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Computer science > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does a computer system consist of?

A

hardware and software that works together

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2
Q

what is an embedded system?

A

computer inside a larger system

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3
Q

feature of embedded systems and why?

A

because they only do 1 task, they’re usually cheaper, more efficient and easier to design

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4
Q

name 5 main hardware components?

A
  • motherboard
  • optical drive
  • ram sticks
  • CPU
  • hard disk drive
  • power supply
  • graphics card
  • case cooling fan
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5
Q

what does the CPU do?

A

processes data and instructions that make the system work

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6
Q

what does CPU architecture describe?

A

the main CPU components, how they interact with eachother and other parts of the computer system

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7
Q

name 3 features of the control unit?

A
  • manages fetch-execute cycle of program instructions
  • in overall control of the CPU
  • controls flow of data inside and outside the CPU
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8
Q

3 features of the arithmetic logic unit?

A
  • does all calculations
  • performs AND, OR, NOT operations and binary shifts
  • contains the accumulator register in the CPU
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9
Q

4 features of cache?

A
  • high-speed memory in CPU, slower than registers but faster than RAM
  • stores regularly used data, so it can be accessed quicker when needed
  • low capacity and expensive
  • 3 levels, L1, L2, L3
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10
Q

What is von neuman architecture?

A

a system where CPU runs programs from memory

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11
Q

2 feature of the program counter

A
  • in control unit

- holds the memory address of the instruction for each cycle

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12
Q

what does the accumulator do?

A

stores intermediate results from the ALU

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13
Q

what does the memory address register do?

A

holds any memory address’s about to be used by the CPU

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14
Q

what does the memory data register do?

A

holds the actual data or instruction

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15
Q

what cycle does the CPU follow?

A

fetch - execute cycle

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16
Q

2 steps of fetching?

A

1) copy memory address from PC to MAR

2) copy the instruction from the MAR address to the MDR

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17
Q

what happens when decoding?

A

instruction in the MDR is decoded by the control unit

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18
Q

what is RAM?

A

high speed, volatile, main memory

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19
Q

what is main memory?

A

where everything is stored while being used

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20
Q

when do things leave RAM?

A

when they’re closed

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21
Q

what happens when the computer boots up?

A

the operating system is copied from the ROM to the RAM

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22
Q

what is virtual memory?

A

secondary storage used as extra RAM

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23
Q

when is virtual memory used?

A

when RAM is full

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24
Q

what does ROM do?

A

tells the CPU how to boot up

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25
Q

where is ROM?

A

comes on a small chip in the motherboard

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26
Q

what is primary storage?

A

any memory areas the CPU can access quickly

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27
Q

how is data stored on a hard disk drive?

A

magnetically

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28
Q

what is the traditional storage medium?

A

HDD

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29
Q

4 features of HDD’s?

A
  • high-capacity
  • reliable
  • cheaper
  • longer read/write life
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30
Q

4 features of SSD’s?

A
  • fast
  • doesn’t need defragmenting
  • silent
  • more shock-proof
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31
Q

what are solid state drives?

A

fast, reliable secondary storage

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32
Q

what are optical disks?

A

cheap, robust secondary storage

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33
Q

what are the 3 forms of optical disks?

A
  • read-only
  • write-only
  • rewritable
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34
Q

3 features of optical disks?

A
  • cheap
  • portable
  • shock and water proof
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35
Q

what are magnetic tapes used for?

A

archiving

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36
Q

name all 8 units in order, smallest first?

A
  • bit
  • nibble
  • byte
  • KB
  • MB
  • GB
  • TB
  • PB
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37
Q

how many bits in a nibble?

A

4

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38
Q

how many bits in a byte?

A

8

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39
Q

what are character sets?

A

a collection of characters that a computer recognises from their binary representation

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40
Q

why must characters be converted?

A

computers can only process binary

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41
Q

what are the 2 character sets?

A
  • ASCII

- unicode

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42
Q

which is the most commonly used character set?

A

ASCII

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43
Q

how many bits are used to represent ASCII?

A

7-bit binary, but aa 0 is added infront so it fits into 1 byte

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44
Q

what is the calculation for file size of characters?

A

num of bits per character X num of characters

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45
Q

what are images stored as ?

A

a series of pixels

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46
Q

what is the colour of a pixel represented as?

A

a binary code

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47
Q

how many bits per pixel are needed for a black and white image?

A

1

48
Q

how can you make a greater range of colours and shades per pixel?

A

increasing number of pits per pixel

49
Q

what is the calculation for number of colour in an image?

A

2 (to the power of number of bits per pixel)

50
Q

what is colour depth?

A

number of bits per pixel

51
Q

what is image resolution?

A

number of pixels in an image

52
Q

what are the 2 calculations for file size of an image?

A

image resolution X colour depth

- width X height X colour depth

53
Q

what is metadata?

A

information about the image

54
Q

what is sound recorded as?

A

an analogue signal

55
Q

what is an analogue signal?

A

pieces of continually changing data

56
Q

what is sampling?

A

converting analogue to digital

57
Q

name 2 factors that affect sound file size and quality?

A
  • bit depth

- sample rate

58
Q

what is bit depth?

A

bits available for each sample

59
Q

what is sample rate?

A

how many samples taken per second

60
Q

calculation for sound file size?

A

sample rate X bit depth X length

61
Q

what does increasing bit depth do?

