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PAM exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is biosecurity?

A

the set of precautions taken to minimise the risk of introducing and spreading an infectious disease within an animal population

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2
Q

what is biocontrol?

A

controlling pests

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3
Q

what is biocontainment?

A

containing an outbreak once it has been established

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4
Q

what is bioexclusion?

A

preventing introduction of disease/pathogens

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5
Q

what is the most common cause of human foodborne disease in the UK?

A

campylobacter

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6
Q

what are the 3 Rs for animals used in biomedical research?

A

replacement, reduction, refinement

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7
Q

what is replacement (biomedical research)?

A

using animals with alternative techniques to avoid use of live animals

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8
Q

what is reduction (biomedical research)?

A

keeping number of animals used to a minimum

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9
Q

what is refinement (biomedical research)?

A

the way experiments are carried out should cause little suffering

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10
Q

what does virtue ethics look at?

A

the actor and whether the individual acted with virtue or vice

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11
Q

what do deontology and right theories look at?

A

the act rather than the individual acting or intent of the actor

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12
Q

what does utilitarianism look at?

A

the consequences of the action

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13
Q

what are morals?

A

individual personal code of right and wrong (internal)

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14
Q

what are ethics?

A

a critical enquiry into ideas regarding moral and right conduct

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15
Q

what is sentience?

A

‘its feelings matter to itself’

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16
Q

how many essential amino acids do dogs and cats have?

A

10

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17
Q

what are the essential amino acids for dogs and cats?

A

Arg, His, Iso, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, Val

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18
Q

what amino acids do cats have high requirements for?

A

arginine, cysteine and methionine

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19
Q

what do cats use cysteine for?

A

to make taurine

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20
Q

what does taurine deficiency lead to in cats?

A

retinal degeneration or dilated cardiomyopathy

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21
Q

what is the normal MER of dogs?

A

110W^0.75 kcal/day

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22
Q

what is the normal MER of cats?

A

70W kcal/day

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23
Q

how much does growth increase MER?

A

2-3x

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24
Q

how much does gestation increase MER?

A

1.1-1.3x

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25
Q

how much does lactation increase MER?

A

4x

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26
Q

how much does hard work increase MER?

A

2-4x

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27
Q

how much does cold/heat increase MER?

A

1.25x

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28
Q

what can lucerne and clover lead to in ruminants?

A

bloat

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29
Q

what is alfalfa high in?

A

potassium

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30
Q

what can alfalfa lead to in ruminants?

A

hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis

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31
Q

what can clover spoiled with fungus lead to in sheep?

A

oestrogenic so can causef infertility

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32
Q

what can brassicas and oilseeds cause in ruminants?

A

cause toxins, can cause milk taint

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33
Q

why can cereals lead to bone formation issues?

A

low calcium

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34
Q

what are grains low in?

A

B vitamins and vitamin E

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35
Q

what does hay making reduce the amount of (from grass to hay)?

A

vitamins A, E and K

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36
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness and rough scaly skin

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37
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets/bone issues

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38
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin E deficiency?

A

selenium, myopathies and muscle weakness (white muscle disease in calves)

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39
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin K deficiency?

A

haemorrhage and anaemia

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40
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin B1/thiamine deficiency?

A

cerebrocortical necrosis

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41
Q

what conditions are caused by vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious anaemia

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42
Q

what is the critical socialisation period for dogs?

A

3-12 weeks

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43
Q

what is the critical socialisation period for cats?

A

2-10 weeks, 2-7 weeks for human interactions

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44
Q

what does breeding dogs refer to?

A

breeding dogs and advertising business of selling puppies, or breeding 3+ litters of puppies in any 12 month period

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45
Q

what is the organisation responsible for rabies quarantine facilities in the UK?

A

DEFRA

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46
Q

what is common in degus fed like omnivores instead of herbivores?

A

diabetes mellitus

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47
Q

what does having >3.5% fat in chinchillas lead to?

A

liver failure

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48
Q

where must chinchillas be kept and why?

A

inside as can’t cope with heat or humidity

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49
Q

what % of culling is dues to abortion/disease/failure to conceive in pigs?

A

60%

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50
Q

what is 60% of pig culling due to?

A

abortion, disease, failure to conceive

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51
Q

what is 40% of pig culling due to?

A

age and poor performance

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52
Q

what % of pig culling is due to age + poor performance?

A

40%

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53
Q

what is the kill out percentage?

A

the weight of the final pig product after trimming off the fat and ‘bad’ bits

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54
Q

what is the gestation period of pigs?

A

115 days

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55
Q

what is the farrowing index?

A

litters per sow per year

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56
Q

what is a cow (technically)?

A

an adult female who has had at least 1 calf

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57
Q

what is a bull?

A

an entire male animal of breeding age (usually >1 year)

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58
Q

what is a heifer?

A

a young female up to the birth of her first calf

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59
Q

what is a milking heifer?

A

a first time lactating cow in a dairy herd

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60
Q

what is a freemartin?

A

a female calf born with male twin, female often infertile as male hormones have passed to female in gestation

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61
Q

what percentage of freemartins are infertile?

A

92%

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62
Q

what is a bullock?

A

a castrated male destined for meat production

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63
Q

what is a steer?

A

a castrated male animal over the age of 1 year

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64
Q

what is a stirk?

A

a regional term for a half grown heifer or bullock (6-12 months of age)

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65
Q

what is the typical birthweight of a Holstein-Friesian calf?

A

40kg

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66
Q

what is submission rate?

A

the likelihood that eligible cows are bred

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67
Q

what is the calving interval?

A

interval between subsequent calving to start of breeding

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68
Q

what is the typical breeding season for sheep?

A

October-November

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69
Q

what is a ewe?

A

a female sheep that has had her first lamb

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70
Q

what is a lamb?

A

a sheep in its first year

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71
Q

what is a ram/tup?

