PAM exam Flashcards
what is biosecurity?
the set of precautions taken to minimise the risk of introducing and spreading an infectious disease within an animal population
what is biocontrol?
controlling pests
what is biocontainment?
containing an outbreak once it has been established
what is bioexclusion?
preventing introduction of disease/pathogens
what is the most common cause of human foodborne disease in the UK?
campylobacter
what are the 3 Rs for animals used in biomedical research?
replacement, reduction, refinement
what is replacement (biomedical research)?
using animals with alternative techniques to avoid use of live animals
what is reduction (biomedical research)?
keeping number of animals used to a minimum
what is refinement (biomedical research)?
the way experiments are carried out should cause little suffering
what does virtue ethics look at?
the actor and whether the individual acted with virtue or vice
what do deontology and right theories look at?
the act rather than the individual acting or intent of the actor
what does utilitarianism look at?
the consequences of the action
what are morals?
individual personal code of right and wrong (internal)
what are ethics?
a critical enquiry into ideas regarding moral and right conduct
what is sentience?
‘its feelings matter to itself’
how many essential amino acids do dogs and cats have?
10
what are the essential amino acids for dogs and cats?
Arg, His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val
what amino acids do cats have high requirements for?
arginine, cysteine and methionine
what do cats use cysteine for?
to make taurine
what does taurine deficiency lead to in cats?
retinal degeneration or dilated cardiomyopathy
what is the normal MER of dogs?
110W^0.75 kcal/day
what is the normal MER of cats?
70W kcal/day
how much does growth increase MER?
2-3x
how much does gestation increase MER?
1.1-1.3x
how much does lactation increase MER?
4x
how much does hard work increase MER?
2-4x
how much does cold/heat increase MER?
1.25x
what can lucerne and clover lead to in ruminants?
bloat
what is alfalfa high in?
potassium
what can alfalfa lead to in ruminants?
hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
what can clover spoiled with fungus lead to in sheep?
oestrogenic so can causef infertility
what can brassicas and oilseeds cause in ruminants?
cause toxins, can cause milk taint
why can cereals lead to bone formation issues?
low calcium
what are grains low in?
B vitamins and vitamin E
what does hay making reduce the amount of (from grass to hay)?
vitamins A, E and K
what conditions are caused by vitamin A deficiency?
night blindness and rough scaly skin
what conditions are caused by vitamin D deficiency?
rickets/bone issues
what conditions are caused by vitamin E deficiency?
selenium, myopathies and muscle weakness (white muscle disease in calves)
what conditions are caused by vitamin K deficiency?
haemorrhage and anaemia
what conditions are caused by vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency?
cerebrocortical necrosis
what conditions are caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?
pernicious anaemia
what is the critical socialisation period for dogs?
3-12 weeks
what is the critical socialisation period for cats?
2-10 weeks, 2-7 weeks for human interactions
what does breeding dogs refer to?
breeding dogs and advertising business of selling puppies, or breeding 3+ litters of puppies in any 12 month period
what is the organisation responsible for rabies quarantine facilities in the UK?
DEFRA
what is common in degus fed like omnivores instead of herbivores?
diabetes mellitus
what does having >3.5% fat in chinchillas lead to?
liver failure
where must chinchillas be kept and why?
inside as can’t cope with heat or humidity
what % of culling is dues to abortion/disease/failure to conceive in pigs?
60%
what is 60% of pig culling due to?
abortion, disease, failure to conceive
what is 40% of pig culling due to?
age and poor performance
what % of pig culling is due to age + poor performance?
40%
what is the kill out percentage?
the weight of the final pig product after trimming off the fat and ‘bad’ bits
what is the gestation period of pigs?
115 days
what is the farrowing index?
litters per sow per year
what is a cow (technically)?
an adult female who has had at least 1 calf
what is a bull?
an entire male animal of breeding age (usually >1 year)
what is a heifer?
a young female up to the birth of her first calf
what is a milking heifer?
a first time lactating cow in a dairy herd
what is a freemartin?
a female calf born with male twin, female often infertile as male hormones have passed to female in gestation
what percentage of freemartins are infertile?
92%
what is a bullock?
a castrated male destined for meat production
what is a steer?
a castrated male animal over the age of 1 year
what is a stirk?
a regional term for a half grown heifer or bullock (6-12 months of age)
what is the typical birthweight of a Holstein-Friesian calf?
40kg
what is submission rate?
the likelihood that eligible cows are bred
what is the calving interval?
interval between subsequent calving to start of breeding
what is the typical breeding season for sheep?
