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Surgery Shelf Study Guide > Pancreatic/Hepatic Surgery > Flashcards

Pancreatic/Hepatic Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What is biliary disease progression?

A

Cholethiasis –> biliary colic –> acute cholecystitis

Choledocholitiasis –> ascending cholangitis or gallstone pancreatitis

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2
Q

How does cholelithiasis present?

A

Presents as nausea, vomiting, RUQ pain without fever, only 15-20% are symptomatic
IN pregnancy: manage non-op i possible; elective lap chole can be done after delivery

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3
Q

What is biliary colic?

A

Fatty meal –> CCK release –> gall bladder contraction against non-lodged stone resulting in transient RUQ pain for <6 hours; labs are usually normal if episode has passed

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4
Q

How does cholecystitis present?

A

Presents as fever, WBC>15, RUQ pain >6 hours; MC bacteria are E. coli, bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella, enterococcus

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5
Q

How do you manage cholecystitis?

A

Dx abdominal u/s, order CBC and LFTs, tx lap chole within 72 hours

  • elderly patients respond to sepsis with hypothermia and decreased WBC
  • tx with cipro and metronidazole to cover GNR and anaerobes
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6
Q

What are the indications for a cholecystecomy?

A

Symptomatic cholethiasis, acute cholecystitis, and cholangitis; do not operate on asymptomatic stones

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7
Q

What are the complications of a cholecystectomy?

A

Nicking the CBD (jaundice) or right hepatic artery (hepatitis)

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8
Q

How does a post-op biliary leak present?

A

Presents as Charcot’s triad; get an U/S and HIDA scan –> tx biliary drainage and temporary stent during ERCP

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9
Q

How does choledocholithiasis present?

A

Presents as transient jaundice and an increase in alk phos; dx U/S shows dilated bile ducts +/- ERCP, tx lap chole with CBD exploration

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10
Q

How does acute cholangitis present?

A

Presents as Charcot’s triad (jaundice, fever, RUQ pain) or Reynold’s pentad (shock, AMS) due to choledocolithiasis

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11
Q

How do you manage acute cholangitis?

A

IVF, antibiotics, and U/S –> ERCP to compress biliary tree –> finally, lap chole with CBD exploration

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12
Q

How do you manage gall bladder polyps?

A

2cm take it out due to risk of adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

How does gall bladder adenocarcinoma present?

A

Presents as a mass in GB fossa; dx with CT scan, tx with open chole + hilar LN resection + liver resection with negative margins

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14
Q

What is porcelain gall bladder?

A

Dystrophic calcification of gall bladder, has 50% risk of adenocarcinoma, take it out

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15
Q

What is jaundice?

A

Elevated bilirubin and yellowing of skin

Three types: hemolytic, obstructive, and hepatocellular

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16
Q

How do you manage hemolytic jaundice?

A

An increase in bilirubin (direct <20%), search for what is killing the RBCs

17
Q

How do you manage hepatocellular jaundice?

A

INcrease in bilirubin (direct 20-50%) and increase in AST/ALT, consider HBV/HCV and alcoholism

18
Q

How do you manage obstructive jaundice?

A

Increase in bilirubin (direct >50%) and increase in alk phos, caused by CBD stones and cancers

19
Q

What is painless jaundice caused by? How do you manage it?

A

Caused by biliary obstructive tumors (ampullary cancer, duodenal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma)
Manage by CT scan then ERCP, tx with Whipple if no mets or local invasion
If there is also an occult bleed, this indicated ampullary cancer. Whipple is still the procedure.

20
Q

How does pancreatic adenocarcinoma present?

A

Presents as obstructive jaundice, get a CT scan; cancer in head –> tx Whipple
in body or tail –> distal pancreatectomy,
mets or local invasion –> palliative care

21
Q

How does acute pancreatitis present?

A

Presents as epigastric pain boring through to the back with an increase in lipase and amylase; amylase levels do not correlate with severity

22
Q

What are the causes of pancreatitis?

A

idiopathic, gallstones, EtOH, trauma, steroids, mumps, autoimmune, scorpion sting, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, ERCP, drugs
I GET SMASHED

23
Q

What are the types of pancreatitis and how do you treat them?

A

Edematous pancreatitis: get amylase/lipase, then NPO, IVF, pain meds
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis: presents as MSOF, ARDS, and hemodynamic instability; send to ICU for resuscitation and serial CTs
Ischemic pancreatitis: Dx no blood flow to the pancreas on contrast CT, tx IV abx and resection
Gallstone pancreatitis: if amylase returns to normal –> lap chole + cholangiogram; if complicated, ERCP to remove stone

24
Q

How do pancreatic abscesses present?

A

Presents as septic shock 2 weeks after acute pancreatitis; dx dynamic CT scan, tx perc drain + antibiotics

25
Q

How does a pseudocyst present?

A

Abdominal pain and early satiety 5 weeks after acute pancreatitis, tx cystogastrostomy only if it’s symptomatic and has been present for 6+ weeks (must get bx with frozen epithelial section and see no epithelial lining before the ostomy since epithelium indicates cancer)

26
Q

How does chronic pancreatitis present?

A

Presents as constant epigastric pain, steatorrhea, and diabetes in a chronic alcoholic
tx : insulin and pancreatic enzyme replacement

27
Q

What is an echinococcal cyst?

A

Multilocular cyst with calcified walls due to parasite echinococcus granulosus; inject hypertonic saline inside cyst and carefully excise it

28
Q

How do you treat a liver abscess?

A

Multiple/small bacterial abscesses–> IV antibiotics; single/large bacterial abscess –> perc drain; amebic abscess (Mexicans) –> metronidazole

29
Q

What are the types of liver cancers and how are they treated?

A

hepatic adenoma: often presents as hypovolemic shock and distended abdomen, related to OCPs and anabolic steroid abuse; tx d/c OCP, if it persists, resent due to possibility of rupture
focal nodular hyperplasia: dx central stellate scar or sunburst pattern on CT scan, no OCP relationship, leave alone even if symptomatic
hemangioma: leave alone
hepatoma: presents as vague RUQ pain and mass related to HBV/HCV and cirrhosis with an increase in alpha FP; dx CT scan then tx resection with negative margins

30
Q

What do you see with portal HTN?

A

Sx esophageal varices, caput medusa, hemorrhoids

Tx with TIPS (connect portal vein to hepatic vein to relieve pressure) as a “bridge to liver transplant”

Surgery Shelf Study Guide (13 decks)

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