A

an uncastrated male sheep

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72
Q

what does in lamb mean?

A

pregnant

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73
Q

what is tupping?

A

mating/mating season

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74
Q

what is a bottle lamb also known as?

A

pet lamb/poddy lamb/cade lamb

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75
Q

what is a bottle lamb?

A

an orphan lamb reared on a bottle

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76
Q

what is a hogg or hogget?

A

young sheep up to 18 months that hasn’t been sheared

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77
Q

what is a shearling?

A

a yearling sheep that has not been shorn once

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78
Q

what is a teg?

A

a 2 year old sheep that has not been shorn

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79
Q

what is a gimmer/theave?

A

a female sheep in her 2nd year, before she has had her 1st lamb

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80
Q

what is a wether?

A

a castrated male sheep ot goat

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81
Q

what is a store (sheep term)?

A

weaned lamb not ready for slaughter sold for further fattening

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82
Q

what are the common vices/stereotypies found in horses?

A

cribbing, wind sucking, head weaving, pacing

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83
Q

what is a kid?

A

a goat under 6 months of age

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84
Q

what is a doe?

A

an adult female

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85
Q

what is a nanny?

A

a mother goat with kids

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86
Q

what is a buck?

A

a male goat

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87
Q

what is a wether?

A

a castrated male goat

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88
Q

what % of sow culling can be avoided through better management?

A

60%

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89
Q

what species does orf come from?

A

sheep

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90
Q

what 3 types of disease can zoonotic pathogens cause?

A

pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous

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91
Q

what types of changes do animals use to cope with environment?

A

biochemical, physiological, psychological changes, behavioural changes

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92
Q

what are the stress responses involved if animal needs not being met?

A

behavioural, ANS, neuro-endocrine, immune, coping behaviours

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93
Q

what does abnormal behaviour imply?

A

poor welfare

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94
Q

what are examples of abnormal behvaiours?

A

self-directed, environmentally directed, directed to other animals, failure of function (sexual/parental), stereotypic behaviour

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95
Q

what is contractarianism?

A

claim that moral norms derive their normative force from the idea of social contract

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96
Q

what is moral anthropocentrism?

A

the view that humans are central to moral decision making

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97
Q

what are animal rights?

A

idea that animals have certain moral rights to not be harmed for utilitarian claims

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98
Q

what is species-ism?

A

mutation on the grounds of species- morally wrong to deliberately inflict suffering on innocent individuals of other species

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99
Q

what is teleos?

A

what makes an animal that animal

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100
Q

what are the 5 freedoms?

A

freedom from hunger/thirst; freedom from discomfort; freedom from pain, injury or disease; freedom to express normal behaviour; freedom from fear and distress

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101
Q

what does more roughage in ruminant diet lead to?

A

more proprionate and less acetate

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102
Q

describe rough grazing

A

left as is, mostly hilly areas

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103
Q

describe permanent grazing

A

always grassland, most common

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104
Q

describe rotational grazing

A

grass is sown every so many years and other crops on other years

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105
Q

describe set stocking

A

continuous grazing, extensive, mainly use hilly/upland areas

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106
Q

describe paddock grazing

A

grazed rotationally around a number of paddocks

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107
Q

describe strip grazing

A

fresh allocation of pasture each day with electric fences

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108
Q

what are the methods of dog communication?

A

body language, vocal/auditory, tactile

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109
Q

what are the methods of cat communication?

A

body language, vocal/auditory, olfactory/tactile

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110
Q

at what age are beef cattle finished?

A

18 weeks

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111
Q

can you measure the behavioural component of emotion?

A

yes

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112
Q

can you measure the neurophysical component of emotion?

A

yes

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113
Q

can you measure the subjective component of emotion?

A

no

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114
Q

do cattle hear better at low or high frequencies?

A

low

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115
Q

do more piglets die in indoor or outdoor systems?

A

outdoor

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116
Q

does insulin affect ruminants?

A

yes but less

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117
Q

how are litters housed in weaning houses?

A

together by age

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118
Q

how big is the flight zone of a cow?

A

less than 5m

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119
Q

how big is UK sheep production?

A

biggest in Europe

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120
Q

how can breeding season in sheep be advanced?

A

temperature dependent, teaser ram, keep in dark, implant melatonin, progesterone sponge

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121
Q

how do 1-5 carcase conformations work?

A

1 is thin, 5 is fat

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122
Q

how do carnivores get glucose?

A

post-prandial gluconeogenesis

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123
Q

how do dogs and cats get vitamin B?

A

need to ingest it

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124
Q

how do EUROP carcase conformations work?

A

excellent to poor

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125
Q

how do milking machines work?

A

creates a vacuum and pushes

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126
Q

how do ruminants get glucose?

A

post-prandial gluconeogenesis

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127
Q

how do ruminants get vitamin B?

A

make it

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128
Q

how does balanced training work?

A

uses positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

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129
Q

how does fat % change with age?

A

increases exponentially

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130
Q

how does the cows at grass system work?

A

grass based, organic, not high production

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131
Q

how does the cow high output system work?

A

indoor, intensive system, all the time

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132
Q

how is fertility measured (sheep)?

A

rearing and lambing percentages

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133
Q

how is nitrogen made in ruminants?

A

protein from microbes digested in rumen, non-protein (NH3)

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134
Q

how is protein digested in the rumen?

A

protein -> microbe protein -> digestion of microbes by host

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135
Q

how large does a pen for calves need to be?

A

width= 1/2 height of withers; length= body length + 10%

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136
Q

how long are cows dried up for before giving birth again?

A

60-80 days

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137
Q

how long does Stage 1 last in lambing?

A

6-12 hours//30min-6hours in lecture

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138
Q

how long does stage 2 last in lambing?

A

30 minutes-1 hour

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139
Q

how long does stage 3 last in lambing?