October-November
what is a ewe?
a female sheep that has had her first lamb
what is a lamb?
a sheep in its first year
what is a ram/tup?
an uncastrated male sheep
what does in lamb mean?
pregnant
what is tupping?
mating/mating season
what is a bottle lamb also known as?
pet lamb/poddy lamb/cade lamb
what is a bottle lamb?
an orphan lamb reared on a bottle
what is a hogg or hogget?
young sheep up to 18 months that hasn’t been sheared
what is a shearling?
a yearling sheep that has not been shorn once
what is a teg?
a 2 year old sheep that has not been shorn
what is a gimmer/theave?
a female sheep in her 2nd year, before she has had her 1st lamb
what is a wether?
a castrated male sheep ot goat
what is a store (sheep term)?
weaned lamb not ready for slaughter sold for further fattening
what are the common vices/stereotypies found in horses?
cribbing, wind sucking, head weaving, pacing
what is a kid?
a goat under 6 months of age
what is a doe?
an adult female
what is a nanny?
a mother goat with kids
what is a buck?
a male goat
what is a wether?
a castrated male goat
what % of sow culling can be avoided through better management?
60%
what species does orf come from?
sheep
what 3 types of disease can zoonotic pathogens cause?
pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous
what types of changes do animals use to cope with environment?
biochemical, physiological, psychological changes, behavioural changes
what are the stress responses involved if animal needs not being met?
behavioural, ANS, neuro-endocrine, immune, coping behaviours
what does abnormal behaviour imply?
poor welfare
what are examples of abnormal behvaiours?
self-directed, environmentally directed, directed to other animals, failure of function (sexual/parental), stereotypic behaviour
what is contractarianism?
claim that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of social contract
what is moral anthropocentrism?
the view that humans are central to moral decision making
what are animal rights?
idea that animals have certain moral rights to not be harmed for utilitarian claims
what is species-ism?
mutation on the grounds of species- morally wrong to deliberately inflict suffering on innocent individuals of other species
what is teleos?
what makes an animal that animal
what are the 5 freedoms?
freedom from hunger/thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress
what does more roughage in ruminant diet lead to?
more proprionate and less acetate
describe rough grazing
left as is, mostly hilly areas
describe permanent grazing
always grassland, most common
describe rotational grazing
grass is sown every so many years and other crops on other years
describe set stocking
continuous grazing, extensive, mainly use hilly/upland areas
describe paddock grazing
grazed rotationally around a number of paddocks
describe strip grazing
fresh allocation of pasture each day with electric fences
what are the methods of dog communication?
body language, vocal/auditory, tactile
what are the methods of cat communication?
body language, vocal/auditory, olfactory/tactile
at what age are beef cattle finished?
18 weeks
can you measure the behavioural component of emotion?
yes
can you measure the neurophysical component of emotion?
yes
can you measure the subjective component of emotion?
no
do cattle hear better at low or high frequencies?
low
do more piglets die in indoor or outdoor systems?
outdoor
does insulin affect ruminants?
yes but less
how are litters housed in weaning houses?
together by age
how big is the flight zone of a cow?
less than 5m
how big is UK sheep production?
biggest in Europe
how can breeding season in sheep be advanced?
temperature dependent, teaser ram, keep in dark, implant melatonin, progesterone sponge
how do 1-5 carcase conformations work?
1 is thin, 5 is fat
how do carnivores get glucose?
post-prandial gluconeogenesis
how do dogs and cats get vitamin B?
need to ingest it
how do EUROP carcase conformations work?
excellent to poor
how do milking machines work?
creates a vacuum and pushes
how do ruminants get glucose?
post-prandial gluconeogenesis
how do ruminants get vitamin B?
make it
how does balanced training work?
uses positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment
how does fat % change with age?
increases exponentially
how does the cows at grass system work?
grass based, organic, not high production
how does the cow high output system work?
indoor, intensive system, all the time
how is fertility measured (sheep)?
rearing and lambing percentages
how is nitrogen made in ruminants?
protein from microbes digested in rumen, non-protein (NH3)
how is protein digested in the rumen?
protein -> microbe protein -> digestion of microbes by host
how large does a pen for calves need to be?
width= 1/2 height of withers; length= body length + 10%
how long are cows dried up for before giving birth again?
60-80 days
how long does Stage 1 last in lambing?
6-12 hours//30min-6hours in lecture
how long does stage 2 last in lambing?
30 minutes-1 hour
how long does stage 3 last in lambing?
within 12 hours, typically 3 hours
how long does the milking period of cows last?
