alveoli

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36
Q

What does fuses in and out of the alveoli?

A

Oxygen diffusers in common dioxide and water diffuses out

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37
Q

Describe the movement of blood through the heart

A

deoxygenated blood enters the right side of the heart through the vena cava into the right atrium, where it then passes through a valve into the right ventricle. It then exits, the heart through the pulmonary artery and the blood goes to the lungs. Oxygenated blood then re-enters the heart through the pulmonary vein and goes into the left atrium where it then passes through a valve into the left ventricle,and back out the heart through the aorta, where the blood is carried to the rest of the body.

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38
Q

What is the left side of the heart have thicker walls?

A

due to the higher pressure needed to pump blood to the body

39
Q

What is the purpose of the group of cells near the right atrium?what can replace this?

A

they create electrical impulses that calls the heart contract if the cells don’t work, a pacemaker can be inserted

40
Q

Describe the function and characteristics of an artery

A

artery carries blood away from the heart has thick walls and thin lumen to a stand high-pressure 

41
Q

Describe the function and characteristics of a vein

A

veins carry blood back to the heart they have thin walls and wide lumen they have valves to prevent backflow

42
Q

Describe the function and characteristics of a capillary

A

capillaries are one so thick to allow fast diffusion between blood and cells

43
Q

Why does Conary heart disease develop?

A

if the Connery artery which supplies blood to the heart is blocked by fatty deposits meaning that oxygen cannot be supplied to the heat

44
Q

what can be inserted into the corner archery to open up the vessel?

A



a stent

45
Q

what can help reduce the fatty deposits that can cause Conary heart disease?

A

Statins, which are drugs

46
Q

what does the blood carry/made up of?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
plasma

47
Q

what is a communicable and noncommunicable disease?

A

Communicable disease is caused by pathogens and noncommunicable disease is caused by something from inside the body

48
Q

 What is the difference between a benign and malignant tumour?

A

A benign tumour does not spread around the body. A malignant tumour spreads around the body and is therefore cancerous.

49
Q

What happens if the leaves of plants?

A

photosynthesis, gas exchange, and its where water evaporates out to transpiration

50
Q

what happens at the xylem in plants

A

Water and dissolve mineral ions are carried upwards from the roots to the leaves by tubes in the stem of the plant

51
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A

it’s where water can enter through osmosis and mineral ions can be absorbed by active transport

52
Q

What is the function of the flower and meristem of a plant?

A

The flower is a reproductive organ and a meristem produces new cells contain stem cells

53
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

carries sugars and other nutrients to where they need to be

54
Q

how is the rate of transpiration increased or decreased?

A

transpiration rate increases with an increase of air movement or temperature decreases with an increase in humidity

55
Q

What is translocation?

A

it’s a bidirectional movement that occurs to the phloem. It’s the movement of minerals and sugars.


56
Q

Why are nitrate ions needed in the soil?

A

without nitrate plants will not have the protein they need to synthesise. This can cause stunted growth.

57
Q

what is the deficiency of magnesium cause implants?

A

Chlorosis, which is the yellowing of leaves. It also causes stunted growth as there’s less chlorophyll and therefore less photosynthesis.

58
Q

what is the structural layers of a leaf?

A

Waxy cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palaside mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll that also contains the vascular bundle
Lower epidermis

59
Q

What does the lower epidermis contain and what is the function?

A

The lower epidermis is made up of stomata and guard cells smart as a holes in the lower epidermis that allowed gas in an out including water guard cells change size to control the rate of gases entering or exiting through the stomata

60
Q

What is the function of the waxy cuticle and upper epidermis?

A

The waxy cuticle is the waterproof layer of the leaf and helps prevent the loss of excess water. The upper epidermis is a transparent layer that lets light through

61
Q

what is the function of the palisade mesophyll and the spongy mesophyll?

A

The Palaside mesophyll is where most of the photosynthesis takes place as it has a high concentration of chloroplast the spongy mesophyll has gaps and a large surface area to facilitate gas exchange

62
Q

What is in the vascular bundle in a plant?