A

means digital files can pick up lower sounds

62
Q

what is data compression?

A

when a file size is made smaller, while being tru to the original

63
Q

4 advantages of data compression?

A
  • files take up less storage
  • streaming and downloading is quicker
  • web pages load quicker
  • file can fit email service restrictions on file size
64
Q

what is lossy compression?

A

works by permanently removing data from the file

65
Q

what is losseless compression?

A

temporarily removes data to store the file, and then restores it to the original when opened

66
Q

name 3 pros of lossy compression?

A
  • greatly reduced file size, so more files can be stored
  • commonly used, can be read
  • take up less bandwidth, so can be downloaded quicker
67
Q

name 2 pros of lossless compression?

A
  • no reduction in quality

- can be used in text or software files

68
Q

name 3 cons of lossy compression?

A
  • file loses data
  • cant be used on text or software files
  • worse quality than original
69
Q

name a con of lossless compression?

A

only slightly reduced file size, so still takes up quite a bit of space

70
Q

name 3 pieces of network hardware?

A
  • network interface controller
  • switches
  • routers
71
Q

what is a network interface controller?

A

an internal piece of hardware built into the motherboard that allows a device to connect to a network

72
Q

name 2 things switches do?

A
  • connect devices on a LAN

- recieve data from 1 device and transmit it to another on the network

73
Q

name 3 things routers do?

A
  • transmit data across networks
  • on the internet, they direct data to their destination
  • connect LANS to the internet
74
Q

name the 2 types of basic cable?

A
  • cat 5

- cat 6

75
Q

name the 2 types of advanced cable?

A
  • coaxial cable

- fibre optic cable

76
Q

name 3 features of fibre optic cables?

A
  • transmit data as light
  • very expensive
  • very high performane
77
Q

describe the structure of coaxial cables?

A

a single copper wire surrounded by plastic insulation and metal mesh to stop interferance

78
Q

does wifi have a high or low bandwidth, compared to bluetooth?

A

high bandwidth

79
Q

what is a network protocal?

A

a set of rules for how devices communicate

80
Q

what addresses does communication over the same network use?

A

MAC address

81
Q

what addresses does communication over different networks use?

A

IP address

82
Q

how are MAC addresses assigned?

A

assigned by the manufactuer

83
Q

how are IP addresses assigned?

A

assigned manually or automatically before a device can access a network

84
Q

why are MAC addresses needed?

A

so they have a unique identifier that can be found on the internet

85
Q

how are MAC addresses displayed?

A
  • either 48 or 64 bit binary code

- converted to hex for ease

86
Q

what addresses are used when sending data over the internet?

A

IP address

87
Q

what does the TCP do?

A

sets rules for how devices connect on the network. in charge of splitting data into packets and reassembling after theyve been sent

88
Q

what does the IP do?

A

responsible for directing packets to their destination across the network

89
Q

what is HTTP used for?

A

used by web browsers to access websites and servers

90
Q

what is HTTPS used for?

A

a more secure version of HTTP

91
Q

what is FTP used for?

A

to access, edit and move files between devices on a network

92
Q

what is POP3 used for?

A

to retrieve emails from a server. the server holds the email until you download it, then its deleted from the server

93
Q

what is IMAP used for?

A

to retrieve emails from a server

94
Q

what is SMTP used for?

A

to send emails

95
Q

how many network protocol layers are there?

A

4

96
Q

what does network protocol layer 1 cover?

A

passing data over the physical network

97
Q

what does network protocol layer 2 cover?

A

making connections between networks and directing data

98
Q

what does network protocol layer 3 cover?

A

controlling data flow

99
Q

what does network protocol layer 4 cover?

A

turning data into websites and other applications

100
Q

name 2 advantages of using layers?

A
  • breaks network communication into manageable pieces

- changing 1 layer wont affect others, as they are self contained

101
Q

name 5 types of network attacks?

A
  • passive attack
  • active attack
  • insider attack
  • brute force attack
  • denial of service attack
102
Q

what is malware?

A

software that can harm devices

103
Q

name 5 typical actions of malware?

A
  • deleting or changing files
  • scareware
  • locking files
  • spyware
  • opening backdoors
  • rootkits
104
Q

name 3 types of malware?

A
  • viruses
  • worms
  • trojans
105
Q

what is the difference between worms and viruses?

A

worms self-replicate without user help

106
Q

what is social engineering?

A

a way of gaining information on or illegal access to networks by influencing people

107
Q

what is phishing?

A

a type of social engineering that involves criminals sending emails to trick people

108
Q

name 6 malware prevention methods?

A
  • penetrative testing
  • physical testing
  • passwords
  • user access levels
  • anti-malware software
  • encryption
109
Q

what is a client-server network?

A

network that is managed by a server and the devices connected are clients

110
Q

what is a peer-peer network?

A

network where all devices are equal and are connected to eachother

111
Q

describe a mesh topology?

A

where all devices are connected to eachother

112
Q

describe a star topology?

A

all devices are connected to a central switch or server

113
Q

describe a bus topology?

A

all devices are in a line and are connected to a single backbone cable

114
Q

describe a ring topology?

A

data moves in one direction around the ring to avoid collisions

115
Q

what is a VPN?

A

a private network deployed over the internet

116
Q

what is DNS?

A

a name database in which domain names are converted to IP addresses

Computer science (6 decks)

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