A

within 12 hours, typically 3 hours

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140
Q

how long does the milking period of cows last?

A

305 days

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141
Q

how long from new gilts to service?

A

7 months

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142
Q

how long is oestrus cycle in pigs?

A

21 days

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143
Q

how long is gestation in sheep?

A

147 days

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144
Q

how long is lactation in pigs?

A

21-28 days

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145
Q

how long is oestrus in sheep?

A

17 days

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146
Q

how long is pig pregnancy?

A

3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days

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147
Q

how long is weaning to service in pigs?

A

4-7 days

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148
Q

how many breeds of cattle are in UK?

A

95

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149
Q

how many calves can nurse cows nurse?

A

up to 12

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150
Q

how many components of emotions are there?

A

3

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151
Q

proportion of cows in small holdings?

A

50%

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152
Q

how many cows are there in the UK

A

9.9 million

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153
Q

how many ewes can be housed together during lambing?

A

up to 50

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154
Q

how many litters do sows produce?

A

6

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155
Q

how many seasons do dogs have/year, from what age?

A

2, 15 months

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156
Q

how many stages of lambing are there?

A

3

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157
Q

how many types of fetal membranes are there in sheep, and what are they?

A

2: amnion and allantochorion

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158
Q

how much colostrum do calves need?

A

2 litres in first 6 hours; 6 pints in 6 hours; 2 litres in 2 hours; 50ml/kg per 4 hours

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159
Q

how much space do sheep need for feeding 2x a day?

A

45cm

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160
Q

how much space do sheep need when food is available all day?

A

20cm

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161
Q

is there a greater proportion of cows in small or large holdings?

A

small-holdings

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162
Q

how often are calves fed and why?

A

2x a day, 1 is illegal and too little

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163
Q

how often do milking machines pulsate?

A

45-65 times per minute

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164
Q

how old are most cattle when they have their first calf?

A

2 years old

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165
Q

how to advertise rehoming and reselling dogs?

A

1) Licence number on advert. 2) local authority must be listed. 3) photo of dog. 4) age of dog. 5) show with mother. 6) must be 8 weeks old

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166
Q

in which animals does the brain use the most glucose and why?

A

ruminants as cannot use ketones during starvation

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167
Q

is APHA a global, regional or national organisation?

A

national, but works on regional basis

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168
Q

is cobalamin water or fat soluble?

A

water

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169
Q

is DEFRA a global, regional or national organisation?

A

national

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170
Q

is FAO a global, regional or national organisation?

A

global

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171
Q

is pantothenic acid water or fat soluble?

A

water

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172
Q

is riboflavin water or fat soluble?

A

water

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173
Q

is thiamine water or fat soluble?

A

water

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174
Q

is vitamin A water or fat soluble?

A

fat

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175
Q

is vitamin D water or fat soluble?

A

fat

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176
Q

is vitamin E water or fat soluble?

A

fat

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177
Q

is vitamin K water or fat soluble?

A

fat

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178
Q

is WHO a global, regional or national organisation?

A

global

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179
Q

is WOAH a global, regional or national organisation?

A

global

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180
Q

is WTO a global, regional or national organisation?

A

global

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181
Q

what is often the weight of calves slaughtered for veal?

A

180kg

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182
Q

how do non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose?

A

fermentation

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183
Q

pig service management requirements?

A

1) put boar near sow to induce ovulation; 2) back pressure test; 3) boar:sow ratio

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184
Q

what angle is a cows full vision zone?

A

25-50%

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185
Q

what animals are exempt from the animal welfare act?

A

working dogs

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186
Q

what are 4 common procedures in sheep/lambs?

A

naval dip, tail-dock, castration, horn removal

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187
Q

what are animal needs?

A

what is required by basic biology

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188
Q

what are breeding herds housing requirements for pigs?

A

1) outdoors, 30 inches of rain per year 2) light draining soil (chalk) 3) level ground or gentle slope 4) under 245m 5) constant water and electricity access

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189
Q

what are common lowland breeds? (Sheep)

A

texal, charolais, suffolk

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190
Q

what are common reasons for replacing cattle?

A

reproduction issues, genetics

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191
Q

what are common upland breeds of sheep?

A

scottish blackface, swaledale, welsh mountain, cheriot

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192
Q

what are concentrate/dry/cereal high in?

A

starch/sugar/protein

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193
Q

what are concentrate/dry/cereal low in?

A

cellulose, calcium, vitamin E

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194
Q

what are diseases caused by mouldy hay?

A

listeria, aspergillus

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195
Q

what are enzymes missing in cats?

A

BCD, GD

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196
Q

what are examples of overhead costs?

A

rent, tax, etc.

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197
Q

what are examples of VFAs?

A

acetic, propionic, butyric acids

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198
Q

what are farm animal housing needs?

A

environment, thermoneutral zone, behaviour, need to spot pain

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199
Q

what are metabolised energy requirements?

A

energy needed per day, energy needed by inactive animal in thermoneutral conditions to obtain and digest food

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200
Q

what are multiple sucking calf rearing systems?

A

nurse cows

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201
Q

what are overhead costs?

A

fixed costs- no matter how high output these will stay the same

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202
Q

when are pigs the cheapest?

A

easter

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203
Q

what are rights?

A

moral code that can’t be overruled

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204
Q

what are silage/hay/straw low in and why?

A

vitamins A, E and K due to oxidation

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205
Q

what are single sucking calf rearing systems?

A

natural until wean at 9 months

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206
Q

what are strong animal rights?

A

animals have same rights as humans if meet personhood requirements

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207
Q

what are symptoms of milk fever?

A

hyperexcitability and flaccid paralysis

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208
Q

what are the 4 most common breeds of cattle?

A

holstein-friesians, limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais

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209
Q

what are the 4 pillars?