305 days
how long from new gilts to service?
7 months
how long is oestrus cycle in pigs?
21 days
how long is gestation in sheep?
147 days
how long is lactation in pigs?
21-28 days
how long is oestrus in sheep?
17 days
how long is pig pregnancy?
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
how long is weaning to service in pigs?
4-7 days
how many breeds of cattle are in UK?
95
how many calves can nurse cows nurse?
up to 12
how many components of emotions are there?
3
proportion of cows in small holdings?
50%
how many cows are there in the UK
9.9 million
how many ewes can be housed together during lambing?
up to 50
how many litters do sows produce?
6
how many seasons do dogs have/year, from what age?
2, 15 months
how many stages of lambing are there?
3
how many types of fetal membranes are there in sheep, and what are they?
2: amnion and allantochorion
how much colostrum do calves need?
2 litres in first 6 hours; 6 pints in 6 hours; 2 litres in 2 hours; 50ml/kg per 4 hours
how much space do sheep need for feeding 2x a day?
45cm
how much space do sheep need when food is available all day?
20cm
is there a greater proportion of cows in small or large holdings?
small-holdings
how often are calves fed and why?
2x a day, 1 is illegal and too little
how often do milking machines pulsate?
45-65 times per minute
how old are most cattle when they have their first calf?
2 years old
how to advertise rehoming and reselling dogs?
1) Licence number on advert. 2) local authority must be listed. 3) photo of dog. 4) age of dog. 5) show with mother. 6) must be 8 weeks old
in which animals does the brain use the most glucose and why?
ruminants as cannot use ketones during starvation
is APHA a global, regional or national organisation?
national, but works on regional basis
is cobalamin water or fat soluble?
water
is DEFRA a global, regional or national organisation?
national
is FAO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
is pantothenic acid water or fat soluble?
water
is riboflavin water or fat soluble?
water
is thiamine water or fat soluble?
water
is vitamin A water or fat soluble?
fat
is vitamin D water or fat soluble?
fat
is vitamin E water or fat soluble?
fat
is vitamin K water or fat soluble?
fat
is WHO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
is WOAH a global, regional or national organisation?
global
is WTO a global, regional or national organisation?
global
what is often the weight of calves slaughtered for veal?
180kg
how do non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose?
fermentation
pig service management requirements?
1) put boar near sow to induce ovulation; 2) back pressure test; 3) boar:sow ratio
what angle is a cows full vision zone?
25-50%
what animals are exempt from the animal welfare act?
working dogs
what are 4 common procedures in sheep/lambs?
naval dip, tail-dock, castration, horn removal
what are animal needs?
what is required by basic biology
what are breeding herds housing requirements for pigs?
1) outdoors, 30 inches of rain per year 2) light draining soil (chalk) 3) level ground or gentle slope 4) under 245m 5) constant water and electricity access
what are common lowland breeds? (Sheep)
texal, charolais, suffolk
what are common reasons for replacing cattle?
reproduction issues, genetics
what are common upland breeds of sheep?
scottish blackface, swaledale, welsh mountain, cheriot
what are concentrate/dry/cereal high in?
starch/sugar/protein
what are concentrate/dry/cereal low in?
cellulose, calcium, vitamin E
what are diseases caused by mouldy hay?
listeria, aspergillus
what are enzymes missing in cats?
BCD, GD
what are examples of overhead costs?
rent, tax, etc.
what are examples of VFAs?
acetic, propionic, butyric acids
what are farm animal housing needs?
environment, thermoneutral zone, behaviour, need to spot pain
what are metabolised energy requirements?
energy needed per day, energy needed by inactive animal in thermoneutral conditions to obtain and digest food
what are multiple sucking calf rearing systems?
nurse cows
what are overhead costs?
fixed costs- no matter how high output these will stay the same
when are pigs the cheapest?
easter
what are rights?
moral code that can’t be overruled
what are silage/hay/straw low in and why?
vitamins A, E and K due to oxidation
what are single sucking calf rearing systems?
natural until wean at 9 months
what are strong animal rights?
animals have same rights as humans if meet personhood requirements
what are symptoms of milk fever?
hyperexcitability and flaccid paralysis
what are the 4 most common breeds of cattle?
holstein-friesians, limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais
what are the 4 pillars?
autonomy, beneficience, non-maleficence, justice
what are the 4 types of dog training?
positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, negative punishment
what are the 5 behavioural and handling concepts of cattle?
escape route, handlers must be dominant members, prey species so run, kick sideways and back if moving, stand close
what are the 5 signs of stress in dogs?
tail between legs, cowering, whale eyes, ears back, yawning
what are the aims of Grower/Finisher housing?
grow rapidly, lean, max feed conversion efficiency
what are the banned dog breeds?
