pakstudies chp 1 Flashcards
Pakistan`s ideology
- Islam guides muslims socially , ethically , politically religously and economically in the light of the teachings of the holy quran and sayings of Hazrat Muhammad.
- Muslims, among other
enslavedpeoples of the subcontinent, desired a sovereign state, independent of both the ruling British and dominant Hindu majority.They decided to establish it in areas where they were in the majority, where they could establish an islamic system of goverment. - Is in fact an Islamic ideology, nurtured into being by the efforts of Hazrat Mujjadad Alif Sani, Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah, Hazrat Syed Ahmad Shaheed, Hazrat Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal and Quaid-e-Azam, after years of struggle and sacrifices.
Quid-e-Azam`s take on pakistans ideology
- He led the muslims of the sub-
continent to a safe place,
brought the concept of a Muslim
state into a material form,&
suggested that pakistan came
into being when the first hindu
converted to islam
-1943,Karachi,Quaid-e-Azam stated,while clarifying the relation between Pakistan and Islam,that ` What is the relation which has
made Muslims a single body?
What is that rock on which the structure of millat is restored?
What is that base which has
secured the saftey of the boat
of this millat? That relation,rock
and base is the Holy Quran` - addressing students, March
1948, he statedour guide is islam and this is the complete code of our life
-21st march 1948 he addressed a crowd in Dhaka sayingI want not to see you talk as aSindhi,Balochi, Punjabi and Bengali.What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi,Sindhi or Pathan? We are only Muslims. -What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a seperate electorate for Muslims? What was the need of the division of India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor the tactics of British, but the basic demand of Islam”.
-Looking at the subcontinents history, the Quaid said that Muslims had never been a minority but a nation that had the right to establish an independent state in areas where they were in the majority
Allama Iqbals take on Pakistans ideology
- He stated that Hindus and Muslims are incapable of living together in one state, and that an independent Muslim would take shape sooner or later.
- He rejected the idea of a one state solution after the departure of the british.
- Declaring Islam a complete code of life, during the annual session of the All India Muslim League in 1930 at Allahabad, he demanded a Muslim stae in the north west of the subcontinent. He stated “ India is not a country but a subcontinent of human beings belonging to different languages and practising different religions. The Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity”
The basic principles of Pakistans ideology
- Muslims in the subcontinent required a seperate state to give practical shape to the absolute sovereignty of Allah All-Mighty, in order to establish an Islamic system based on the teachings of Harzat Muhammad PBUH.
- Islam is capable of meeting all needs of human life with guidelines to achieve the objectives of economy, morality and politics.
- Basic principles
1. Beliefs and prayers
2. Promotion of democratic values
3. Social justice and equality
4. Rights and duties of citizens
5. Equality and fraternity
The basic principles of Pakistans ideology :- 1. Beliefs and prayers
- Pakistan was needed in order for the Muslims of the subcontinent to have total religious freedom and offer their prayers comfortably.
-Beleifs centered around tawheed,prophethood,the day of judgement angels and revealed books are vital. - Acts of worship include namaz, fasting,zakat and Hajj.
-An important theme is that worship is reserved for Allah alone and a Muslim must spend day and night striving to please him. - Jihad or struggle is an important aspect of Islam that entails always being ready to sacrifice all of ones property and life for the sake of Allah all mighty.Types of jihad include Jihad-bin-nafas and Jihad-bin-mal.
- The sole purpose of acts of worship such as Jihad are to keep oneself a follower of Allah all mighty.They train a Muslim to adopt the path of Allah and to live for him.They prevent Muslims from seeking help from others except Allah all mighty and help
develop a Muslims character.
-Exemplary Muslims who perform all acts of worship make exemplary citizens in an Islamic state.
The basic principles of Pakistans ideology
:-2.Promotion of domestic values
- Counselling is the base of the Islamic state and society, and it promotes democracy.
- The government ensures equality and equity for all irrespective of their caste, colour language or race; performs all duties for general well fare while following the commands of Allah all mighty while being accountable to both Allah all mighty and the public in the performance of obligations.
- Citizens are consulted, respected and given due importance, and have the right to criticize the policies and decisions of the government.
