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PE A level (OCR) (from spec) > Paper 1: 01 Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Paper 1: 01 Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a cell to maintain life. Some substances are broken down to provide energy while others are resynthesized to store energy.

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2
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction which releases energy.

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3
Q

What does ATP stand for and what does it do?

A

Adenosine triphosphate; chemical energy stored as a high energy compound and used as the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction.

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4
Q

What is ADP and the equation for when its produced?

A

Adenosine diphosphate; a compound formed by the removal of a phosphate bond from ATP (ATP-> ADP+P+Energy)

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5
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

A high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell and broken down for ATP resynthesis.

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6
Q

What is ATPase?

A

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of ATP.

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7
Q

What is the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell?

A

The cytoplasm or fluid within the muscle cell which holds stores of PC, glycogen and myoglobin.

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8
Q

What is a mole?

A

A unit of substance quantity.

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9
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

Where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction.

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10
Q

What is Phosphofructokinase (PFK)?

A

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of glucose (glycolysis)

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11
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis ?

A

The partial breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.

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12
Q

What is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)?

A

An enzyme which catalyses the conversion of pyruvic acid into lactic acid.

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13
Q

What is OBLA?

A

The onset of blood lactate accumulation, the point at which blood lactate levels significantly rise and fatigue sets in.

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14
Q

What is meant by buffering capacity?

A

The ability of hydrogen carbonate ions (buffers) to neutralise the effects of lactic acid in the blood stream.

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15
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

A structure within the cell where aerobic respiration and energy production occurs.

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16
Q

What is meant by work relief ratio?

A

The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work performed.

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17
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

A red protein in the muscle cell responsible for carrying and storing oxygen.

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18
Q

What is the energy continuum?

A

The relative contribution of each energy system to overall energy system to overall energy production depending on intensity and duration of activity.

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19
Q

What is lipase?

A

An enzyme which catalyses the breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol.

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20
Q

What is a threshold?

A

The point at which an athletes predominant energy production moves from one energy system to another.

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21
Q

What is meant by intermittent exercise?

A

Activity where the intensity alternates, either during interval training between work and relief intervals or during a game with breaks of play and changes in intensity.

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22
Q

What is Oxygen Deficit?

A

The volume of oxygen that would be required to complete an activity entirely aerobically.

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23
Q

What does EPOC stand for and what is it ?

A

EPOC (excess post-exercise oxygen consumption) the volume of oxygen consumed post exercise to return the body to a pre exercise state.

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24
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The formation of glucose/ glycogen from substrates such as pyruvic acid or lactic acid.

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25
Q

Describe the ‘fast’ alactacid component of EPOC

A

The initial fast stage of EPOC where oxygen consumption within three minutes resaturates haemoglobin and myoglobin stores and provides energy for ATP and PC resynthesis.

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26
Q

What is meant by the term partial pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas held in a mixture of gases.

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27
Q

What is barometric pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the earths atmosphere at any given point

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28
Q

What is acclimitisation?

A

A process of gradual adaptation to a change in environment (e.g. lower pO2 at altitude)

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29
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of a gas across a membrane down a gradient from an area of high pressure (concentration) to an area of low pressure (concentration).

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30
Q

What is Hyperthermia?

A

Significantly raised core body temperature

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31
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

Upwards drift in heart rate during sustained steady-state activity associated with an increase in body temperature.

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32
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

Increase muscle cell size

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33
Q

What is Muscle Hyperplasia?

A

Increase in number of muscle fibres.

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34
Q

What is the neuromuscular system?

A

The connection between the muscles and the nervous system.

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35
Q

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Training induced enlargement of the heart, increasing ventricle contractility.

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36
Q

What is blood viscosity?

A

The thickness and stickiness of the blood (a measure of the resistance to blood flow through a vessel).

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37
Q

What is Capillarisation?

A

The formation and development of a network of capillaries to a part of the body, increased through aerobic training.

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38
Q

What is the (RCC)? and what does it do?

A

Respiratory control centre (RCC): a control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for respiratory regulation.

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39
Q

What is the inspiratory centre (IC)?

A

A control centre within the RCC responsible for inspiration

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40
Q

What is the Expiratory centre (EC)?

A

A control centre within the RCC responsible for expiration.

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41
Q

What is Minute ventilation?

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per minute. TV x f = VE (resting value 6-7.5 l/min)

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42
Q

What is breathing rate?

A

The number of inspirations or expirations (breaths) per minute (resting 12-15)

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43
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inspired or expired per breath (resting approx. 500ml)

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44
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

An iron-rich globular protein in red blood cells which can chemically combine with four O2 molecules to form oxyhaemoglobin.

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45
Q

Describe what oxygen is.

A

The essential gas required for aerobic energy production in the muscle cells

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46
Q

Describe what Carbon dioxide is.

A

The waste product of aerobic energy production in the muscle cells.