XL bully, Japanese Tosa, Fila brasilero, Dojo Argentino, American pitbull terrier
what are the biggest pig producers in the EU?
Spain, France, Germany
what regions are the biggest pig producers in the UK?
East England, Yorkshire
who are the biggest pig producers in the world?
China
what are the biggest variable costs for milk production?
food, employees, machinery
what are the breeding issues with calf rearing systems?
fertility, mastitis, lameness, sustainabilty
what are the breeding regulations?
3+ litters a year must be licensed; only breed bitches older than a year; no more than 6 litters per bitch; can’t have more than 1 litter per bitch a year; sell puppy from 8 weeks; keep accurate records
what are the calving intervals?
365 days
what are the categories of sheep breeds?
hill, upland, lowland
what are the common behaviours of sheep?
flock, prey, home territory, follow
what are the common breeds of beef cattle?
limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais, british blues
what are the common causes of food poisoning?
campylobacter jejune; toxoplasma; toxocara canis
what are the common pig breeds used?
large white, land race
what are the components of emotions?
behavioural, neurophysiological, subjective
what are the contents of milk?
lactose, casein, fat
what are the dietary requirements of a lactating sow?
frequent feeding, constant water supply, high protein
what are the dietary requirements of breeding pigs?
lysine needed, high energy cereal, vegetable protein, animal protein, fats
what are the different calf production systems?
all year round breeding, cows at grass, composite, high output
what are the different cattle rearing systems?
single sucklers, multiple sucklers, early weaning
what are the different types of animal interactions?
pets, vets, entertainment, research
what are the different types of feeding styles?
floor, hoppers, water, troughs
what are the different ways animals are used?
food, entertainment, pets, work, conservation, education
what are the feeding requirements for weaning horses and why?
can’t digest starch, weaning needed to be protein and high energy, villi of SI halved if not fed enough
what are the food requirements for cows?
conserved food, vitamins and minerals, concentrates, fresh food
what are the 4 Fs?
fight, flight, fidget, freeze
what are the daily gains in grower/finisher farms?
600-660g per day
housing requirements for calves?
clean, dry, well ventilated, groups/need to see each other, constant water supply, 5% slope
what are the important zoonotic diseases?
avian influenza, TB, orf, rotovirus, cowpox, toxoplasma, toxocara canis, campylobacter jejune, E.coli, salmonella
what are the main calving issues?
lameness, dystocia
what are the methods of housing cattle?
cubicles, straw yards
what are the microchipping regulations?
compulsory for dogs from june 2024
what are the notifiable diseases in the UK?
TB, BSE, foot and mouth, Avian influenza, anthrax, brucellosis
what are the pros and cons of floor feeding?
cheap, best use of space, natural behaviours, wasteful
what are the pros and cons of hopper feeding?
less competition, should be long enough that all can feed at once
what are the iron requirements for calves?
should be given in diet for calves over 2 weeks
what are the requirements of cubicles for cattle and why?
5-10% more cubicles than cows to prevent fighting
what are the risks with late gestation feeding?
higher risk of pregnancy toxaemia
what are the slaughter evaluations?
examine carcass externally, 70-80% live weight, leanness- poor or excellent, fat %, protein gain
what are the sub-classes of utilitarianism?
preference and rule
what are the systems used for carcase conformations?
EUROP and 1-5
what are the temperature requirements for weaning housing requirements?
28 degrees and constant
what are the 2 types of learning in animals?
associative and non-associative
what are the types of housing required by grower/finisher housing?
verandas, flat decks
what are the types of housing required in weaning housing?
verandas, flat decks, straw yards
what are the water requirements for cows?
constant supply, 60-100 litres of water
water requirements for grower/finisher housing?
constant
what are the water requirements for weaning houses?
constant, 1 litre in 180 seconds
what are 3 examples of behaviour modification methodologies?
force free trainers, compulsive based trainers, balanced trainers
what are 3 frameworks about behaviour?
trigger stacking, stress buckets, canine ladder of aggression
what are variable costs?
cost that changes depending on output
what are VFAs?
volatile fatty acids
what are weak animal rights?
rights of humans > rights of sentient animals
what are wet concentrates?
roots and turnips
what behavioural observations do you make when measuring animal welfare?
stereotypic behaviours
breed often used for veal?