- Sovereignty in an Islamic state belongs to Allah and the Amir conducts it as his delegate, while leading a simple life like all other members of the Islamic society and performing his duties according to the commands of Allah all mighty.Caliph Hazrat Abu Bakr told people not to follow his orders if they go against the Holy Quran and Sunnah.
- It was vital that Islamic principles be upheld along with a form of democracy completely different from that which was prevalent in the west.
- The Quaid said,in Sibi `Let us promote democracy according to Islamic principles.Allah all mighty has taught us to settle the issues of state by mutual consultation”.
The basic principles of Pakistans ideology :-3.Social justice and equality
- It was desired that Pakistan be a role model for other nations in that it would be a true Islamic social order that would uphold the Islamic principles of peace,justice,equality and fraternity, along with social wellfare.
- A just social system was set up,with emphasis on justice and equality , where every person was equal under the eyes of the law regardless of caste colour, laguage or culture.The judiciary was independent and the rule of law was maintained as well as respected;Khulaf-e-Rashideen such as Hazrat Umar,who did not allow his own son to escape punishment, were an example of this.
- The Islamic state gave women a dignified status, respecting their roles in life as sisters, mothers, daughters and wives.A popular saying among muslims is “paradise lies under the feet of mothers”, and Islam safeguards a woman’s social, economic ,cultural and domestic rights.The rights of women, such as those of inheritance are mentioned before those of men in the Holy Quran and Hadith, ensuring their safe and contented life.
- Islamic society and government are responsible for the fulfillment of the needs of elders,the needy,orphans and widows; wealth should not be selfishly accumulated, but used to deal justly between citizens.
The basic principles of Pakistans ideology:-
4.Rights and duties of citizens
-The government would have to remember the importance of protecting the rights of citizens,who would in turn keep in mind their duties and responsibilities.An important theme in Islam is that duties and rights are interlinked, meaning that the duty of one is the right of another, as the balance of rights and duties prevailing would make the Islamic state successful.
-Fundamental human rights are to be enjoyed by all without discrimination; a citizens life,wealth and honour are protected and they are helped in aquiring education and health.Islamic democracy was ahead of the west when it came to allowing the well fare of all, without discrimination of race or class.One of the objectives of Pakistan was to provide equal rights for the many who had been behind in society,to ensure a perfect social system.
-The Quaid made it clear that minorities would always be protected in the state of Pakistan ,would have rights and could
live, own property ,maintain their honour and practice their religion freely.
-The dream of the establishment of an Islamic society was made a reality with the creation of Pakistan, a state that would adopt just Islamic principles and uplift humanity,a place where Muslims could live routine collective or individual lives according to their religious principles.
The basic principles of Islamic democracy
:-5.Equality and fraternity
- Islam is a religion of peace and security,that promotes equality and fraternity among Muslims. Fraternity entails love,sincerity,sacrifice,generosity and affection.
- Among the excellent virtues that strengthen an Islamic state is the feeling of brotherhood between Muslims within it ; the grief of one is the grief of all and the joy of one is the joy of all.
Pakistan, the result of muslim struggle
- Centuries old Muslim rule in the subcontinent ended after the arrival of the British who came because of commercial interests,but stayed after they saw within the mistrust and divides among the natives, the golden opportunity of colonial rule that would last for two centuries.
-Tipu sultan and Siraj-ud-daula were among the first to be usurped from power.
-Awar of independencewas fought in 1857 by the natives but British rule prevailed.
-After 1950, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan started the Aligargh movement, which awakened the Muslims by motivating them to acquire modern education, thus enabling them to stand with the then educated Hindu majority socially and economically.
-Allama Iqbal was among the first to present the idea of Pakistan.
-TheAll India Muslim Leaguewas established.
-Muslims of the subcontinent were anxious to rid themselves of theirenslavedreality
and feared that the democracy that would follow the departure of the British would be dominated by the Hindu majority,and thus would also be in favour of that Hindu majority.
-Under the guidance of the Quaid, and the political leadership of theAll India Muslim League, after much struggle, hardship, and sacrifice, an independent Muslim homeland was finally created, free of British and Hindu monopoly.
