Palamar et al. (2013)

Question 1

Illegal drug use is problematic because it is often associated with

Answer 1

adverse health effects, physical dependence, and risky behaviors such as unsafe sex.

Question 2

There is a growing debate about the protective

Answer 2

potential and ethicality of stigma as a public health tool.

Question 3

How do the authors differentiate between perceived public stigma and stigmatization?

Answer 3

Perceived public stigma refers to the perception of stigma applied by society, while stigmatization is the personal application of stigma toward others.

Question 4

This study seeks to examine the

Answer 4

extent to which perceived public stigma and personal stigmatization explain lifetime illicit drug use among emerging adults.

Question 5

Hiding use from peers can be

Answer 5

stressful and lead users to dissociate from friends, often forming new social circles with other drug users.

Question 6

Contact with users is

Answer 6

negatively related to stigmatizing attitudes and increases the likelihood of drug use.

Question 7

Results from national studies suggest that religiosity is

Answer 7

positively associated with disapproval of drug use and protective against drug use.

Question 8

Females who use drugs experience

Answer 8

higher levels of stigma compared to males

Question 9

The survey assessed lifetime use of what drugs?

Answer 9

Marijuana, powder cocaine, ecstasy, and non-medical use of opioids and amphetamines.

Question 10

Exposure to users had a consistent, robust effect on lifetime use of

Answer 10

all five drugs examined in the study.

Question 11

Blacks in particular tended to stigmatize use at

Answer 11

higher levels than White individuals.

Question 12

The findings suggest that religiosity is more protective

Answer 12

against the use of “hard drugs” like cocaine and ecstasy than against other substances

Question 13

Perceived public stigma was

Answer 13

not protective against lifetime illicit drug use

Question 14

Higher levels of stigmatization were associated with

Answer 14

lower odds of use for marijuana, cocaine, opioids, and amphetamines; however, there was no association with ecstasy use.

Question 15

Personal disapproval or stigmatization toward drug use

Answer 15

was protective against use, whereas knowing that drug users are publicly stigmatized did not act as a deterrent.