holstein-friesian
what categories of associative learning are there?
classical, operant
what causes a black to brown coat in dogs?
deficiency in tyrosine and phenylalanine
what causes a copper deficiency and how do you combat this?
chelation by molybdenum
what causes frothy bloat and why?
clovers/lucernes as have high protein
what causes gas bloat?
wet concentrates lodge in oesophagus and animals choke
what causes impressive syndrome and what does this cause?
high potassium in grass, hyperkalaemia
what causes lactic acidosis?
overfeeding propionate
what causes twin lamb disease?
fetal demand greatest but food lowest
what cofactor is needed for vitamin E?
selenium cofactor
what cows have essential amino aid requirements?
high yielding cattle
what causes fog fever?
high tryptophan in grass
what disease is caused by acorns?
liver and renal disease
what disease is caused by bracken?
brain diseases
what disease is caused by buttercups?
buccal ulcers
what disease is caused by ragwort?
liver cirrhosis
what disease is caused by yews?
cardiogenic shock
what diseases are caused by cobalt deficiency?
pining/saltsick/bush sickness
what diseases do ewes get during lactation?
pregnancy toxaemia, late pregnancy, twin lamb disease
what do cats have higher requirements for?
arachodonic acid, arginine, nicotinic acid, taurine
what do the bacteria in the rumen need?
biotin and B vitamins
what do you look at to measure welfare?
physical observation, behavioural observation, ethological studies, critical anthropomorphism
what do you need to do if soil has low cobalt?
supplement
what does a thiamine deficiency cause?
CNS sign in ruminants/cats
what is APHA responsible for?
animal and plant health
what does cobalamin absorption need?
cobalt cofactor
what does coping mean?
having control of bodily and mental stability
what is DEFRA responsible for?
environmental, food, rural
what is FAO responsible for?
food and agriculture
what does health mean?
free from disease- state of animal with ability to cope with pathology
what are killing out percentages?
% meat to fat
what does NVS mean?
named vet surgeon
what does pantothenic acid deficiency in pigs cause?
goose stepping
what does riboflavin deficiency in poultry cause?
curly toe disease
what is telos?
what makes an animal that animal
what do the Animal Welfare regulations do?
govern selling, hiring, boarding, breeding, etc.
what does the pig cycle look like?
sine graph
what is WOAH responsible for?
animal diseases
what is WTO responsible for?
trade
what emotion does negative punishment cause?
fear
what emotion does negative reinforcement cause?
happiness
what emotion does positive punishment cause?
fear
what emotion does positive reinforcement cause?
happiness
what energy source do dogs utilise first?
fat then protein
what environment is required by sheep?
clear, pastures, beds, well maintained
what feed causes gastroenteritis and why?
wet concentrates, because of starch
what happens if you stand in front of a cows balance points?
they move back
what happens to lambs Dec-Jan onwards?
older lambs finished on roots through winter months for slaughter
what happens to lambs Aug-Sept?
early finishing on grass for slaughter
what has an excess of calcium?
alfalfa
hormones key in general adaptive syndrome?
cortisol and adrenaline
what is a calving interval?
time between 2 calves
up to how many ewes should be housed together?
50
what is a commercial establishment?
anything where money is involved and animals are kept
what is a consequence of shearing?
lose money
what is a dangerous dog?
dangerously out of control- injures someone/someone worried it will injure them
good BCS for a sheep?
3
good KO % for beef cattle?
40-60%
what is a grey face?
ram- border leicester, ewe- scottish blackface
what is a lamb?
<1 year old
what is a mule?
ram: blueface leicester, ewe: swaledale
what is a poor KO % of beef cattle?
<40%
what is a puppy farm?
high volume breeding facility that sells puppies to pet shops- or so never see mothers
what is a reverse zoonotic disease?
humans to animals
what is a source of vitamin A?
liver and fish oils
what is a source of vitamin D?
fish oil, eggs, colostrum
what is a source of vitamin E?
little in milk, from plants
what is a yearling?
1-2 years old
what is a zoonotic disease?
disease that can be passed from animals to humans
what is present in grass that can cause laminitis?
sugar
what is an example of a source of fats that can be fed to breeding pigs?
soya oil
what is an example of animal protein that can be fed to pigs?
fish meal
what is an example of compulsive based training?
shock collars
what is an example of force free training?
clicker training
what is an example of negative punishment?
no food
what is an example of negative reinforcement?