A

Xylem and phloem

63
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Micro organism that causes disease can be a bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protist

64
Q

how does a virus reproduce in the body?

A

Find certain genes into cells which customers to produce more copies

65
Q

how does bacteria damaged the body?

A

releases toxins

66
Q

what is a protist?

A

Set a single celled organisms eukaryotic organism, they are mainly consist of parasites

67
Q

what is rose black spot and tobacco mosaic virus?

A

We are both plant disease rose black spot causes leaves to fall off tobacco mosaic virus, discolours leaves and reduces levels of chloroplast which both stock growth

68
Q

what is a defence mechanism is the human body has against pathogens

A

The skin
Mucus in the nose
Acid
Enzymes

69
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

Is a type of white blood cell that produces anti-toxins to neutralise toxins made by pathogens and releases antibodies that bind to specific antigens of a pathogen

70
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

another type of white blood cells that adjust pathogens and breaks them down

71
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A dead, or a version of a virus that is inserted into your body, so you can gain immunity without becoming ill

72
Q

Why are antibiotics used to kill bacteria and viruses?

A

it’s difficult to make antibiotics, target specific bacteria and not damage cells or other good bacteria and viruses exist in cells. So bacteria cannot be taken to kill them without killing the healthy cells too

73
Q

what drugs have been derived from nature?

A

Aspirin came from Willow trees
Penicillin came from a mould

74
Q

what do you drug trials assess for?

A

Efficiency, toxicity and dose

75
Q

What are the stages of a drug trial?

A

The test on cell tissue animals and then humans, and then given to the public

76
Q

What is a blind and double blind trial

A

A blind trial is when you test a group on a given drug and a control amount of the group are given a placebo without them being aware
I do a plane trial is when the doctors don’t know which group is which another do the patience

77
Q

what is the purpose of a monoclonal antibody?

A

To produce a desired antibody

78
Q

Describe how an monoclonal antibodies made

A

lymphocytes from mice are stimulated then collect and combined with tumour cells to make a hybridoma
The hybridoma multiplies to produce lots of the same antibody

79
Q

what are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Compact disease
Medical diagnosis
Detecting pathogen is
Identify molecules.

80
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies identify molecules?

A

by attaching the antibody to a dye that went attaches to a specific model molecule, it can be identified

81
Q

What are the issues of monoclonal antibodies?

A

They have lots of unknown side effects, and the side effects that I know are usually worse than expected

82
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

water+ carbon dioxide= glucose+ oxygen
6H2O + 6CO2=C6H12O6 + 6O2

83
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis and why is it necessary?

A

photosynthesis, an endothermic reaction it’s needed as it produces glucose which is used for respiration, making starch/fat to store energy, making cellulose and amino acids for protein

84
Q

How can you increase and decrease the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Increasing the temperature, light, intensity, or CO2 concentration, any of these can be a limiting factor

85
Q

what does respiration provide?

A

Provides energy for chemical reactions, warmth, and movement

86
Q

What is the question for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose+ oxygen= water+ carbon dioxide
C6H12O6+6O2 = 6H2O + 6CO2

87
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

During vigorous exercise

88
Q

When does aerobic respiration take place?

A

in the presence of oxygen animal cells, most of the time

89
Q

why does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When aerobic respiration can you log it take place due to sell was not having enough oxygen

90
Q

what are the effects of anaerobic respiration and how can I become battered?

A

The product of the reaction is lactic acid this buildup in muscles causing pain and tiredness which can lead to cramping acid is broken down into glucose by the liver using oxygen

91
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration in humans versus plants

A

humans
Glucose = lactic acid
Plants
Glucose = ethanol+ carbon dioxide

92
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in plants also known as?

A

Fermentation

93
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in a cell/organism

94
Q

What is micro meters to meters?

A

x10^-6

biology (4 decks)

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