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Evo-Devo Vert > Pan Tetrapoda > Flashcards

Pan Tetrapoda Flashcards

1
Q

Crown Tetrapoda (352) is defined by the split between

A

Amniota and Amphibia

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2
Q

Stem Tetrapods

A

Rhizodontids, ‘Osteolepiforms’, Panderichthyes, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, Ichthyostega, Whatcheeridae

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3
Q

Rhizodontids

A

Stem Tetrapods
- shallow marine and freshwater
- largest freshwater “fish”
- shoulder girdle and brain case well preserved
- reduced dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins

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4
Q

“Osteolepiforms”

A

Paraphyletic Stem Tetrapods
- ventral cranial fissure, large choanae, tetrapod skull patterning
- 1t evidence of bone marrow

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5
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Found on Ellesmere Island
-flat skull, no dorsal, anal fin, retains lepidotrichia, pectoral fin expanded, enlarged pelvis
- more tetrapod like shoulder girdle
- operculum lost
–pectoral girdle not attached to head = neck mobility
-enlarged ribs
-elongated snout

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6
Q

Acanthostega

A

Stem Tetrapod found in Greenland
- digits! At least 8
- lacked ossified wrists
- shoulder girdle
- retains well-developed gill arch and skeleton
- pectoral girdle detached from skull

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7
Q

Icthyostega

A

Stem tetrapods found in Greenland
- very similar to Acanthostega
- limbs, vertebrae, ribs
- pelvic appendage “catching up”
- more capable to terrestrial locomotion, but is primarily aquatic

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8
Q

Whatcheeridae

A

Stem Tetrapods found in Scotland
- foot has 5 digits
- 5 robust digits +1 extra, so 6 is primitive

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9
Q

What are the Fin/Limb Character Transformations of Vertebrates?

A

Fins to Limb - separation of the pectoral girdle from head, basically a neck!
Fin/Limb positioning along AP axis

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10
Q

Fins to Limb - separation of pectoral girdle from head

A

Neck!
Spinal Cord
- dual innervation of pectoral fins by cranial and spinal nerves in non-tetrapod gnathostomes
- hypothesized caudal shift of Hox expression shifted innervationpattern of “forelimbs” in tetrapods
—response of part displacement of the pectoral girdle along tetrapod stem

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11
Q

Fin/Limb positioning along AP axis- Hox genes

A

Forelimb, interlimb, hindlimb: Hox expression in LP
- anterior limit for expression - key features

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12
Q

General Limb Development

A

1) Hox expression field determines AP positioning of limb buds (somatopluere, core of LP,, etc)
2) Limb Buds - outgrowth of LP mesenchyme + surface ectoderm
3) Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 10 expression in LP mesenchyme establishes Apical Ectodermal Region (AER) in adjacent ectoderm
4) AER expression for fgf4 and 8, which maintains 10 expression in LP
A) appositional growth of limb bud
B) co-optation of Hox exp filled patterns proximal-distal axis
—girdle-style pod-zeugopod-autopod
5) AER exp 4 and 8 which establishes and maintains zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
6) ZPA establishes Shh gradient = patterns AP axis
- morph. Identities of digits - Shh gradient
7) DV axis = WNT (dorsal)Engrailed/En (ventral) gradient

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13
Q

Appendicular Skeleton - Gnathostome

A

“Internal” Fin structure = girdles w/o radials

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14
Q

What are the components of the Pectoral Girdle of Vertebrates

A

Cleithrum, scapula, coracoid, clavicle, etc

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15
Q

Cleithrum

A

Part of pectoral girdle in vertebrates
Large, dorsal; serves as attachment to upper cucullaris muscles

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16
Q

Scapula and coracoid does what

A

Start sepration

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17
Q

Scapula

A

Part of pectoral girdle
Glenoid fossa

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18
Q

Coracoid

A

Part of pectoral girdle
Will brace shoulder girdle against sternum

19
Q

Clavicle

A

Part of pec. Girdle
Braces shoulder girdle to sternum; attached

20
Q

In Gnathostomes, there are paired fins, what are its structures?