Applying pressure and taking it away when desired behaviour observed
what is an example of positive punishment?
hitting
what is an example of positive reinforcement?
treat based training
what is an example of vegetable protein that is fed to breeding pigs?
soya bean
what is animal welfare?
state of animal with regards to its ability to cope with its environment
what is associative learning?
associate stimulus with response
what is bacon weight?
80-110kg
what is BCS?
body condition score
what is caused by a calcium deficiency?
milk fever
what is caused by a cobalt deficiency?
pernicious anaemia
what is caused by copper deficiency?
swayback
what is caused by a magnesium deficiency?
tetany
what is caused by a sodium deficiency?
Addison’s disease
what is caused by a vitamin E deficiency in cattle?
sweet clover disease
what is caused by a vitamin e deficiency?
white muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, cardiac myopathy, mulberry heart disease
what is caused by a zinc deficiency?
parakeratosis
what is caused by an excess of potassium?
hyperkalaemic paralysis
what is caused by an iodine deficiency?
goitre
what is caused by excess of concentrates/dry/cereals?
acidosis
what is cellulose converted converted to in digestion in the rumen?
cellulose -> VFAs -> ketones/fats
what causes Chastek’s paralysis?
thiaminase enzyme in raw fish diet
what is classical associative learning?
stimulus -> response
what is critical anthropomorphism?
seeing through the eyes of an animal
what is deontology?
duty to follow universal moral rule/code
what is digestible energy?
gross energy - fecal loss of energy
what is FCE?
feed for 1kg of growth
what is grass high in, what does this cause?
high fibre -> acetate -> increased milk fat
what is heavy hog weight?
110+ kg
what is important about dog vitamin requirements?
no vitamin C requirement
what is involved in the human animal contract?
food, shelter, safety
what is Key Performance Indices based on?
corporate based
what has low levels in milk, which species needs supplements because of this?
iron, pigs
what is meconium?
first passing of stool
what is metabolisable energy?
digestible energy - (urinary + CH4 loss)
what is mutton?
> 1 year
what is non-associative learning?
no connection between stimulus and anything else
what is operant associative learning?
stimulus -> behaviour -> response
what is preference utilitarianism?
good moral action promotes actions that fulfil preference of those involved
what is rule utilitarianism?
action is right as conforms to a rule that leads to greatest good
what is stress?
response of animal to stressors to maintain homeostasis
what is stage 3 in lambing?
passage of fetal membranes
what is stereotypic behaviour?
repeated behaviour showing stress
what is stage 2 of lambing?
contractions, giving birth
what is the biggest cost for beef production, what % of costs is this?
food, 75%
what is the boar:sow ration for an indoor system?
1 boar, 20 sows
what is the boar:sow ratio for an outdoor system?
1 boar 12 sows
what is gist of the dangerous dogs act?
5 dogs banned, can’t sell, abandon, give away or breed, can be seized
what is the dry matter intake of cows?
measure of how much food animals need to meet nutritional content
what is the farrowing index for indoor pig breeding systems?
2.30
what is the farrowing index for outdoor pig breeding systems?
2.24
what is the FCE of grower/finisher housing requirements?
2.3:1
what is the fear period for dogs?
6-14 months
what is the first stage of a cow production system?
cow or heifer gives birth and starts her lactation
what is the first stage of lambing?
ewe separated from flock
what is the 4th stage of a cow production cycle?
around 60-80 days before cow due to give birth again, milking stopped and cow dried off to allow her udder tissue to regenerate
what is the gestation length of a cow?
280 days
what is the gestation period of a cat?
60-63 days
what is the gestation period of dogs?
65 days
what is the growth rate of beef cattle?
1.4kg per day
what is the highest cause of piglet mortality and what is done to prevent it?
crushed by sow, farrowing crates and piglet creeping areas
what is the main dietary component for carnivores?
protein
what is the main dietary component for omnivores?
starch/glucose/protein
what is the main dietary component for ruminants?
cellulose
what is the most common calf production system?
composite
what is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?
too large to fit through birth canal
what is the most common cause of dystocia in sheep?
malpositioning
what is the order of animals with respect to milk content?
pig > ewe > goat > cow
what is the peak of metabolic design?
lactation
what is the pH of silage?
4
what is the pH of the rumen?
6.8
what is the pig cycle?
market fluctuation so numbers fluctuate
what is the ratio of size of a calf from mother:bull
60:40
what is the ratio of rams:ewes?
1:25
what is the replacement rate of cattle?
20-30%
what is the scale of beef production in the UK?
import more, opposite of dairy
what is the second stage of a cow production cycle?
re-breeding starts from 6 weeks with the aim to have the cow pregnant again by 85 days
socialisation period of cats in the wild?