47
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Clusters of tiny air sacs covered which together serve as the external site for gaseous exchange.

48
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

A

The movement of oxygen from the alveoli into blood stream and carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the alveoli.

49
Q

What does the vasomotor control centre do?

A

The control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac output distribution.

50
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

The partial state of smooth muscle construction in the arterial walls.

51
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism?

A

The redistribution of cardiac output around the body from rest to exercise of blood flow to the skeletal muscles.

52
Q

What are arterioles?

A

Blood vessels carrying blood from arteries to the capillary beds, which can vasodilate and vasoconstrict to regulate blood flow.

53
Q

What are pre-capillaries sphincters?

A

Rings of smooth muscle at the junction between arterioles and capillaries, which can dilate or constrict to control blood flow through the capillary bed.

54
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Drawing of air into the lungs

55
Q

What is expiration?

A

Expelling of air from the lungs

56
Q

What is blood pooling?

A

Accumulation of blood in the veins due to gravitational pull and lack of venous return.

57
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

Widening of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.

58
Q

What is Vasoconstriction?

A

Narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters.

59
Q

What is the Cardiac control centre (CCC)?

A

A control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation.

60
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for increasing HR, specifically during exercise.

61
Q

What is the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Part of the automatic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery.

62
Q

What is starlings law?

A

Increased venous return leads to an increased stretch of the ventricle walls and therefore force of contaction.

63
Q

What is maximal intensity?

A

A high of exercise above a performers aerobic capacity that will induce fatigue.

64
Q

What is venous return?

A

The return of blood back to the right atria through the veins.

65
Q

Describe what sub-maximal exercise is.

A

A low to moderate intensity of exercise within a performers aerobic capacity

66
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats per minute (Resting HR apx 72bpm)

67
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat (resting SV=70ml)

68
Q

What is cardiac output (Q)?

A

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute. HR X SV = Q (apx 51/min)

69
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

A resting heart rate below 60bpm

70
Q

What is cardiac diastole?

A

The relaxation of the cardiac muscle, where the chambers fill with blood.

71
Q

What is cardiac systole?

A

The contraction of the cardiac muscle, where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery.

72
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood saturated with oxygen and nutrients, such as glucose.

73
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products.

74
Q

Describe the conduction system.

A

A set of structures in the cardiac muscle which create and transmit an electrical impulse, forcing the atria and ventricles to contract

75
Q

What is the term myogenic?

A

The capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract.

76
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart.

77
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Circulation of blood through the aorta to the body and vena cava back to the heart.

78
Q

Describe slow oxidative muscle fibres.

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time.

79
Q

Describe fast glycolytic muscle fibres.

A

A type of muscle fibre rich in PC which produces a large amount of force over a short period of time.

80
Q

What is PC?

A

Phosphocreatine (PC): a high-energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as fuel for very high-intensity energy production (ATP-PC system).

81
Q

What is mitochondria?

A

A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

82
Q

What is Myoglobin?

A

A structure in the sarcoplasm responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria.

83
Q

Describe aerobic work.

A

Low intensity, long-duration exercise in the presence of oxygen.

84
Q

Describe anaerobic work.

A

High intensity, short-duration exercise in the absence of oxygen.

85
Q

Describe what a Joint is.

A

An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement.

86
Q

What is a ligament?

A

A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

87
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement.

88
Q

What is a plane of movement?

A

the description of three dimensional movements at a joint.

89
Q

What is a movement pattern?

A

A description of the actions taking place at a joint – e.g. flexion and extension of the elbow joint.

90
Q

What is flexion?

A

movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body.

91
Q

What is extension?

A

movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body.

92
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up.

93
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down.

94
Q

What is abduction?

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body.

95
Q

What is adduction?

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body.

96
Q

Describe the Pulmonary circuit.

A

circulation of blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs and pulmonary vein back to the heart.

97
Q

What is horizontal extension?

A

movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground.

98
Q

What is horizontal flexion?

A

movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground.

99
Q

What is rotation?

A

movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action.

100
Q

What is a tendon?

A

a fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone.

101
Q

What is an Agonist?

A

a muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover.

102
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement.

103
Q

What is a fixator?

A

A muscle that stabilises one part of the body while the other moves.

104
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction. This can occur in 2 ways: concentric and eccentric contractions.

105
Q

What is an Antagonistic muscle action?

A

Paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action.

106
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

muscular contraction which shortens while producing tension.

107
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

muscular contraction which lengthens while producing tension.

108
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

muscular contraction which stays the same length while producing tension

109
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

a nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres.

110
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a motor neurone and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon.

111
Q

What is action potential?

A

positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neurone and into the muscle fibre.

112
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

a chemical (acetylcholine) produced and secreted by a neurone which transmits the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre.

113
Q

What is the All-or-none law?

A

depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all.

PE A level (OCR) (from spec) (4 decks)

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