A

From dorsal to ventral:
Lepidotrichia
Radials
Left to right:
Propterygium, mesopterygium, metapterygium

21
Q

In Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, what are the structures of limbs?

A

Along the stem, there is a reduction of the basal elements, radials are restricted to metapterygium
Along Stem Actinopterygia: there is a relative enlargement of petapterygium

Pan Actinisia + Pan-Dipnoa: established metapterygium axis
Pan TetrapodaL reduction of lepidotrichia, meta= stylopod and zeugopod +carpals/tarsals
- Radials = digits
- Digit 4 = meta, Digits 1-3 pre axial digits, Digit 5 = postaxial

22
Q

What is the spiracle?

A

A hole near the eye and is a respiratory structure
IN Stem Tetrapods Acanthostega and Icthyostega, it is a spiracular notch = otic/tympanic note
Spiracle = fenestra vestibuli
Hyomandibular = stapes

23
Q

Ears: Organ of Balance

A

Evolved from lateral line system

24
Q

Turning Head

A

Lag in endolymph, movement displaces hair cells
Via C VIII/vestibulocochlear nerve
Christa, macula

25
Q

Crista

A

Sensory organ inside ampulla of semicircular canals

26
Q

Macula

A

Modified neuromast organ
- calcium carbonate concretions

27
Q

What is the Octaval System

A

Vestibular and Auditory System

28
Q

What are the components of the Acoustic Ear

A

Middle ear: typanum, middle ear cavity & one or more ossicles
Transforms sound waves in air into waves in fluid

29
Q

Tympanum

A

Collects and amplifies sound waves
- otic notch
-1st pharyngeal septum

30
Q

Stapes

A

Hyoid arch
Hyomandibular
Propagates sound waves from typanum to fenestra vestibuli
Across 1st pharyngeal pouch

31
Q

Crown Tetrapoda (352) is defined by the split between

A

Amniota and Amphibia

32
Q

Crown Amphibia

A

> 7000 species
3 major classes: frogs, salamanders and caecilians
Lay eggs
Skin is a significant respiratory organ, cutaneous respiration
Impudence - matching ear
Opercular - amphibian papilla system
Pedicellate teeth

33
Q

Crown Apoda- Caecilians/Gymnophonia

A

Reduced eyes, but not all blind
No tail
Tentacle near nostril or eye and protrusible

34
Q

Crown Caudata

A

Salamanders!
Retain train (hence name)
Lack tympanum and 1st pharyngeal pouch
Rely on olfactory cues

35
Q

Crown Anura: Frogs

A

90% amphibians
Rely on visual and auditory
Large mouths & eyes
No teeth on dentary
Fused zeugopod
3 main groups of frogs: archaeobatrachidae (para), mesobatrachia, neobatrachia (mono)

36
Q

What are the three main groups of frogs

A

Archaeobatrachidae, mesobatrachia and neobatrachia

37
Q

What are the different theories of Amphibian and Amniota Origins

A

Ruta Hypothesis
Temnospondyls are stem amphibians and Lepospondyls are stem Amniotes

Lauren Hypothesis
Lepospondyls are stem amphibians’Temnospondys are outside of the crown f tetrapod
(A note stem is severely reduced)

38
Q

Crown Amniota is defined by the split between

A

Mammalia and Reptilia

39
Q

The Amniotic Egg is characterized by

A

Chorion (gas exchange)
Allantois (stores waste)
Yolk sac (stores nutrients)
Amnion (water source)

40
Q

Stem Amniotes

A

Anthracosauridae, Seymouriamorphs, Diasdectomorphc

41
Q

Joggins Formation

A

306 MA, Nova cottage
Early stem reptile hot spot
Hylonomus, Archaeothyris forensis, Petrolacosaurus Kansasensis

42
Q

Hylonomus

A

Stem Reptile and is anapsid

43
Q

Archaeothyris florensis

A

Synapsid conditon

44
Q

Petrolacosaurus Kansasensis

A

Diapsid condition

Evo-Devo Vert (8 decks)

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