A

autonomy, beneficience, non-maleficence, justice

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210
Q

what are the 4 types of dog training?

A

positive reinforcement, positive punishment, negative reinforcement, negative punishment

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211
Q

what are the 5 behavioural and handling concepts of cattle?

A

escape route, handlers must be dominant members, prey species so run, kick sideways and back if moving, stand close

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212
Q

what are the 5 signs of stress in dogs?

A

tail between legs, cowering, whale eyes, ears back, yawning

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213
Q

what are the aims of Grower/Finisher housing?

A

grow rapidly, lean, max feed conversion efficiency

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214
Q

what are the banned dog breeds?

A

XL bully, Japanese Tosa, Fila brasilero, Dojo Argentino, American pitbull terrier

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215
Q

what are the biggest pig producers in the EU?

A

Spain, France, Germany

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216
Q

what regions are the biggest pig producers in the UK?

A

East England, Yorkshire

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217
Q

who are the biggest pig producers in the world?

A

China

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218
Q

what are the biggest variable costs for milk production?

A

food, employees, machinery

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219
Q

what are the breeding issues with calf rearing systems?

A

fertility, mastitis, lameness, sustainabilty

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220
Q

what are the breeding regulations?

A

3+ litters a year must be licensed; only breed bitches older than a year; no more than 6 litters per bitch; can’t have more than 1 litter per bitch a year; sell puppy from 8 weeks; keep accurate records

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221
Q

what are the calving intervals?

A

365 days

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222
Q

what are the categories of sheep breeds?

A

hill, upland, lowland

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223
Q

what are the common behaviours of sheep?

A

flock, prey, home territory, follow

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224
Q

what are the common breeds of beef cattle?

A

limousin, aberdeen angus, charolais, british blues

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225
Q

what are the common causes of food poisoning?

A

campylobacter jejune; toxoplasma; toxocara canis

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226
Q

what are the common pig breeds used?

A

large white, land race

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227
Q

what are the components of emotions?

A

behavioural, neurophysiological, subjective

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228
Q

what are the contents of milk?

A

lactose, casein, fat

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229
Q

what are the dietary requirements of a lactating sow?

A

frequent feeding, constant water supply, high protein

230
Q

what are the dietary requirements of breeding pigs?

A

lysine needed, high energy cereal, vegetable protein, animal protein, fats

231
Q

what are the different calf production systems?

A

all year round breeding, cows at grass, composite, high output

232
Q

what are the different cattle rearing systems?

A

single sucklers, multiple sucklers, early weaning

233
Q

what are the different types of animal interactions?

A

pets, vets, entertainment, research

234
Q

what are the different types of feeding styles?

A

floor, hoppers, water, troughs

235
Q

what are the different ways animals are used?

A

food, entertainment, pets, work, conservation, education

236
Q

what are the feeding requirements for weaning horses and why?

A

can’t digest starch, weaning needed to be protein and high energy, villi of SI halved if not fed enough

237
Q

what are the food requirements for cows?

A

conserved food, vitamins and minerals, concentrates, fresh food

238
Q

what are the 4 Fs?

A

fight, flight, fidget, freeze

239
Q

what are the daily gains in grower/finisher farms?

A

600-660g per day

240
Q

housing requirements for calves?

A

clean, dry, well ventilated, groups/need to see each other, constant water supply, 5% slope

241
Q

what are the important zoonotic diseases?

A

avian influenza, TB, orf, rotovirus, cowpox, toxoplasma, toxocara canis, campylobacter jejune, E.coli, salmonella

242
Q

what are the main calving issues?

A

lameness, dystocia

243
Q

what are the methods of housing cattle?

A

cubicles, straw yards

244
Q

what are the microchipping regulations?

A

compulsory for dogs from june 2024

245
Q

what are the notifiable diseases in the UK?

A

TB, BSE, foot and mouth, Avian influenza, anthrax, brucellosis

246
Q

what are the pros and cons of floor feeding?

A

cheap, best use of space, natural behaviours, wasteful

247
Q

what are the pros and cons of hopper feeding?

A

less competition, should be long enough that all can feed at once

248
Q

what are the iron requirements for calves?

A

should be given in diet for calves over 2 weeks

249
Q

what are the requirements of cubicles for cattle and why?

A

5-10% more cubicles than cows to prevent fighting

250
Q

what are the risks with late gestation feeding?

A

higher risk of pregnancy toxaemia

251
Q

what are the slaughter evaluations?

A

examine carcass externally, 70-80% live weight, leanness- poor or excellent, fat %, protein gain

252
Q

what are the sub-classes of utilitarianism?

A

preference and rule

253
Q

what are the systems used for carcase conformations?

A

EUROP and 1-5

254
Q

what are the temperature requirements for weaning housing requirements?

A

28 degrees and constant

255
Q

what are the 2 types of learning in animals?

A

associative and non-associative

256
Q

what are the types of housing required by grower/finisher housing?

A

verandas, flat decks

257
Q

what are the types of housing required in weaning housing?

A

verandas, flat decks, straw yards

258
Q

what are the water requirements for cows?

A

constant supply, 60-100 litres of water

259
Q

water requirements for grower/finisher housing?

A

constant

260
Q

what are the water requirements for weaning houses?

A

constant, 1 litre in 180 seconds

261
Q

what are 3 examples of behaviour modification methodologies?

A

force free trainers, compulsive based trainers, balanced trainers

262
Q

what are 3 frameworks about behaviour?

A

trigger stacking, stress buckets, canine ladder of aggression

263
Q

what are variable costs?

A

cost that changes depending on output

264
Q

what are VFAs?

A

volatile fatty acids

265
Q

what are weak animal rights?

A

rights of humans > rights of sentient animals

266
Q

what are wet concentrates?

A

roots and turnips

267
Q

what behavioural observations do you make when measuring animal welfare?

A

stereotypic behaviours

268
Q

breed often used for veal?

