Paper 1 Flashcards
What makes up a nucleus?
23 pairs of chromosomes.
What are chromosomes made out of?
DNA molecules.
What happens in Stage 1 of the cell cycle?
The longest of the three stages, cell grows gaining mass, increases number of sub-cellular structures, DNA replicates & forms two copies of each chromosome.
What happens in Stage 2 (mitosis) of the cell cycle?
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, nucleus divides in two
What happens in Stage 3 of the cell cycle?
Cytoplasm and Cell membranes divide, 2 identical cells are formed
What are three reasons for the cell cycle?
Development, Growth, Repair
What does Differentiation mean?
Acquiring different sub-cellular structures. Examples: Nerve cells, muscle cells, red blood cells.
What are the two reasons for stem cells?
1) Differentation, 2) It is capable of giving rise to any other stem cells
What is an embryonic stem cell?
Embryonic stem cells surrounded by an embryo, function is to differentiate making all of specialized cells of the body.
Embryotic stem cells can make….
almost every cell in the body.
Stem cells are found in the ____ of plants.
Root cells
Stem cells are found in the ____ of animals.
Bone marrow
What are three uses for stem cells in plants?
Cloning plants quickly and economically, Genetically identical plants for research, Cloning of crops with special features.
Adult stem cells have a high risk of…
Carrying viruses.
How do Bacteria multiply?
Loop of DNA replicates, two copies move apart to each end of cell, cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form, eventually splitting into two.
Binary fission means..
splitting in two (eg, bacteria multiplication)
Osmosis is specifically…
The movement of water.
What does Osmosis move through?
Partially permeable membranes from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Active transport moves across a…
Membrane from an area of low to high concentration.
What is a tissue?
One type of cells carrying out a function.
What is an organ?
Made up of different tissues, carries out joint function.
What is an organ system?
Group of organs that carry out a function.
What are the organs/parts of the digestive system
Mouth, Salivary Gland, Aesophagus, Gall bladder, Stomach, Pancreas, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum
What does the a) mouth b) Salivary gland c) Liver do?
a) Mechanical breakdown b) Produces amylase c) Produces bile
What does the a) gall bladder b) small intestine c) stomach do?
a) stores bile b) moves glucose, ions etc to blood large surface area d) churns up food, stomach acid (HCl) kills bacteria, provides environment for protease to work
what does the a) pancreas b) large intestine c) anus do?
a) Produces enzyme b) removes excess water c) gets rid of waste food
What is a lipase and what does it do?
Breaks down fats into fatty acids, made in pancreas and small intestine & works in small intestine
What is Protease? and what does it do?
Breaks down proteins into amino acids, made in stomach & pancreas & small intestine, works in stomach and small intestine
What is amylase and what does it do?
Breaks down starch into sugars, made in salivary glands & pancreas & small intestine, works in mouth & small intestine
What is the lock and key mechanism?
Enzyme with very specific active site forms enzyme-substrate complex and either break apart products and release or join products and release
How does temperature affect enzyme activity?
Any temperature below optimal temp not have enough energy, any too high makes enzyme denatured (not killed)
How does pH affect enzyme activity?
Denatured in both ways unless optimal.
What makes up the respiratory system?
Mouth, Branchus, Branchide, Alveoli, Diaphragm, Aesophagus, Trachea, Lung, rib, intercastal muscle, heart.
What is/does the a) Branchus b) Branchide c) Alveoli do?
a) Branch of brachea b) branch of branchus c) Where gas exhange happens, large surface area
What is/does the a) Diaphragm b) trachea c) ribs do?
a) moves up and down to bring air in and out, b) the wind pipe c) protects lungs
What does the a) intercostal muscle b) heart do?
a) Allows ribs to expand b) Pumps blood
What is the cardiovascular system? how does it work?
Heart system, double system= blood gets pumped to heart, then lungs, then back to heart, then rest of body.
What are the parts of the heart?
Vena Cava, Right abraum, Right ventricle, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, Left atrium, left ventricle, actra
Where does everything in the heart go?
VRRPPLLA (read what are parts of heart answer to understand) (yes in that order)
Which part of the heart has a larger muscle?
Left, carries blood to rest of body, Right only has to carry to lung.
What does Pulmonary veins carry?
Unoxygenated blood.
What walls are thicker, Capillaries, Arteries or Veins?
Arteries
What is a thin lumen?
the hole inside of an artery.
Which one of these are one cell thick for diffusion: Capillaries, Arteries or Veins?
Capillaries
What do Veins carry and what are their key features?
Deoxygenated blood, Have valves and thin walls.
What is a serum?
Natural, liquid blood without blood cells.
What dont blood cells have? Why?
Nuclei, carry oxygen.
What do plattets deal with in the blood stream?
Clotting.
What are some symptoms of Cardiovascular disease?
Fatty diposits building up in coronary arteries, could cause formation of blood cells which could cause blood clotting that could block an artery which would restrict oxygen to some cells which will mean the cells will die. If too many cells die that could lead to heart attack.
What are some risk factors to Cardiovascular disease?
Smoking, High blood pressure, Too much salt or fat in diet.
What are Epidemiological studies?
Health/illness that studies wide population.
What happens that causes cancer?
Cells divide uncontrollably, lumps begin showing (benign tumors, malignant tumors)
What are the different between Benign tumors and Malignant tumors?
Benign: Slow, harmless, warts/moles. Malignant: fast, aggressive, mobile.
