Paper 1 Flashcards
Role of tendons
Muscle to bone
Role of ligaments
Bone to bone
Pathway of air
Mouth/nose
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alaveoli
Adaptations of alveoli that promote gaseous exchange
Large surface are + One cell thick walls ( short distance for diffusion)
Lots of capillaries (large blood supply) = concentration gradient for diffusion
Artery
Function: Carry blood away from the heart
Wall: Thick, muscular walls to withstand blood flowing at high pressure as it leaves the heart.
Lumen : Small
Capppilarie
Function: Allows diffusion of gases and nutrients from blood into the body cells
Wall: very thin one cell thick
Lumen: very small, only allows blood to pass through one cell at a time
Other features: walls are made out of a semi permeable membrane to allow diffusion of gases and nutrients
Vein
Function: Carry blood towards the heart
Wall : thin
Lumen : large
Other features: contain valves to prevent backflow
Pathway of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood into right atrium from the vena cava
Atrium contract sand blood is pushed through the valve into the right ventricle
Pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood to lungs
Gaseous exchange occurs and blood is oxygenated
Oxygenated blood enters the lefts atrium through the pulmonary vein
Then into left ventricle
Aorta transports oxygenated blood to rest of body
Cardiac output =
Stroke volume x heart rate
Mechanics of breathing at rest
When you inhale diaphragm and intercostals contract to move the rib cage upwards
This decreases the air preassure in the lungs, drawing air in
Tidal volume
The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air you can still inhale after a normal breath
Experotry reserve volume
The volume of air you can exhale after a normal breath
Residual volume
The volume of air left in your lungs after maximal exhalation
Aerobic excersise
Excersie with oxygen
Anaerobic exercise
Excersise without oxygen
Anaerobic respiration equation
Glucose = energy + lactic acid
Aerobic energy equation
Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + energy + water
Immediate effects of excersise
Increase in depth and frequency of breathing
Increased heart rate
Increased temperature
Short term affects of excersise
Doms
Nausea
Fatigue
Light headed
Long terms affects of excersise
Muscular hypertrophy
Bradycardia (lower resting heart rate)
Strength increase
Loss of fat
Mechanical advantage equation
Effort arm divided by weight arm
First class lever
LFE
Second class lever
ELF
Third class lever
FEL
Saggital plane =
Transverse axis
Frontal plane =
Saggiatal axis
Transverse plane =
Longitudinal axis
Saggital plane movement type
Flexion/ extension forwards or backwards
Frontal plane movements
Abduction adduction left or right
Transverse plane movements
Rotation clockwise or anti-clockwise
Health
The state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Fitness
The ability to meet the demands of the environment
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles
Muscular endurance
The ability of the muscles to repeatedly undergo contractions without fatigue
Strength
The amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can apply against a resistance
Speed
The rate at which someone is able to move to cover a distance in a given amount of time
Power
A combination of speed and strength
Agility
The ability to change body position or direction quickly while maintaining control
Balance
The ability the maintain the body’s centre of mass over a base of suppport
Coordination
The ability to use two or more parts of the body together efficiently and accurately
Reaction time
The time taken to move in a response to a stimulus
Flexibility
The range of movement possible at a joint
Reasons for fitness testing
Identify strengths and weaknesses
To monitor improvement
To inform training requirements
To set goals
Limitations of fitness testing
Not sports specific
Do not replicate movements of an activity
Do not replicate competitive conditions required in sports
Agility test
Illinois agility test
Balance
Stork test
Cardiovascular endurance
Multi stage fitness test
Coordination
Wall toss test
Flexibility
Sit and tech test
Muscular endurance
Sit up bleep test
Power/ explosive strength
Verticle jump test
Reaction time
Ruler drop test
Maximal strength
One rep max test
Speed
30 meter sprint test
Strength
Handgrip diameter test
Maximal strength
One rep max test
Sport =
Specificity
Progressive overload
Reversibility
Tedium
Fitt =
Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type
Calculate aerobic training zone
60 to 80 percent of maximal heart rate
Calculate anaerobic training zone
80 - 90 percent of maximal heart rate
Three training season
Pre season
Post season
Competition
Pre season aims
General
Warming up should include
Gradual pulse raiser
Stretching
Skill based practices
Mental preparation
Increase amount of oxygen to working muscles
Cooling down should include
Maintaining elevated breathing rate
Gradual reduction in intensity
Stretching
Benefits of warming up
Increased body temperature
Range of movement increased
Gradual increase in effort to full pace
Physiological preparation
Injury prevention
Benefits of cooling down
Allowing body to recover
The removal of lactic acid
Prevention of Doms
Prevent blood pooling
Static strength
Static strength – the ability to hold a body part (limb) in a static position.