-Muslims from all walks of life,of all genders and from all over India led the struggle, be they students,religious leaders or clerics,or famous personalities.Examples include:
1. Sardar Auranzeb Khan
2. Pir Manki Sharif
3. Sahabzada Abdul Qayyum from KPK (sarhad)
4. Qazi Muhammad Eysa
5. Nawab Muhammad Khan Jogeizai
6. Mir Sohrab Khan Shaheed
7. Pir Surghtullah, who was martyred in Sindh, leading the Hur against the British
8. Sir Abdullah Hroon (Sindh)
9. Aga Hassan Afandi (Sindh)
Aligarh movement
-After the failure of the 1857 war of independence, blame landed soley on Muslim shoulders, despite large scale Hindu involvement in the war. Muslims suddenly found themselves left out of a new Hindu-British friendship and began to receive punishment.
- Muslims were killed mercilessly,their properties were confiscated,fired from their government jobs and their feudal land grants(jagirs) were revoked.
The doors of government educational instituitions began closing for them,their masgids and madrassas were locked.
They were crushed socially and economically, and lived in a down trodden state.
-W.W.Hunters statedThe properties of Muslims were distributed among the Hindus and the Sikhs,and to be a Muslim was considered a crime.
-Lord Roberts stated ` I passed through the Chandni Chowk Dehli. There were dead bodies lying everywhere.
-Bosworth Smith statedThe British soldiers were like blood hounds.They entered one house after the other and looted the belongings of the Muslims.
-Sir Syed Ahmad Khan wrote about Muslim misery No devil from the sky has decended on earth before ransacking the house of a Muslim`.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh movement
- Sir Syed was a god send for the Muslims of India, for whom he strived for many years, whose future he lived for.His movement saved them from their uneducated reality.
- Sir Richard Raymond praised Sir Syeds efforts in his book.
- Among Sir Syed Ahmads helpers were
1. Maulana Hali
2. Maulana Shibli Nomani
3. Maulana Chiragh Ali
4. Mohsin-ul-Mulk
5. Viqar-ul-Mulk - Sir Syeds movement provided the Muslims with:-
1. educational services
2. literary services
3. social and economic services
4. political services
The Aligarh movements education service
- Sir Syed thought that education was the top priority for the Muslims, as it would return them their honour and bring them up to the level of the Hindus socially and economically.
- He advised Muslim youth to study western education such as science,modern literature and social science, establishing educational instituitions such as the ones in Muradabad(1859), Ghazi(1862) and the M.A.O school in Aligarh(1857, which was later upgraded to a college,called the Muslim university Aligarh in 1920), and guided them both spiritually and practically.
- Even though Sir Syed wanted the Muslim youth to study english in order to learn western sciences,he established the
Scientific societyat Ghazipur in 1863(for the translation of books written in western langueges into Urdu), which was shifted to Aligarh in 1876.Soon many works were translated, creating a wealth of information in Urdu, which increased over time. - Sir Syed established the Muhammaden Educational Confrence (1886), which helped financing the needs of education for Muslims.It was a multi-purpose instituition that served the Muslim community in social, cultural, religious and political fields.
The Aligarh movements literary services
Brief
The Aligarh movement had a group of intellectuals, who all used literature for national progress and wrote many publications that brought a great revolution in the lives of Muslims.They were:-
- Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
- Maulana Shibli Noumani
- Maulana Hali
- Maulana Nazeer Ahmad
The Aligarh movements literary services
(details)
Sir Syed Ahmad Khans contribution
- Khutbat-e-Ahmadia
- Tabbian-ul-Kalam
- Ain-Akbari
- Aasar-ul-Sanadeed
- Tafseer-e-Quran
- Risala Tehzib-ul-Ikhlaq
The Aligarh movements literary services
(details)
Maulana Hali’s contribution
- Mussadas-e-Hali
- Diwan-e-Hali
- Moazana Dabeer-o-Anees
The Aligarh movements literary servies
(details)
Maulana Nazeer Ahmads contribution
- Maraat-ul-Uroos
- Tobah-tun-Nasuh
- Ibne-ul-Waqat
The Aligarh movements literary services
(details)
Maulana Shibli Noumani
- Seerat-un-Nabi
- Al-Farooq
- Al-Ghazali
The Aligarh movements social and economic services
Steps were taken to reinstate the Muslims to their former status.
