Pancreas A&P, Pathophysiology

Question 1

what is a heterocrine gland

Answer 1

endocrine gland in that it makes hormones but also an exocrine gland in that it secretes digestive enzymes

Question 2

what is the location of the pancreas

Answer 2

retroperitoneal organ
behind the stomach, medial to spleen, abutting duodenum
transverse colon attaches anteriorly

Question 3

what portion of the pancreas is attached to the duodenum

Answer 3

head

Question 4

what allows for release of exocrine content into the GI tract

Answer 4

bile duct

Question 5

where does the head of the pancreas receive blood from

Answer 5

superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

Question 6

where does the body/tail of the pancreas receive blood supply from

Answer 6

branches off of the splenic artery

Question 7

what do delta cells release

Answer 7

gastrin and somatostatin

Question 8

what are the exocrine cells

Answer 8

acinar cells

Question 9

what are the islets of langerhans organized around

Answer 9

capillaries

Question 10

what kinds of foods create energy in the form of ATP

Answer 10

carbs, fats, protein

Question 11

what is the normal glucose range

Answer 11

80-120mg/dl

Question 12

what is the brains energy source

Answer 12

glucose
does not require insulin

Question 13

what is the muscles energy source

Answer 13

fatty acids

Question 14

where are fatty acids absorbed

Answer 14

through the GI tract - readily taken up by adipose and muscle cells

Question 15

what are proteins stored as

Answer 15

amino acids - once they are full - it will be stored as fat

Question 16

what do glucocorticoids increase in circulation

Answer 16

amino acids

Question 17

what stimulates insulin

Answer 17

hyperglycemia

Question 18

what is Amylin

Answer 18

peptide homrone that is release with insulin in reponse to eating - helps trigger satiety, slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, prevents hyperglycemia with insulin

Question 19

what can amylin lead to

Answer 19

amyloid deposits - type 2 DM

Question 20

how is insulin broken down

Answer 20

via insulinase, primarily in the liver but also within kidneys and muscles

Question 21

what happens without insulin

Answer 21

glucose cannot easily pass into the cell and it is using stored energy
-increased circulating glucose
-decreased intracellular glucose

Question 22

when does insulin sensitivity change

Answer 22

age, weight, amount of adipose tissue, activity level

Question 23

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 23

breakdown of alternative energy sources (non-carbs) such as lactate, amino acids and glycerol

Question 24

where does glucose go

Answer 24

liver to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)-> elevation of circulating glucose

Question 25

what occurs to glucose levels during exercise

Answer 25

increases

Question 26

what do the autoantibodies do in T1DM

Answer 26

degradation of b-cells islets

Question 27

what is metabolic syndrome

Answer 27

contributes to insulin insensitivity in target cells
- decreased intracellular shift of glucose -> hyperglycemia
elevated triglycerides, low HDL, elevated BMI

Question 28

what is the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome

Answer 28

3 or more:
visceral obesity
low DHL - cholesterol
high triglycerises
HTN
insulin resistance

Question 29

what is co-released with insulin from the beta cells

Answer 29

amylin

Question 30

how does hyperglycemia affect osmotic pressure

Answer 30

increases osmotic pressure

Question 31

in hyerglycemia, what is released from fat metabolism

Answer 31

keto acids

Question 32

what in MEN1

Answer 32

wermers syndrome
pituitary adenomas
parathyroid tumors
insulinomas
facial angiofibromas and collagenomas
gastromas

Question 33

what is MEN2A

Answer 33

sipple syndrome
hyperparathyroisism
medullary thyroid cancer
pheochromocytoma

Question 34

what is MEN2B

Answer 34

marfanoid phenotype
mucosal neuromas
intestinal ganglioneuromas