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Biology > paper 1 > Flashcards

paper 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What type of cells are eukaryotic

A

Plant and animal

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2
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

Genetic material of cells (DNA)

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that contains genetic material enclosed in a nucleus

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4
Q

Do eukaryotic cells have a cell wall

A

No

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5
Q

What type of cell is a prokaryote

A

Bacteria cell

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6
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

It is a cell where the genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed in the nucleus

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7
Q

Which cell (prokaryotic or eukaryotic) is smaller and by how much

A

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells

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8
Q

Where is the genetic material contained in prokaryotic cells

A

They have a loop of dna and small rings of dna called plasmids

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9
Q

What do prokaryotes have along the outside of the cell that a eukaryotic cell does not have

A

A cell wall

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10
Q

How many millimetres in 1 metre

A

1000

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11
Q

How many micrometers are in 1 meter

A

1 000 000

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12
Q

What is the size of a typical human cell

A

10-20 micrometers

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13
Q

How many nanometres are in a meter

A

1 000 000 000

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14
Q

What if the diameter of a haemoglobin molecule

A

5 manometers

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15
Q

What does 1 order of magnitude mean

A

10x bigger or smaller

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16
Q

How to calculate the order of magnitude

A

Count the number of zeros

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17
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

their function is to enclose genetic material

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18
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Watery solution where chemical reactions take place (e.g first stage of respiration)

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19
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

The cell membrane controls the molecules that can enter and leave the cell

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20
Q

What is the role of Mitochondria

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

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21
Q

What is the role of ribosomes

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

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22
Q

What is the type of microscopes that have to be used in order for mitochondria and ribosomes to be seen

A

Electron microscopes

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23
Q

What are contained within animal cells

A

Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

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24
Q

What are contained within plant cells

A

Chloroplasts
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole

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25
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts and what do they contain

A

Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

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26
Q

What is the cell wall made from and what is it’s purpose

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose and it strengthens the cell

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27
Q

What is the permanent vacuole

A

It is filled with a fluid called cell sap
And the vacuole helps give the plant its shape

28
Q

What are the 3 types of animal cell specialisation

A

Sperm cells
Nerve cells
Muscle cells

29
Q

What does it mean when a cell is specialised

A

This means that they have adaptations which help them carry out their particular function

30
Q

What is it called when cells become specialised

A

Differentiation

31
Q

What is the job of a sperm cell

A

It is to join with an ovum(egg cells)

32
Q

What is the process of joining an egg cell with a sperm cell called

A

Fertilisation

33
Q

What happens during fertilisation

A

Genetic information of the ovum and the sperm combine

34
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

Long tail which allows to swim to ovum and ate streamlined to make this easier
They are also packed with mitochondria which provides the energy they need for swimming
They also contain enzymes allowing them to digest their way though the outer layer of the ovum

35
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell

A

Send electrical impulses around the body

36
Q

What does the axon in a nerve cell do

A

Carries electrical signal from one part of the body to another

37
Q

What does myelin do within a nerve cell

A

Myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of the nerve impulses

38
Q

What do dendrites do in a nerve cell

A

Increase surface area so that other never cells can connect more easily

39
Q

What is at the end of the axon in a nerve cell

A

Synapses

40
Q

What are synapses

A

Junctions which allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to another

41
Q

What can muscle cells do

A

Contract (get shorter )

42
Q

What do muscle cells contain and what can they do

A

Contain protein fibres which can change their length

43
Q

What happens when a muscle cell contracts

A

Protein fibres shorten decreasing length of cell

44
Q

What are muscle cells packed full of and why

A

Mitochondria to provide energy for muscle contraction

45
Q

What do muscle cells work together to form

A

Muscle tissue

46
Q

What are the 3 types of plant cell specialisation

A

Root hair cell
Xylem cell
Phloem cell

47
Q

What do the root hair on a root hair cell do

A

Increase surface area of the root so it can absorb water and dissolved minerals more effectively

48
Q

What do root hair cells not contain and why

A

Chloroplasts because they are underground

49
Q

Where are xylem found

A

Plant stem

50
Q

What do xylem cells form

A

Long tubes

51
Q

What do the long tubes in xylem do

A

Carry water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves

52
Q

What do xylem cells have and what do they contain

A

They have very thick walls containing lignin that provides and supports the plant

53
Q

What happens to the xylem cells as a result of the cell walls being filled with lignin

A

They die

54
Q

Why do xylem cells have no internal structures

A

Makes it easier for the water and minerals to flow

55
Q

What do phloem tubes carry

A

Dissolved sugars up and down the plant

56
Q

What are the 2 types of cells contained in the phloem

A

Phloem vessel cell
Sieve plates

57
Q

What are found in the nucleus and what are they made of

A

Chromosomes which are made of DNA

58
Q

How are chromosomes contained

A

They are pairs

59
Q

Do gametes have paired or umpaired chromosomes

A

Unpaired

60
Q

What do chromosomes carry and what do these things determine

A

Chromosomes carry genes which determine many of our features

61
Q

What just cells be able to do and what is this called

A

Cells must be able to divide and this is called the cell cycle

62
Q

What are the 2 ways cells can divide

A

Meiosis or mitosis

63
Q

What is the 1st stage or the cell cycle

A

DNA replicated to form 2 copies of each chromosome
Cell grows and copies internal structures

64
Q

What happens in the 2nd stage of the cell cycle

A

Mitosis takes place
On set of chromosomes pulled to each end of cell and nucleus also divides

65
Q

What happened in the 3rd and final stage of the cell cycle

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical cells

66
Q

Functions of mitosis

A

Essential for growth and development of multicellular organisms
Takes place when an organism repairs itself
Happens during asexual reproduction

Biology (2 decks)

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