Pancreas and Diabetes

Question 1

What domains make up the insulin receptor?

Answer 1

• (α) Extracellular insulin binding domain
• (β) Transmembrane domain
• Tyrosine Kinase domain

Question 2

The Insulin receptor is a monomer (T/F)

Answer 2

False. The insulin receptor is already a dimer made with S-S bridges

Question 3

What is Leprechaunism?

Answer 3

Recessive genetic disorder of a defective insulin receptor

Question 4

Are Type 1 AND type 2 diabetes associated with weight gain?

Answer 4

No, only Type 2 is. Type 1 is associated with weight LOSS.

Question 5

_____ diabetes is asymptomatic.

Answer 5

Type 1

Question 6

What are the 3 prerequisites for the development of Type 1 diabetes?

Answer 6

• Beta cell reactive T cells = activated
• Response needs to be proinflammatory
• Immune regulation of auto reactive responses must fail

Question 7

What happens in Type 1 diabetes? Is there a cure?

Answer 7

• Beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by an autoimmune disease.
• No cure, just manage symptoms with insulin

Question 8

What are the 5 possible endocrine reasons to develop type 2 diabetes?

Answer 8

1. Receptor insensitive or downregulated b/c too much insulin
2. Receptor defective
3. Ab against receptor blocks insulin
4. Signal pathway defective
5. Poor response or organ –> reduced insulin synthesis and signalling

Question 9

What happens to the beta cells in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

When the beta cells decrease due to less insulin produced, they are replaced by amyloid deposits, reducing the ratio of beta cells to alpha cells

Question 10

Describe the treatments for diabetes type 2.

Answer 10

• DIET AND EXERCISE
• drugs that: lower glucose production in liver and improve sensitivity to insulin
• drugs that stimulate insulin secretion
• drugs that affect glucose absorption in intestine

Question 11

How can sugar tolerance of healthy people be affected?

Answer 11

Can be impaired by a low-carb and high fat diet

Question 12

You can ____ insulin resistance by _____ fat intake.

Answer 12

Decrease; Decreasing

Question 13

In diabetes, how can hypoglycemia occur?

Answer 13

When a treatment for diabetes lowers the elevated blood glucose levels to inaccurately match the bodies physiological need, so glucose falls to a below-normal level

Question 14

In hyperglycaemia the GLUT1 glucose receptors are _________

Answer 14

down regulated - b/c too much glucose

Question 15

In hypoglycaemia the GLUT1 glucose receptors are _________

Answer 15

upregulated - b/c too little glucose and need to get it to the brain

Question 16

How does exercise affect the endocrine hormones?

Answer 16

Increases glucagon, and you need energy during exercise so starts to breakdown storage products such as carbs or fat

Question 17

What does a high amino acid meal in the presence of glucose cause?

Answer 17

Increase insulin AND glucagon

Question 18

What happens when you first eat a meal?

Answer 18

Increase insulin, release GLP-1 and GIP from the gut (incretins), which then further increase insulin to sequester glucose

Question 19

What happens if someone suffering from chronic starvation?

Answer 19

Decrease insulin and glucagon

Question 20

How does Glucagon-like peptide-1 work with insulin?

Answer 20

It is released at the same time as insulin in the gut and increases insulin release
-also slows gut emptying to increase absorption