What are some risk factors of cancer?
Smoking, Diet, Amount of time spent in sun, unprotected sex
what are the layers in a leaf?
Waxy cuticle, Upper epidermis, Palisade mesophyll, Spongy mesophyll, Lower epidermis, Stoma, Guard cells
What does the xylem carry?
Water & minerals, goes only up
What does the phloem carry?
ion, foods
What are some factors that affect transpiration?
Light, Temperature, Wind, Humidity.
What are four different types of pathogens?
Virus, bacteria, fungi, Protists.
What is Measles?
A virus spread by liquid droplets in the air or on surfaces, some implications being ill children, being too cold, having red eyes, high temperature and rashes. Causes little damage, MMR is vaccination.
What is HIV?
A virus spread by unprotected sex, sharing needles, childbirth, infected blood, breastfeeding from infected mum. HIV attacks white blood cells and leaves little immune response. Damage is wide spread and can develop into AIDS which can lead to smallest infection causing devastating consequences.
What is Tobacco Mosaic virus?
A virus spread by direct contact between plants, causes reduced levels of chlorophyll, could lead to a lower yield.
What is salmonella?
A bacteria spread by eating infected foods, lives in gut of farm animals, causes diarrhea, vomiting and can cause severe dehydration.
What is gonorrhoea?
A bacteria that is spread with sexual fluids. Causes thick, green & smelly discharge from penis/vag and causes pain from urinating and bleeding.
What is Rose black spot?
A fungus that spreads via spores, it can cause large areas of discoloration and loss of vigar
What is Malaria?
A Parasite/Protist that is spread via female mosquitoes and can cause high fever, sweats and chills, headaches, vomiting, chest and muscle pains, diarrhea. Can be lethal in severe cases.
What protects your body from pathogens?
Stomach acid, Mucus & Hairs, Skin acts as barrier, Tears wash out
The immune system…
consumes pathogens, produce antitoxins and produce antibodies
A vaccination contains…
small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens.
What are two advantages of vaccinations?
Herd immunity & Illnesses wiped out
What are two disadvantages of vaccinations?
Dont always work, Side effects
Bacterias are very susceptible to..
mutation.
What do new drugs need to be tested for?
Toxicity, Efficacy and Dose.
What does Penicillin do?
Stops bacterial growth.
Where does Aspirin come from?
Willow bark
Where do Digitalis come from?
Highly toxic flowers
What is a Digitalis?
A heart drug.
What is the word equation for Photosynthesis?
Water + Carbon dioxide –> Oxygen + Glucose
What is the symbol equation for Photosynthesis?
H2O + CO2 –> O2 + C6H12O6
What numbers balance Photosynthesis?
6 H2O + 6 CO2 –> 6 O2 + C6H12O6
Is photosynthesis an Endothermic or Exothermic reaction?
Endothermic.
What does Endothermic take in?
Energy
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Level of carbon dioxide, Light intensity, Temperature (Look at graphs)
What is the word equation for Respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen –> Water + Carbon dioxide
What is the symbol equation for Respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 –> H2O + 6CO2
Is Respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
Exothermic.
What is good experiment to see respiration?
Screaming gummy baby experiment.
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic with oxygen, Anaerobic without
What is the chemical equation for Anaerobic respiration?
Glucose –> Energy + Lactic acid
What happens to lactic acid?
Builds up in muscles, causing an oxygen debt.
What is the yeast anaerobic respiration word equation?
Yeast + Glucose –> Carbon dioxide + Ethanol
What is Ethanol used for?
Drinks & Cleaning products
What is Metabolism?
Rate that chemical reactions take place in your body
What does glucose break down into?
Starch, Cellulose and/or glycogen
What do fatty acids & Glycerol break down into?
Lipids
What do amino acids break down into?
Proteins
What does Glucose and nitrate ions break down into?
Amino acids
What is a statin?
A heart medicine that lowers cholesterol and slows buildup of fatty materials
What is a stent?
A heart procedure that holds the artery open and provides rapid recovery and results
What is a stent?
A heart procedure that holds the artery open and provides rapid recovery and results
What is the LET technique?
Living cells, End walls, Two way Flow
Both the phloem and the xylem are correct to LET, true or false?
False, only Phloem has living cells, end walls & two way flow, Xylem is one way (up), does not have end walls and is not made up of living cells
Is the blood pressure high or low in veins?
Low
Where is the direction of blood flow in a vein?
Towards the heart
Where is the direction of blood flow in an artery?
Away from the heart
Is the blood pressure high or low in arteries?
High
What is Plasma?
Carries evecrything in the blood, Such as red blood cells, white blood cells, glucose, platelets, Carbon dioxide, Urea, Hormones, proteins, antibodies & antitoxins
What do capillaries do?
Connect arteries to veins
How thick are capillaries?
One cell thick
What are Capillaries walls…
Permeable to allow diffusion of substances
Diffusion is the net movement of…
Gases
Active transport is the movement of…
Mineral ions
Where is active transport located?
Root cells
What happens in the A) Cytoplasm B) Mitochondria and C) Ribosome
A) chemical reactions B) aerobic respiration C) protein synthesis
What is the test for sugar?
Add benedicts solution to food and boil in water bath, should go from blue to a brick red precipitate
What is the test for starch?
Add iodine reagent to food, should go from yellow-brown to blue-black
How do you find protein?
Add biuret reagent to food, should go from blue to lilac/purple
