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GCSE Geography Edexcel B > Paper 1 > Flashcards

Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a Megacity

A

A city with at least 10 MILLION people

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2
Q

What is an ‘Urban Primacy’?

A

The most important city in the country that dominates the rest of the country

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3
Q

What is a hinterland?

A

The region (area) around a city

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4
Q

Why is the rate of urbanistaion in developed countries much slower than developing countries?

A

Because developed countries are already highly urbanised

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5
Q

Give two reasons why urban primacy can be a problem for developing and emerging countries.

A
  • economic growth is concentrated in the city

- political power is focused in the city (so decision-making affecting the whole country takes place there)

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6
Q

What is international migration?

A

When people move to live in another country

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7
Q

What is internal migration?

A

When people move from an area of a country to another area of the same country

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8
Q

Define natural increase

A

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a year

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9
Q

How do you cities grow or decline?

A

— migration

— natural increase

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10
Q

What is the biggest factor for city to grow or decline?

A 
Economic change
(e.g fewer jobs or more jobs)
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11
Q

What is a formal employment?

A

A job that pays taxes to the government and provide employees with job security and legal protection

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12
Q

What is an informal employment?

A

Jobs that are not regulated meaning workers pay no taxes and are not protected by law

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13
Q

Give four examples of poor working conditions 

A

— unsafe environment
— stressful or uncomfortable working conditions
— long working hours without enough breaks
— harsh penalties for lateness or absence


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14
Q

Give two advantages of informal employment in a developing country

A

— migrants can support themselves
— doesn’t require skills/education qualifications
— learned skills that can later be used in formal employment
— it is flexible (e.g family members can join)
— it is easy to start up (e.g no need for rent)

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15
Q

Give three examples of pull factors to a mega city

A
  • access to jobs
  • job promotions or job transfers
  • access to better education
  • access to better healthcare
  • better marriage opportunities
  • more entertainment options
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16
Q

Give examples of mega city challenges (in a developing country)

A
  • housing (slum housing, shanty towns)
  • water supply and waste removal (bottled water but it is expensive, rivers or streams but it is polluted)
  • employment and opportunities (pay is low, working conditions are poor, no job security)
17
Q

Give two advantages of top down strategies in a megacity

A
  • the government can pass laws to change peoples behaviours

- they are large scale, so the problems of the whole city can be tackled together

18
Q

Give two disadvantages of top-down strategies in a megacity

A
  • the government can be biased
  • can be expensive and complicated leading to extra taxes for the population
  • they may impose changes on people they don’t like
19
Q

Give two advantages for bottom up strategies in a megacity

A
  • specific needs of the local communities are targeted

- they can have positive multiplier effects

20
Q

Give two disadvantages of bottom up strategies in a megacity

A
  • they cannot fix citywide problems

- improving services in slum communities can cause conflict with the government

21
Q

Give two examples of top-down strategies

A
  • managing water supply
  • waste disposal
  • transport
  • air quality
22
Q

Give two examples of bottom up strategies

A
  • city housing
  • health
  • education services
23
Q

Define sustainability

A

A lifestyle that uses less energy and minimises pollution which does not consume or destroy resources in the environment

24
Q

Name four characteristics of a tropical cyclone

A
  • low-pressure
  • rotation
  • structure
  • seasonal global distribution
25
Q

Describe the properties of low pressure air during a tropical cyclone

A

It has warm moist air which rises through the atmosphere

26
Q

Describe how rotation increases the power of a tropical cyclone

A

The earth’s spin helps the rising air to spiral and drags in strong winds

27
Q

Describe the structure of a tropical cyclone

A

Its forms a cylinder of rising, spiralling air around an eye of descending, high-pressure air

- cylinder of rising, spiralling air
- an eye of descending, high-pressure air 

28
Q

Where do tropical cyclones occur

A

In the tropics (between 5° and 30° of latitude)

29
Q

Where and when do tropical cyclones form

A

Where: seawater

When: summer and late autumn (when the seawater is warmest)

30
Q

What temperature does sea water have to be for a tropical cyclone to form

A

26.5°C

31
Q

Name 3 key movements of a tropical cyclone

A
  • they start in the tropics and move westward (as winds blow from the east around the equator)
  • some reach a belt of winds blowing from the west (which makes them change direction)
  • can travel 600 km in a day
32
Q

How is the intensity of a tropical cyclone measured

A

On a Saffir-Simpson scale

33
Q

What makes tropical cyclones intensify?

A
  • warm water temperatures
  • high humidity
  • low wind shear
34
Q

What makes tropical cyclones dissipate?

A
  • Reaching land (because they lose energy)
  • moving into areas of cold water
  • encountering other weather systems with winds blowing in different direction
35
Q

What are some physical hazards/impacts of a tropical cyclone

A
  • storm surges
  • coastal flooding
  • landslides
36
Q

What 3 factors make a country more vulnerable to tropical cyclones?

A
  • low-lying coastal areas where lots of people live (physical)
  • poor areas that have high density of poor quality housing (social)
  • lack of better prediction, protection and evacuation technology (economic)
37
Q

Name three key facts about hurricane Katrina

A
  • It took place in a developed country USA (Louisiana, (mostly) New Orleans)
  • happened in August 2005
  • it caused 1836 deaths
  • deaths were mainly due to failures in the city’s storm surge defences
  • there were problems with evacuation procedures (highways were jammed, public transport was not used, shutters run out of food)
38
Q

Name three key facts about cyclone Nargis

A

- it took place in an emerging country Myanmar (Burma)

  • It happened in May 2008
  • it caused 138,866 deaths
  • there were no evacuation procedures or defences against the storm surges
  • houses were made of weak materials
  • 1 million people were made homeless
  • the government refused entry to foreign aid workers for a week

GCSE Geography Edexcel B (4 decks)

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