A

holstein-friesian

269
Q

what categories of associative learning are there?

A

classical, operant

270
Q

what causes a black to brown coat in dogs?

A

deficiency in tyrosine and phenylalanine

271
Q

what causes a copper deficiency and how do you combat this?

A

chelation by molybdenum

272
Q

what causes frothy bloat and why?

A

clovers/lucernes as have high protein

273
Q

what causes gas bloat?

A

wet concentrates lodge in oesophagus and animals choke

274
Q

what causes impressive syndrome and what does this cause?

A

high potassium in grass, hyperkalaemia

275
Q

what causes lactic acidosis?

A

overfeeding propionate

276
Q

what causes twin lamb disease?

A

fetal demand greatest but food lowest

277
Q

what cofactor is needed for vitamin E?

A

selenium cofactor

278
Q

what cows have essential amino aid requirements?

A

high yielding cattle

279
Q

what causes fog fever?

A

high tryptophan in grass

280
Q

what disease is caused by acorns?

A

liver and renal disease

281
Q

what disease is caused by bracken?

A

brain diseases

282
Q

what disease is caused by buttercups?

A

buccal ulcers

283
Q

what disease is caused by ragwort?

A

liver cirrhosis

284
Q

what disease is caused by yews?

A

cardiogenic shock

285
Q

what diseases are caused by cobalt deficiency?

A

pining/saltsick/bush sickness

286
Q

what diseases do ewes get during lactation?

A

pregnancy toxaemia, late pregnancy, twin lamb disease

287
Q

what do cats have higher requirements for?

A

arachodonic acid, arginine, nicotinic acid, taurine

288
Q

what do the bacteria in the rumen need?

A

biotin and B vitamins

289
Q

what do you look at to measure welfare?

A

physical observation, behavioural observation, ethological studies, critical anthropomorphism

290
Q

what do you need to do if soil has low cobalt?

A

supplement

291
Q

what does a thiamine deficiency cause?

A

CNS sign in ruminants/cats

292
Q

what is APHA responsible for?

A

animal and plant health

293
Q

what does cobalamin absorption need?

A

cobalt cofactor

294
Q

what does coping mean?

A

having control of bodily and mental stability

295
Q

what is DEFRA responsible for?

A

environmental, food, rural

296
Q

what is FAO responsible for?

A

food and agriculture

297
Q

what does health mean?

A

free from disease- state of animal with ability to cope with pathology

298
Q

what are killing out percentages?

A

% meat to fat

299
Q

what does NVS mean?

A

named vet surgeon

300
Q

what does pantothenic acid deficiency in pigs cause?

A

goose stepping

301
Q

what does riboflavin deficiency in poultry cause?

A

curly toe disease

302
Q

what is telos?

A

what makes an animal that animal

303
Q

what do the Animal Welfare regulations do?

A

govern selling, hiring, boarding, breeding, etc.

304
Q

what does the pig cycle look like?

A

sine graph

305
Q

what is WOAH responsible for?

A

animal diseases

306
Q

what is WTO responsible for?

A

trade

307
Q

what emotion does negative punishment cause?

A

fear

308
Q

what emotion does negative reinforcement cause?

A

happiness

309
Q

what emotion does positive punishment cause?

A

fear

310
Q

what emotion does positive reinforcement cause?

A

happiness

311
Q

what energy source do dogs utilise first?

A

fat then protein

312
Q

what environment is required by sheep?

A

clear, pastures, beds, well maintained

313
Q

what feed causes gastroenteritis and why?

A

wet concentrates, because of starch

314
Q

what happens if you stand in front of a cows balance points?

A

they move back

315
Q

what happens to lambs Dec-Jan onwards?

A

older lambs finished on roots through winter months for slaughter

316
Q

what happens to lambs Aug-Sept?

A

early finishing on grass for slaughter

317
Q

what has an excess of calcium?

A

alfalfa

318
Q

hormones key in general adaptive syndrome?

A

cortisol and adrenaline

319
Q

what is a calving interval?

A

time between 2 calves

320
Q

up to how many ewes should be housed together?

A

50

321
Q

what is a commercial establishment?

A

anything where money is involved and animals are kept

322
Q

what is a consequence of shearing?

A

lose money

323
Q

what is a dangerous dog?

A

dangerously out of control- injures someone/someone worried it will injure them

324
Q

good BCS for a sheep?

A

3

325
Q

good KO % for beef cattle?

A

40-60%

326
Q

what is a grey face?

A

ram- border leicester, ewe- scottish blackface

327
Q

what is a lamb?

A

<1 year old

328
Q

what is a mule?

A

ram: blueface leicester, ewe: swaledale

329
Q

what is a poor KO % of beef cattle?

A

<40%

330
Q

what is a puppy farm?

A

high volume breeding facility that sells puppies to pet shops- or so never see mothers

331
Q

what is a reverse zoonotic disease?

A

humans to animals

332
Q

what is a source of vitamin A?

A

liver and fish oils

333
Q

what is a source of vitamin D?

A

fish oil, eggs, colostrum

334
Q

what is a source of vitamin E?

A

little in milk, from plants

335
Q

what is a yearling?

A

1-2 years old

336
Q

what is a zoonotic disease?

A

disease that can be passed from animals to humans

337
Q

what is present in grass that can cause laminitis?

A

sugar

338
Q

what is an example of a source of fats that can be fed to breeding pigs?

A

soya oil

339
Q

what is an example of animal protein that can be fed to pigs?

A

fish meal

340
Q

what is an example of compulsive based training?

A

shock collars

341
Q

what is an example of force free training?

A

clicker training

342
Q

what is an example of negative punishment?

A

no food

343
Q

what is an example of negative reinforcement?

A

Applying pressure and taking it away when desired behaviour observed

344
Q

what is an example of positive punishment?

