Pancreas A&P, Pathophysiology Flashcards
what is a heterocrine gland
endocrine gland in that it makes hormones but also an exocrine gland in that it secretes digestive enzymes
what is the location of the pancreas
retroperitoneal organ
behind the stomach, medial to spleen, abutting duodenum
transverse colon attaches anteriorly
what portion of the pancreas is attached to the duodenum
head
what allows for release of exocrine content into the GI tract
bile duct
where does the head of the pancreas receive blood from
superior mesenteric artery (SMA)
where does the body/tail of the pancreas receive blood supply from
branches off of the splenic artery
what do delta cells release
gastrin and somatostatin
what are the exocrine cells
acinar cells
what are the islets of langerhans organized around
capillaries
what kinds of foods create energy in the form of ATP
carbs, fats, protein
what is the normal glucose range
80-120mg/dl
what is the brains energy source
glucose
does not require insulin
what is the muscles energy source
fatty acids
where are fatty acids absorbed
through the GI tract - readily taken up by adipose and muscle cells
what are proteins stored as
amino acids - once they are full - it will be stored as fat
what do glucocorticoids increase in circulation
amino acids
what stimulates insulin
hyperglycemia
what is Amylin
peptide homrone that is release with insulin in reponse to eating - helps trigger satiety, slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, prevents hyperglycemia with insulin
what can amylin lead to
amyloid deposits - type 2 DM
how is insulin broken down
via insulinase, primarily in the liver but also within kidneys and muscles
what happens without insulin
glucose cannot easily pass into the cell and it is using stored energy
-increased circulating glucose
-decreased intracellular glucose
when does insulin sensitivity change
age, weight, amount of adipose tissue, activity level
what is gluconeogenesis
breakdown of alternative energy sources (non-carbs) such as lactate, amino acids and glycerol
where does glucose go
liver to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)-> elevation of circulating glucose
what occurs to glucose levels during exercise
increases
what do the autoantibodies do in T1DM
degradation of b-cells islets
what is metabolic syndrome
contributes to insulin insensitivity in target cells
- decreased intracellular shift of glucose -> hyperglycemia
elevated triglycerides, low HDL, elevated BMI
what is the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome
3 or more:
visceral obesity
low DHL - cholesterol
high triglycerises
HTN
insulin resistance
what is co-released with insulin from the beta cells
amylin
how does hyperglycemia affect osmotic pressure
increases osmotic pressure
in hyerglycemia, what is released from fat metabolism
keto acids
what in MEN1
wermers syndrome
pituitary adenomas
parathyroid tumors
insulinomas
facial angiofibromas and collagenomas
gastromas
what is MEN2A
sipple syndrome
hyperparathyroisism
medullary thyroid cancer
pheochromocytoma
what is MEN2B
marfanoid phenotype
mucosal neuromas
intestinal ganglioneuromas