2-10 weeks
socialisation period of cats with humans?
2-7 weeks
socialisation periods of dogs?
3-12 weeks
what is the 3rd stage of a cow production cycle?
milking period (lactation)
what is the weight of a pig carcass?
70-80% of live weight
what is trigger stacking?
stresses for dog lead to threshold for growling/biting
what is veal?
calves slaughtered at 14-16 weeks
what is vitamin A also known as?
beta carotene
what is vitamin B1 also known as?
thiamine
what is vitamin D needed for?
bone mineralisation
what is vitamin K needed for?
coagulation?
what is weaning to service?
length of time from weaning to insemination
what is WHO?
world health organisation
what kind of feeders are cats?
obligate carnivores
what kind of high energy cereal is fed to breeding pigs?
barley
what kind of ventilation is required in grower/finisher housing?
stack effect
what kinds of animals make cobalt cofactors?
ruminants
what management do cattle neonates need?
dip umbilicus, colostrum, open airways
what increases KO %s?
muscle increase
what needs to happen within 24 hours postparturition?
treat order, naval dips, other general management
what needs to happen within 5-7 days postparturition?
iron injection, identification
what needs to happen within 6 hours postparturition?
colostrum
what pattern is protein gain?
linear
what sense develops first in cats?
hearing, then sight
what sense do dogs develop first?
sight then hearing
what space is required in grower/finisher housing?
lie on floor + 40% (1/3rd of floor visible)
what species does bartonella henselae affect?
cat
what species does campylobacter affect?
poultry
what species does cowpox affect?
cattle
what species does E.coli affect?
poultry?
what species does orf affect?
sheep
what species does salmonella affect?
poultry
what species does toxocara canis afffect?
dog
what species does toxoplasma affect?
cat
what species was domesticated last?
cats
what type of breeders are sheep?
short day breeders, seasonal
what type of ethics is the animal welfare act?
virtue ethics
what type of hunters are cats?
solo
what types of ovulators are cats?
induced
what were the first agriculturally domesticated animals?
cattle
when are calves weaned in early weaning systems?
5-8 weeks
when are calves weaned in multiples suckler calving systems?
8 weeks
when are calves weaned in single suckler calving systems?
9 months
when are ewes put to the ram?
october-november
when are lambs weaned?
May, June
when are piglets weaned?
more than 6kg, or longer than 21 days
when are pigs the most expensive?
christmas
when can pregnancy be diagnosed in sheep?
70-100 days of gestation
when do animals have highest rate of gluconeogenesis, which species are an exception?
post-prandial, not in dog and man as they have insulin release
when do calves need ear tags?
1 within 36 hours, 2 within 20 days
when do dogs’ teeth fall out?
3-6 months
when do ewes lamb?
Feb, March, April
when do farmers aim to have the cow pregnant again by?
85 days
when do pregnant ewes need more feeding and why?
30-90 days, placental development
when doe ewes go through flushing?
August-December
when does disbudding/dehorning need to happen?
within 7 days with paste, after 7 days with anaesthetic
when does rebreeding of a cow start from?
6 weeks
when does weaning occur in beef production in the UK?
9 months
when is leanness excellent?
> 70% KO
when is leanness poor?
<40% KO
when is puberty in sheep?
6-9 months
when was the animal boarding establishments act?
1953
when was the animal welfare act?
2006
when was the animal welfare regulations?
2018
when was the animals act?
1971
when was the clean neighbourhoods act?
2005
when was the dangerous dogs act?
1991
when were the microchipping regulations?
2015
when was the road traffic act?
1988
when was the veterinary surgeons act?
1966
when were dogs domesticated?
around 10000 years ago
when were horses domesticated?
after dogs
where do animals get vitamin K from?
made by bacteria in rumen or from liver/green veg
which ethical theory has sub-classes?
utilitarianism
which fat soluble vitamin is an antioxidant?
E
who does the animal boarding establishments act apply to?
commercial establishments
who does the animal welfare act affect?
animal owners, vets
who is affected by the animal welfare regulations?
commercial establishments
who does the animals act affect?
farmers and pet owners
who does the clean neighbourhood act affect?
pet owners
who does the microchipping regulation affect?
pet owners
who does the road traffic act affect?
road users and pet owners
who is affected by the dangerous dogs act?
pet owners, vets
why are pigs not fed fine foods?
finer food is more likely to cause ulceration
why can ruminants digest cellulose?
cellulase from bacteria- symbiotic relationship
why do breeding pigs need lysine?
rate limiting amino acid
why do mammals not eat cellulose?
can’t as no enzymes to break beta 1-4 link
why is cellulose unbranched?
no 1-6 link
why is veterinary public health important?
vets prevent humans getting ill and vice versa
are there any compulsory vaccinations for horses?
not generally, only equine influenza for racing horses
how much of the diet should be roughage?