A

hitting

345
Q

what is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

treat based training

346
Q

what is an example of vegetable protein that is fed to breeding pigs?

A

soya bean

347
Q

what is animal welfare?

A

state of animal with regards to its ability to cope with its environment

348
Q

what is associative learning?

A

associate stimulus with response

349
Q

what is bacon weight?

A

80-110kg

350
Q

what is BCS?

A

body condition score

351
Q

what is caused by a calcium deficiency?

A

milk fever

352
Q

what is caused by a cobalt deficiency?

A

pernicious anaemia

353
Q

what is caused by copper deficiency?

A

swayback

354
Q

what is caused by a magnesium deficiency?

A

tetany

355
Q

what is caused by a sodium deficiency?

A

Addison’s disease

356
Q

what is caused by a vitamin E deficiency in cattle?

A

sweet clover disease

357
Q

what is caused by a vitamin e deficiency?

A

white muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, cardiac myopathy, mulberry heart disease

358
Q

what is caused by a zinc deficiency?

A

parakeratosis

359
Q

what is caused by an excess of potassium?

A

hyperkalaemic paralysis

360
Q

what is caused by an iodine deficiency?

A

goitre

361
Q

what is caused by excess of concentrates/dry/cereals?

A

acidosis

362
Q

what is cellulose converted converted to in digestion in the rumen?

A

cellulose -> VFAs -> ketones/fats

363
Q

what causes Chastek’s paralysis?

A

thiaminase enzyme in raw fish diet

364
Q

what is classical associative learning?

A

stimulus -> response

365
Q

what is critical anthropomorphism?

A

seeing through the eyes of an animal

366
Q

what is deontology?

A

duty to follow universal moral rule/code

367
Q

what is digestible energy?

A

gross energy - fecal loss of energy

368
Q

what is FCE?

A

feed for 1kg of growth

369
Q

what is grass high in, what does this cause?

A

high fibre -> acetate -> increased milk fat

370
Q

what is heavy hog weight?

A

110+ kg

371
Q

what is important about dog vitamin requirements?

A

no vitamin C requirement

372
Q

what is involved in the human animal contract?

A

food, shelter, safety

373
Q

what is Key Performance Indices based on?

A

corporate based

374
Q

what has low levels in milk, which species needs supplements because of this?

A

iron, pigs

375
Q

what is meconium?

A

first passing of stool

376
Q

what is metabolisable energy?

A

digestible energy - (urinary + CH4 loss)

377
Q

what is mutton?

A

> 1 year

378
Q

what is non-associative learning?

A

no connection between stimulus and anything else

379
Q

what is operant associative learning?

A

stimulus -> behaviour -> response

380
Q

what is preference utilitarianism?

A

good moral action promotes actions that fulfil preference of those involved

381
Q

what is rule utilitarianism?

A

action is right as conforms to a rule that leads to greatest good

382
Q

what is stress?

A

response of animal to stressors to maintain homeostasis

382
Q

what is stage 3 in lambing?

A

passage of fetal membranes

382
Q

what is stereotypic behaviour?

A

repeated behaviour showing stress

382
Q

what is stage 2 of lambing?

A

contractions, giving birth

383
Q

what is the biggest cost for beef production, what % of costs is this?

A

food, 75%

384
Q

what is the boar:sow ration for an indoor system?

A

1 boar, 20 sows

385
Q

what is the boar:sow ratio for an outdoor system?

A

1 boar 12 sows

386
Q

what is gist of the dangerous dogs act?

A

5 dogs banned, can’t sell, abandon, give away or breed, can be seized

387
Q

what is the dry matter intake of cows?

A

measure of how much food animals need to meet nutritional content

388
Q

what is the farrowing index for indoor pig breeding systems?

A

2.30

389
Q

what is the farrowing index for outdoor pig breeding systems?

A

2.24

390
Q

what is the FCE of grower/finisher housing requirements?

A

2.3:1

391
Q

what is the fear period for dogs?

A

6-14 months

392
Q

what is the first stage of a cow production system?

A

cow or heifer gives birth and starts her lactation

393
Q

what is the first stage of lambing?

A

ewe separated from flock

394
Q

what is the 4th stage of a cow production cycle?

A

around 60-80 days before cow due to give birth again, milking stopped and cow dried off to allow her udder tissue to regenerate

395
Q

what is the gestation length of a cow?

A

280 days

396
Q

what is the gestation period of a cat?

A

60-63 days

397
Q

what is the gestation period of dogs?

A

65 days

398
Q

what is the growth rate of beef cattle?

A

1.4kg per day

399
Q

what is the highest cause of piglet mortality and what is done to prevent it?

A

crushed by sow, farrowing crates and piglet creeping areas

400
Q

what is the main dietary component for carnivores?

A

protein

401
Q

what is the main dietary component for omnivores?

A

starch/glucose/protein

402
Q

what is the main dietary component for ruminants?

A

cellulose

403
Q

what is the most common calf production system?

A

composite

404
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in cattle?

A

too large to fit through birth canal

405
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in sheep?

A

malpositioning

406
Q

what is the order of animals with respect to milk content?

A

pig > ewe > goat > cow

407
Q

what is the peak of metabolic design?

A

lactation

408
Q

what is the pH of silage?

A

4

409
Q

what is the pH of the rumen?

A

6.8

410
Q

what is the pig cycle?

A

market fluctuation so numbers fluctuate

411
Q

what is the ratio of size of a calf from mother:bull

A

60:40

412
Q

what is the ratio of rams:ewes?

A

1:25

413
Q

what is the replacement rate of cattle?

A

20-30%

414
Q

what is the scale of beef production in the UK?

A

import more, opposite of dairy

415
Q

what is the second stage of a cow production cycle?

A

re-breeding starts from 6 weeks with the aim to have the cow pregnant again by 85 days

416
Q

socialisation period of cats in the wild?

