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Pancreas and liver > Pancreas and Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas and Liver Flashcards

1
Q

What are glands?

A

Glands are specialised organs that secrete chemical substances.

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2
Q

what are the two main classifications of glands?

A

endocrine and exocrine

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

these are glands that secrete chemical substances into the bloodstream or tissues of the body.

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4
Q

what do the endocrine glands in the pancreas do?

A

They secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate blood borne energy substrate availability (ie glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, aas). eg after a meal insulin will be released to stimulate muscle and liver cells to store glucose as glycogen.

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5
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts

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6
Q

What sort of secretions do the exocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?

A

digestive enzymes to digest CHO, protein and lipid and HCO3- to neutralise acidic material in duodenum

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7
Q

do the main pancreatic duct and bile duct come together before the sphincter of Oddi?

A

yes

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8
Q

Where is the pancreatic blood supply from?

A

Mainly via the splenic artery (from coeliac trunk), as well as pancreatic-duodenal arteries( from superior mesenteric artery)

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9
Q

Describe what the acinar cells are and their positioning

A

main secretory cels of the pancreas, secreting ions (na+, Cl-,HCO3- and enzymes). Positioned in clusters which are connected by ducts.

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10
Q

What occurs in the pancreas (exocrine glands) during the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Vagus nerve stimulates pancreatic secretions by releasing Each and VIP

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11
Q

What controls the pancreatic exocrine output during the gastric phase of digestion?

A

vasovagal reflexes

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12
Q

What controls the exocrine pancreas secretions during the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

The hormone secretin (in response to H+) and CCK (in response to was, fatty acids, monoacylglycerols)

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13
Q

what do zymogen granules do?

A

They house inactive digestive enzymes which they then activate and secrete them (in response to CCK) by exocytosis from acinar cells into luminal space

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14
Q

how is the exocytosis of enzymes from zymogen granules regulated?

A

Both hormonally and neurally. First CCK is released into interstitial space, which then enters the bloodstream + travels to pancreatic acinar cells and binds with CCK receptors. Also, CCK binds to receptors on vagal afferents, giving afferent stimulation of pancreatic acinar cells via VIP.

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15
Q

Explain the ion secreting mechanism in the acinar cells

A

CCK and ACh bind to the basolateral membrane. this stimulates Cl- movement across the apical membrane. Once the Cl- move out, Na+ and water will also move into the lumen paracellularly (regulation of charges and water balance)

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16
Q

what is paracellular movement?

A

movement through the spaces between the cells

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17
Q

Explain the ion secreting mechanism in intercalated ductal cells

A

Secretin and Act bind to ductal cell membranes. this activates cyclic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators, Cl- channels, Cl-HCO3- co-transporters.
Transporters recycle CL- and HCO3-

18
Q

How does the flow rate of the pancreatic exocrinal secretions alter the ionic concentration of the secretions

A

An increased flow rate cause the HCO3- conc to increase and the Cl- conc to decrease. BUT Na+ and K= concs are not affected by flow rate

19
Q

what are the concs of Na+ and K+ in plasma compared to plasma?

A

Na+ similar to plasma, K+ slightly higher than plasma

20
Q

what is the largest organ in the body?

A

liver

21
Q

is the liver superior to the diaphragm?

A

no

22
Q

What serous membrane covers the liver except for the bare area?

A

peritoneum

23
Q

Describe the Glisson’s capsule

A

a thin connective tissue layer with extensions into the liver between the tubules

24
Q

Which artery supplies the hepatocytes with oxygen?

A

hepatic artery

25
Q

what is hepatocyte?

A

liver cell

26
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

bring absorbed nutrients from the gut to the liver

27
Q

how is bile secreted?

A

though canaliculi that lie between hepatocytes which then connect to bile ductules and then bile ducts which finally form the common hepatic duct.

28
Q

what carries oxygen-depleated blood away from the liver?

A

hepatic veins that enter the inferior vena cava

29
Q

List the 5 functions of the liver

A
  1. Synthesis and secretion of bile
  2. storage of glucose, proteins , vitamins + fats
  3. Detoxification of metabolic waste (removal of ammonia, ethanol and drug biotransformations)
  4. synthesis of blood clotting factors + anticoagulant factors (fibrinogen and prothrombin)
  5. Immune system function- remove intestinal bacteria from portal blood so there is none in systemic circulation
30
Q

what separates the left lobe from the right lobe of the liver?

A

falciform ligament

31
Q

the constituents of bile

A

bile pigments (mainly bilirubin), cholesterol, phospholipids, fatty acids, water and electrolytes

32
Q

what are bile pigments derived from?

A

the breakdown of haemoglobin

33
Q

Cells involved in formation of bile pigments

A

kupffer cells

34
Q

what is the role of bile salts?

A

emulsify fats to increase the absorption of fats in the small intestine

35
Q

where can the bile go from the common bile duct? and what controls its path?

A
  1. into duodenum or 2. into gallbladder
    The sphincter of Oddi- when contracted, bile moves mainly into the gallbladder. When relaxed, bile moves mainly to duodenum
36
Q

what regulates the relaxation/contraction of the sphincter of oddi?

A

CCK (cholecystokinin)

37
Q

what do bile acids do?

A

emulsify fats

38
Q

why is the gallbladder bile more concentrated?

A

Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed causing osmotic water reabsorption.

39
Q

Purpose of gallbladder

A

store ad distribute bile

40
Q

what causes gallbladder to expel bile and how does it do it?

A

under stimulation of CCk and efferent stimulation from the vagus the gallbladder contracts to release bile

41
Q

which two substances inhibit bile acid secretion?

A

somatostatin and noradrenaline

Pancreas and liver (1 decks)

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