> 50%
how much should horses be exercised?
variable
how often should a horse see the farrier?
every 4-8 weeks
how often should horses be groomed?
every day
how often should horses have their feet picked out, how does this change if horse kept in muddy field?
1/2 times a day, more if muddy field
methods of restraining a horse?
headcollar, skin/nose twitch, chemical, chifney
common causes of dystocia during lambing?
malpositioning, ringwomb, abnormal/congenital deformations
legal responsibilities in poultry management?
illegal to feed kitchen waste, keep up to 50 birds without registering with DEFRA, keep pen habitable with access to shelter
what are the vaccines for horses?
equine influenza, tetanus
horse diseases associated with diet?
laminitis, obesity, PPID
what does BAR stand for?
bright, alert, responsive
what is a barn egg production system’s maximum density?
9 birds/square meter
what is a doe (goats)?
female goat
what is a free range egg production system?
continuous daytime access to outdoor runs
what is a stereotypical behaviour and what often causes it?
repetitive behaviour with no purpose, often result of stress of boredom
what is aggressive behaviour for an alpaca?
uses head, spitting
what is another framework similar to BAR?
DUDE
what is purpose of BAR?
measuring health
poisonous plant for horses?
ragwort
what ear position is relaxed for an alpaca?
ears standing up
what is ringwomb?
failure of dilation of cervix
what is roughage?
grass, hay, silage
what is Schmallenberg?
insect borne virus that causes congenital malformations
typical ewe behaviour at time of parturition?
separate from flock, strain/head/bruxism, pawing/nesting
what should vet do when getting someone to handle a horse?
explain carefully, ensure handler is experienced and competent
what should be the main component of a horse’s diet?
roughage
when do horses have Galwayne’s groove?
between 10 and 20 years of age (not when under 10 or over 20)
when do horses have wolf teeth?
6-18yrs
who is responsible when handling horses?
the vet
3 types of disease caused by zoonotic pathogens?
pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous
when is hepatic gluconeogenesis maximal in ruminants?
post-prandial
what does more roughage lead to in cows?
more proprionate and less acetate
what is produced by the normal cow dairy diet?
60-70% acetate, 15-20% proprionate, 10-15% butyrate
what does lack of vitamin c cause in guinea pigs?
teeth collapse, skin and respiratory disease
what can’t guinea pigs cope with?
wet and cold- so should be inside in winter and bad weather
what is the average KO % for bacon pigs?
75%
bacon liveweight?
80-110kg
fresh pork liveweight?
60-75kg
what does KO% depend on?
liveweight, genotype, fatness, sex, transport distance
which has a lower KO% boars or gilts?
gilts
when are calves weaned from single suckling?
9 months
when are calves weaned from multiple suckling?
8 weeks
when is early weaning?
around 24 hours
when are beef calves from the dairy herd brought into the beef system and weaned?
around 1 week, weaned at 8 weeks
when are calves slaughtered for veal?
14-16 weeks
when are bulls sent to slaughter in intensive beef systems?
at or before 14 months
when are cows finished in 18 month beef production?
16-20 months
which beef system has the longest production cycle?
grass
what is the average suckler herd size in the UK?
28-50 cows
when must tagging occur in cows?
36 hours and 20 days
what are the 3 methods of bull calf castration?
rubber rings, surgery, crushing spermatic cord with burdizzo
at what age can disbudding be done with caustic paste?
under 7 days
how much of the teat must be disinfected after milking?
lower 1/3
what are the milking parlour types?
abreast, 1:1 and 1: herringbone, rapid exit, rotary, auto tandem, automatic
what is voluntary waiting period?
interval from calving to start of breeding
what is conception rate?
number of calves pregnant out of all the services
when are ewes flushed?
2 weeks prior to breeding
when should sheep castration and tail docking be carried out with rubber rings?
in first 7 days
what percentage of bodyweight do horses need to eat per day?
2-3%
what are the 3 types of egg production system in the UK?
enriched laying cages, barn system, free range
what % of eggs are produced by enriched laying cages?
66%
what % of eggs are produced by barn systems?
7%
what % of eggs are produced in free range systems?
27%