A

2-10 weeks

417
Q

socialisation period of cats with humans?

A

2-7 weeks

418
Q

socialisation periods of dogs?

A

3-12 weeks

419
Q

what is the 3rd stage of a cow production cycle?

A

milking period (lactation)

420
Q

what is the weight of a pig carcass?

A

70-80% of live weight

421
Q

what is trigger stacking?

A

stresses for dog lead to threshold for growling/biting

422
Q

what is veal?

A

calves slaughtered at 14-16 weeks

423
Q

what is vitamin A also known as?

A

beta carotene

424
Q

what is vitamin B1 also known as?

A

thiamine

425
Q

what is vitamin D needed for?

A

bone mineralisation

426
Q

what is vitamin K needed for?

A

coagulation?

427
Q

what is weaning to service?

A

length of time from weaning to insemination

428
Q

what is WHO?

A

world health organisation

429
Q

what kind of feeders are cats?

A

obligate carnivores

430
Q

what kind of high energy cereal is fed to breeding pigs?

A

barley

431
Q

what kind of ventilation is required in grower/finisher housing?

A

stack effect

432
Q

what kinds of animals make cobalt cofactors?

A

ruminants

433
Q

what management do cattle neonates need?

A

dip umbilicus, colostrum, open airways

434
Q

what increases KO %s?

A

muscle increase

435
Q

what needs to happen within 24 hours postparturition?

A

treat order, naval dips, other general management

436
Q

what needs to happen within 5-7 days postparturition?

A

iron injection, identification

437
Q

what needs to happen within 6 hours postparturition?

A

colostrum

438
Q

what pattern is protein gain?

A

linear

439
Q

what sense develops first in cats?

A

hearing, then sight

440
Q

what sense do dogs develop first?

A

sight then hearing

441
Q

what space is required in grower/finisher housing?

A

lie on floor + 40% (1/3rd of floor visible)

442
Q

what species does bartonella henselae affect?

A

cat

443
Q

what species does campylobacter affect?

A

poultry

444
Q

what species does cowpox affect?

A

cattle

445
Q

what species does E.coli affect?

A

poultry?

446
Q

what species does orf affect?

A

sheep

447
Q

what species does salmonella affect?

A

poultry

448
Q

what species does toxocara canis afffect?

A

dog

449
Q

what species does toxoplasma affect?

A

cat

450
Q

what species was domesticated last?

A

cats

451
Q

what type of breeders are sheep?

A

short day breeders, seasonal

452
Q

what type of ethics is the animal welfare act?

A

virtue ethics

453
Q

what type of hunters are cats?

A

solo

454
Q

what types of ovulators are cats?

A

induced

455
Q

what were the first agriculturally domesticated animals?

A

cattle

456
Q

when are calves weaned in early weaning systems?

A

5-8 weeks

457
Q

when are calves weaned in multiples suckler calving systems?

A

8 weeks

458
Q

when are calves weaned in single suckler calving systems?

A

9 months

459
Q

when are ewes put to the ram?

A

october-november

460
Q

when are lambs weaned?

A

May, June

461
Q

when are piglets weaned?

A

more than 6kg, or longer than 21 days

462
Q

when are pigs the most expensive?

A

christmas

463
Q

when can pregnancy be diagnosed in sheep?

A

70-100 days of gestation

464
Q

when do animals have highest rate of gluconeogenesis, which species are an exception?

A

post-prandial, not in dog and man as they have insulin release

465
Q

when do calves need ear tags?

A

1 within 36 hours, 2 within 20 days

466
Q

when do dogs’ teeth fall out?

A

3-6 months

467
Q

when do ewes lamb?

A

Feb, March, April

468
Q

when do farmers aim to have the cow pregnant again by?

A

85 days

469
Q

when do pregnant ewes need more feeding and why?

A

30-90 days, placental development

470
Q

when doe ewes go through flushing?

A

August-December

471
Q

when does disbudding/dehorning need to happen?

A

within 7 days with paste, after 7 days with anaesthetic

472
Q

when does rebreeding of a cow start from?

A

6 weeks

473
Q

when does weaning occur in beef production in the UK?

A

9 months

474
Q

when is leanness excellent?

A

> 70% KO

475
Q

when is leanness poor?

A

<40% KO

476
Q

when is puberty in sheep?

A

6-9 months

477
Q

when was the animal boarding establishments act?

A

1953

478
Q

when was the animal welfare act?

A

2006

479
Q

when was the animal welfare regulations?

A

2018

480
Q

when was the animals act?

A

1971

481
Q

when was the clean neighbourhoods act?

A

2005

482
Q

when was the dangerous dogs act?

A

1991

483
Q

when were the microchipping regulations?

A

2015

484
Q

when was the road traffic act?

A

1988

485
Q

when was the veterinary surgeons act?

A

1966

486
Q

when were dogs domesticated?

A

around 10000 years ago

487
Q

when were horses domesticated?

A

after dogs

488
Q

where do animals get vitamin K from?

A

made by bacteria in rumen or from liver/green veg

489
Q

which ethical theory has sub-classes?

A

utilitarianism

490
Q

which fat soluble vitamin is an antioxidant?

A

E

491
Q

who does the animal boarding establishments act apply to?

A

commercial establishments

492
Q

who does the animal welfare act affect?

A

animal owners, vets

493
Q

who is affected by the animal welfare regulations?

A

commercial establishments

494
Q

who does the animals act affect?

A

farmers and pet owners

495
Q

who does the clean neighbourhood act affect?

A

pet owners

496
Q

who does the microchipping regulation affect?

A

pet owners

497
Q

who does the road traffic act affect?

A

road users and pet owners

498
Q

who is affected by the dangerous dogs act?

A

pet owners, vets

499
Q

why are pigs not fed fine foods?

A

finer food is more likely to cause ulceration

500
Q

why can ruminants digest cellulose?

