Paper 1: 01 Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
What is metabolism?
The chemical processes that occur within a cell to maintain life. Some substances are broken down to provide energy while others are resynthesized to store energy.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A chemical reaction which releases energy.
What does ATP stand for and what does it do?
Adenosine triphosphate; chemical energy stored as a high energy compound and used as the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction.
What is ADP and the equation for when its produced?
Adenosine diphosphate; a compound formed by the removal of a phosphate bond from ATP (ATP-> ADP+P+Energy)
What is phosphocreatine?
A high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell and broken down for ATP resynthesis.
What is ATPase?
An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP.
What is the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell?
The cytoplasm or fluid within the muscle cell which holds stores of PC, glycogen and myoglobin.
What is a mole?
A unit of substance quantity.
What is a coupled reaction?
Where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction.
What is Phosphofructokinase (PFK)?
An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)
What is anaerobic glycolysis ?
The partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.
What is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?
An enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid.
What is OBLA?
The onset of blood lactate accumulation, the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in.
What is meant by buffering capacity?
The ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream.
What is mitochondria?
A structure within the cell where aerobic respiration and energy production occurs.
What is meant by work relief ratio?
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed.
What is Myoglobin?
A red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen.
What is the energy continuum?
The relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of activity.
What is lipase?
An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol.
What is a threshold?
The point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another.
What is meant by intermittent exercise?
Activity where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play and changes in intensity.
What is Oxygen Deficit?
The volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically.
What does EPOC stand for and what is it ?
EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) the volume of oxygen consumed post exercise to return the body to a pre exercise state.
What is gluconeogenesis?
The formation of glucose/ glycogen from substrates such as pyruvic acid or lactic acid.
Describe the ‘fast’ alactacid component of EPOC
The initial fast stage of EPOC where oxygen consumption within three minutes resaturates haemoglobin and myoglobin stores and provides energy for ATP and PC resynthesis.
What is meant by the term partial pressure?
The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases.
What is barometric pressure?
The pressure exerted by the earths atmosphere at any given point
What is acclimitisation?
A process of gradual adaptation to a change in environment (e.g. lower pO2 at altitude)
What is diffusion?
The movement of a gas across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure (concentration) to an area of low pressure (concentration).
What is Hyperthermia?
Significantly raised core body temperature
What is cardiovascular drift?
Upwards drift in heart rate during sustained steady-state activity associated with an increase in body temperature.
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Increase muscle cell size
What is Muscle Hyperplasia?
Increase in number of muscle fibres.
What is the neuromuscular system?
The connection between the muscles and the nervous system.
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Training induced enlargement of the heart, increasing ventricle contractility.
What is blood viscosity?
The thickness and stickiness of the blood (a measure of the resistance to blood flow through a vessel).
What is Capillarisation?
The formation and development of a network of capillaries to a part of the body, increased through aerobic training.
What is the (RCC)? and what does it do?
Respiratory control centre (RCC): a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation.
What is the inspiratory centre (IC)?
A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration
What is the Expiratory centre (EC)?
A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration.
What is Minute ventilation?
The volume of air inspired or expired per minute. TV x f = VE (resting value 6-7.5 l/min)
What is breathing rate?
The number of inspirations or expirations (breaths) per minute (resting 12-15)
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (resting approx. 500ml)
What is haemoglobin?
An iron-rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin.
Describe what oxygen is.
The essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells
Describe what Carbon dioxide is.
The waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells.
What is alveoli?
Clusters of tiny air sacs covered which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange.
Describe gaseous exchange
The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli.
What does the vasomotor control centre do?
The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution.
What is vasomotor tone?
The partial state of smooth muscle construction in the arterial walls.
What is the vascular shunt mechanism?
The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.
What are arterioles?
Blood vessels carrying blood from arteries to the capillary beds, which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow.
What are pre-capillaries sphincters?
Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed.
What is inspiration?
Drawing of air into the lungs
What is expiration?
Expelling of air from the lungs
What is blood pooling?
Accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return.
What is vasodilation?
Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.
What is Vasoconstriction?
Narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.
What is the Cardiac control centre (CCC)?
A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation.
What is the sympathetic nervous system?
Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise.
What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery.
What is starlings law?
Increased venous return leads to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contaction.
What is maximal intensity?
A high of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue.
What is venous return?
The return of blood back to the right atria through the veins.
Describe what sub-maximal exercise is.
A low to moderate intensity of exercise within a performers aerobic capacity
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats per minute (Resting HR apx 72bpm)
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (resting SV=70ml)
What is cardiac output (Q)?
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. HR X SV = Q (apx 51/min)
What is bradycardia?
A resting heart rate below 60bpm
What is cardiac diastole?
The relaxation of the cardiac muscle, where the chambers fill with blood.
What is cardiac systole?
The contraction of the cardiac muscle, where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
What is oxygenated blood?
Blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose.
What is deoxygenated blood?
Blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products.
Describe the conduction system.
A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract
What is the term myogenic?
The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract.
What is the pulmonary circuit?
Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart.
What is the systemic circuit?
Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart.
Describe slow oxidative muscle fibres.
A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time.
Describe fast glycolytic muscle fibres.
A type of muscle fibre rich in PC which produces a large amount of force over a short period of time.
What is PC?
Phosphocreatine (PC): a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as fuel for very high-intensity energy production (ATP-PC system).
What is mitochondria?
A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production
What is Myoglobin?
A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria.
Describe aerobic work.
Low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen.
Describe anaerobic work.
High intensity, short-duration exercise in the absence of oxygen.
Describe what a Joint is.
An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement.
What is a ligament?
A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
What is articular cartilage?
smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement.
What is a plane of movement?
the description of three dimensional movements at a joint.
What is a movement pattern?
A description of the actions taking place at a joint – e.g. flexion and extension of the elbow joint.
What is flexion?
movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body.
What is extension?
movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body.
What is dorsiflexion?
movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up.
What is plantar flexion?
movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down.
What is abduction?
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body.
What is adduction?
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body.
Describe the Pulmonary circuit.
circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart.
What is horizontal extension?
movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground.
What is horizontal flexion?
movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground.
What is rotation?
movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action.
What is a tendon?
a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone.
What is an Agonist?
a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover.
What is an Antagonist?
a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.
What is a fixator?
A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while the other moves.
What is an isotonic contraction?
muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction. This can occur in 2 ways: concentric and eccentric contractions.
What is an Antagonistic muscle action?
Paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action.
What is a concentric contraction?
muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension.
What is eccentric contraction?
muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension.
What is an isometric contraction?
muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension
What is a motor neurone?
a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres.
What is a motor unit?
a motor neurone and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon.
What is action potential?
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neurone and into the muscle fibre.
What is a neurotransmitter?
a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neurone which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.
What is the All-or-none law?
depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all.
