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Pancreas > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Body of pancreas

A

Lies in the midepigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein, aorta, and ivc.

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2
Q

Caudal pancreatic artery

A

Branch of splenic artery that supplies the tail of pancreas

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3
Q

C-loop of the duodenum

A

Forms the lateral border of the head of pancreas

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4
Q

Common hepatic artery

A

Forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery.

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5
Q

Dorsal pancreatic artery

A

Branch of splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas

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6
Q

Duct of Santorini

A

Small accessory duct of pancreas found in head of the gland

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7
Q

Duct of Wirsung

A

Largest duct of pancreas that drains the tail, body, and head of the gland. It joins the common bile duct to enter the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater.

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8
Q

Head of pancreas

A

Lies in the c-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anterolateral border, and the CBD is the posterolateral border

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9
Q

Neck of pancreas

A

Small area of the pancreas between the head and body; anterior to the superior mesenteric vein

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10
Q

Pancreaticoduodenal arteries

A

Help supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery

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11
Q

Portal-splenic confluence

A

Junction of the splenic and main portal vein; posterior border of the body of the pancreas

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12
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

Serves as the posterior border to the body of pancreas

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13
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

Lies posterior to the neck or body of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the gland

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14
Q

Tail of pancreas

A

Tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney

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15
Q

Uncinate process

A

Small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vein (SMV)

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16
Q

Acini cells

A

Cells that perform exocrine function

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17
Q

Amylase

A

Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates.

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18
Q

Endocrine

A

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production of hormone insulin

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19
Q

Exocrine

A

The kind of pancreatic function that involves the production and digestion of pancreatic juice

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20
Q

Glucagons

A

Stimulates the liver to convert the glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells

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21
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells

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22
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin

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23
Q

Lipase

A

Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase

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24
Q

Serum amylase

A

Pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis

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25
Q

Courvoisier’s gallbladder

A

Enlargement of the gallbladder caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal CBD from an external mass, such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head

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26
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Hereditary disease that causes excessive production of thick mucus by the endocrine glands

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27
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Elevated levels of calcium in blood

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28
Q

Hyperlipidemia

A

Congenital condition in which elevated fat levels cause pancreatitis

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29
Q

Ileus

A

Dilated loops of bowel w/ o peristalsis; associated with variou abdominal problems, including pancreatitis sickle cell crisis, and bowel obstruction

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30
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Abnormal increase in white blood cells caused by infection

31
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant neoplasm that arises from the lymphoid tissues

32
Q

Obstructive jaundice

A

Excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream cause by an obstruction of bile from the liver; characterized by yellow discoloration of the sclera of the eye, skin, and mucous membranes

33
Q

Pancreatic ascites

A

Fluid accumulation caused by a rupture of a pancreatic

pseudocyst into the abdomen; free floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures

34
Q

Pancreatic pseudocyst

A

“Sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen, usually in or near the pancreas

35
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic

36
Q

Pseudocyst

A

Space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane

37
Q

Where is pancreas located

A

Retroperitonel cavity posterior to stomach, duodenum, and proximal jejunum of small bowel

38
Q

How does pancreas gland appear sonographicaly

A

Isoechoic to slightly more hyperechoic than the hepatic parenchyma

39
Q

Major posterior vascular landmarks of pancreas

A

Aorta and IVC

40
Q

Where does the head of the pancreas lie to the IVC

A

Anterior

41
Q

What is the superior border of the pancreas

A

Tortuous splenic artery

42
Q

The tail is harder to image why.

A

It lies anterior to the left kidney and posterior to the left colic flexure and transverse colon

43
Q

What receives tributaries from lobules at right angles and enters the medial second part of the duodenum with the common bile duct at the ampulla of Vater

A

Duct of Wirsung

44
Q

What is the blood supply for the pancreas

A

From the splenic artery and the pancreatiduodenal arteries

45
Q

Which artery is seen along the anterolateral border of the pancreas as it travels a short distance along the anterior aspect of the pancreatic head

A

Gastroduodenal artery

46
Q

What crosses the anterior aspect of the portal vein to the right of the proper hepatic artery

A

Common bile duct

47
Q

The portal vein is where in reference to the IVC

A

Anterior

48
Q

The pancreas is both digestive (?) and a hormonal (?) gland

A

Exocrine and endocrine

49
Q

Failure of the pancreas to furnish sufficient insulin leads to what

A

Diabetes millitus

50
Q

Exocrine function is performed by what cells of the pancreas

A

Acini cells

51
Q

What muscle surrounding the ampulla of Vater that relaxes to allow pancreatic juice and bile to empty into the duodenum

A

Sphincter of Oddi

52
Q

Where is the endocrine function located

A

Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

53
Q

The beta cells are more prevalent and produce what ( a hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver)

A

Insulin

54
Q

Alpha cells produce what ( a hormone that causes the cells to release glucose to meet the energy needs of the body)

A

Glucogens

55
Q

Delta cells are the smallest composition of endocrine tissue and produce what

A

Somatostatin

56
Q

What two enzymes of the pancreas may become altered in pancreatic disease

A

Amylase, lipase

57
Q

Both amylase and lipase rise at the same rate, but in which one does the elevation persist for a longer period in pancreatitis

A

Lipase

58
Q

What controls the blood sugar level in the body

A

Glucose

59
Q

What occurs when the pancreas becomes damaged and malfunctions as a result of increased secretion and blockage of ducts

A

Pancreatitis

60
Q

Acute attack of pancreatitis is commonly related to to what

A

Alcoholism and biliary tract disease

61
Q

A patient with pancreatitis typically presents with moderate to severe tenderness where?

A

Epigastrium radiating to the back

62
Q

When swelling occurs the gland is hypoechoic to anechoic and is less echogenic than the liver because of what

A

Increased prominence of labulations and congested vessels

63
Q

The pancreatic duct may be obstructed in acute pancreatitis as a result of what

A

Inflammation, spasm, edema, swelling of papilla, and pseudo cysts

64
Q

Where is fluid collection (maybe) in a patient with acute pancreatitis

A

Around pancreatic bed, along the pararenal spaces, w/i morrisons pouch and around the duodenum

65
Q

Complications a patient may develop when they have acute pancreatitis

A

Pseudocysts, phlegmon, abscess, hemorrhage, duodenal obstruction

66
Q

Necrosis of the blood vessels results in the development of hemorrhaged areas referred as what

A

Grey Turner’s sign

67
Q

An inflammatory process that spreads along fascial pathways, causing localized areas of diffuse inflammatory edema of soft tissue (sometimes pus) is what

A

Phlegmon

68
Q

What ducts become obstructed with a buildup of protein plugs with resultant calcifications along ducts in chronic pancreatitis

A

Pancreatic ducts

69
Q

Where is the most common location of a pseudocyst

A

In the lesser sac, anterior to the pancreas and posterior to the stomach

70
Q

What develops when pancreatic enzymes escape from the gland and break down tissue to form a sterile abscess somewhere in the abdomen

A

Pseudocyst

71
Q

The most common primary neoplasm of the pancreas is what

A

Adenocarcinoma

72
Q

Clinical findings in a patient with carcinoma of the pancreas

A

Weight loss, painless jaundice, nausea, vomiting, change in stool

73
Q

Most frequent parapancreatic neoplasm

A

Lymphoma

Pancreas (2 decks)

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