A

cellulase from bacteria- symbiotic relationship

501
Q

why do breeding pigs need lysine?

A

rate limiting amino acid

502
Q

why do mammals not eat cellulose?

A

can’t as no enzymes to break beta 1-4 link

503
Q

why is cellulose unbranched?

A

no 1-6 link

504
Q

why is veterinary public health important?

A

vets prevent humans getting ill and vice versa

505
Q

are there any compulsory vaccinations for horses?

A

not generally, only equine influenza for racing horses

506
Q

how much of the diet should be roughage?

A

> 50%

507
Q

how much should horses be exercised?

A

variable

508
Q

how often should a horse see the farrier?

A

every 4-8 weeks

509
Q

how often should horses be groomed?

A

every day

510
Q

how often should horses have their feet picked out, how does this change if horse kept in muddy field?

A

1/2 times a day, more if muddy field

511
Q

methods of restraining a horse?

A

headcollar, skin/nose twitch, chemical, chifney

512
Q

common causes of dystocia during lambing?

A

malpositioning, ringwomb, abnormal/congenital deformations

513
Q

legal responsibilities in poultry management?

A

illegal to feed kitchen waste, keep up to 50 birds without registering with DEFRA, keep pen habitable with access to shelter

514
Q

what are the vaccines for horses?

A

equine influenza, tetanus

515
Q

horse diseases associated with diet?

A

laminitis, obesity, PPID

516
Q

what does BAR stand for?

A

bright, alert, responsive

517
Q

what is a barn egg production system’s maximum density?

A

9 birds/square meter

518
Q

what is a doe (goats)?

A

female goat

519
Q

what is a free range egg production system?

A

continuous daytime access to outdoor runs

520
Q

what is a stereotypical behaviour and what often causes it?

A

repetitive behaviour with no purpose, often result of stress of boredom

521
Q

what is aggressive behaviour for an alpaca?

A

uses head, spitting

522
Q

what is another framework similar to BAR?

A

DUDE

523
Q

what is purpose of BAR?

A

measuring health

524
Q

poisonous plant for horses?

A

ragwort

525
Q

what ear position is relaxed for an alpaca?

A

ears standing up

526
Q

what is ringwomb?

A

failure of dilation of cervix

527
Q

what is roughage?

A

grass, hay, silage

528
Q

what is Schmallenberg?

A

insect borne virus that causes congenital malformations

529
Q

typical ewe behaviour at time of parturition?

A

separate from flock, strain/head/bruxism, pawing/nesting

530
Q

what should vet do when getting someone to handle a horse?

A

explain carefully, ensure handler is experienced and competent

531
Q

what should be the main component of a horse’s diet?

A

roughage

532
Q

when do horses have Galwayne’s groove?

A

between 10 and 20 years of age (not when under 10 or over 20)

533
Q

when do horses have wolf teeth?

A

6-18yrs

534
Q

who is responsible when handling horses?

A

the vet

535
Q

3 types of disease caused by zoonotic pathogens?

A

pulmonary, gastrointestinal, cutaneous

536
Q

when is hepatic gluconeogenesis maximal in ruminants?

A

post-prandial

537
Q

what does more roughage lead to in cows?

A

more proprionate and less acetate

538
Q

what is produced by the normal cow dairy diet?

A

60-70% acetate, 15-20% proprionate, 10-15% butyrate

539
Q

what does lack of vitamin c cause in guinea pigs?

A

teeth collapse, skin and respiratory disease

540
Q

what can’t guinea pigs cope with?

A

wet and cold- so should be inside in winter and bad weather

541
Q

what is the average KO % for bacon pigs?

A

75%

542
Q

bacon liveweight?

A

80-110kg

543
Q

fresh pork liveweight?

A

60-75kg

544
Q

what does KO% depend on?

A

liveweight, genotype, fatness, sex, transport distance

545
Q

which has a lower KO% boars or gilts?

A

gilts

546
Q

when are calves weaned from single suckling?

A

9 months

547
Q

when are calves weaned from multiple suckling?

A

8 weeks

548
Q

when is early weaning?

A

around 24 hours

549
Q

when are beef calves from the dairy herd brought into the beef system and weaned?

A

around 1 week, weaned at 8 weeks

550
Q

when are calves slaughtered for veal?

A

14-16 weeks

551
Q

when are bulls sent to slaughter in intensive beef systems?

A

at or before 14 months

552
Q

when are cows finished in 18 month beef production?

A

16-20 months

553
Q

which beef system has the longest production cycle?

A

grass

554
Q

what is the average suckler herd size in the UK?

A

28-50 cows

555
Q

when must tagging occur in cows?

A

36 hours and 20 days

556
Q

what are the 3 methods of bull calf castration?

A

rubber rings, surgery, crushing spermatic cord with burdizzo

557
Q

at what age can disbudding be done with caustic paste?

A

under 7 days

558
Q

how much of the teat must be disinfected after milking?

A

lower 1/3

559
Q

what are the milking parlour types?

A

abreast, 1:1 and 1: herringbone, rapid exit, rotary, auto tandem, automatic

560
Q

what is voluntary waiting period?

A

interval from calving to start of breeding

561
Q

what is conception rate?

A

number of calves pregnant out of all the services

562
Q

when are ewes flushed?

A

2 weeks prior to breeding

563
Q

when should sheep castration and tail docking be carried out with rubber rings?

A

in first 7 days

564
Q

what percentage of bodyweight do horses need to eat per day?

A

2-3%

565
Q

what are the 3 types of egg production system in the UK?

A

enriched laying cages, barn system, free range

566
Q

what % of eggs are produced by enriched laying cages?

A

66%

567
Q

what % of eggs are produced by barn systems?

A

7%

568
Q

what % of eggs are produced in free range systems?

A

27%

PAM (1 decks)

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