- Sir syed wrote 3 books, “Tabiyan-ul-Kalam”, “Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-e-Hind”,and “Loyal Muhammadans of India”, in order to bridge the gap between the british and the muslims.
- He helped stop persecution of Muslims.
- He reopened the doors of employment for muslims
- He changed the Muslim attitude towrd the british.
The Aligarh movements Political services
Although Sir Syed preferred that the Muslims stay away from politics, wanting them to focus on acquiring an education,he decided to take a few important political steps in their stead.
- At a time he encouraged Hindu-Muslim reconciliation by recruiting Hindu teachers and allowing Hindu students admission to his educational instituition, however after the Hindi-Urdu controversy(1867) took place, with the Hindu’s demanding that Hindi become the language of the administration instead of Urdu,he changed his attitude and began campaigning for Muslim rights,as well as for the recognition of muslims as a seprate nation.
- One of the first prominent Muslims to do so,Sir Syed began to agree with the “Two Nation Theory”, thinking that it was the solution to problems within the subcontinent,that the Muslims deserved a seprate nation with their own customs,traditions, and culture; it became the base of his political strategy.
- Sir Syed promoted the views of Shah Walli Ullah, and Hazrat Mujadad Alif Sani.
- Sir Syed asked for special seats for the muslims in local councils.
- Sir Syed started a movement against open competitive examinations for superior services.
-Sir Syed kept the Muslims away from the “Indian National Congress” established in 1885 by A.O.Hume.
_quote is missing
Establishment of the “All India Muslim league”
- occurred in Dhaka during the annual session of “Muhammadan Education conference”.
- Nawab Salim Ullah khan of Dhaka requested a meeting be held to discuss political issues.
- in the meeting all delegates agreed to form a permanent political party to cater to political Muslim needs.
- Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Hakim Ajmal khan and Nawab Salim Ullah Khan supported the proposal.
- Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting
- Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk were elected as president and secretary of the party respectively.
- head quaters were established at Aligarh.
- branches were established in all provinces.
- Syed Ameer Ali was appointed president of the London branch.
- circumstances prevailing in the beginning of the twentieth century caused the Muslims to form a political platform.
Causes of the establishment of the “All India Muslim league”
- ESTABLISHMENT OF THE “INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS” :- which was in reality a party working soley for Hindu interests, with many Hindu extremists in top positions in the party; the Muslims were thus compelled to form a political party working for their benefit, to counter the “Indian national congress”.
- COMMUNALISM:- the Muslims
were frightened of the actions of Hindu
extremist parties such as Sanghtan,Shudhi,Arya Samaj, and
Hindu Mahasaba, which
endangered Muslim life. - PARTITION OF BENGAL:- created a new province of east Bengal, and was done by the British for administrative reasons, was welcomed by the Muslims as this gave them better control in an area where they were the majorty; however due to strong Hindu opposition it was reversed.
- URDU-HINDI CONTROVERSY:-
-Numerous Hindu organisations, including the Indian national congress, campaigned to replace Urdu with Hindi and Persian and Arabic scripts with devangri script; a campaign supported by the governors of Bengal and Uttarpardesh.
- Muslim culture and language needed protection as well as support, while Muslims required their views be presented to the government. - POLITICAL REFORMS :- the liberals,after winning the British elections, announced their intention
of implementing certain political reforms, as well as reforming political institutions, which provided an opportunity for the Muslims to form a political party and represent themselves. - SIMLA DEPUTATION:- At Simla, 1rst October 1906, Viceroy Lord Minto was called upon by a deputation of Muslim leaders led by Sir Agha Khan, and presented a memorandum demanding basic political economic and cultural rights of the Muslims, one of which was to introduce a separate electorate for the Muslims.Lord Minto received them well and this encouraged the Muslim leaders to establish the “All India Muslim league”.
Objectives of the “All India Muslim League”
- To create understanding between the government and the Indian Muslims.
- To promote feelings of loyalty among Indian Muslims for the British.
- To coordinate with other political parties for the general welfare of the people
- To protect the rights of the Muslim nation by interacting with government agencies.
Importance of the “All India Muslim league”
-The “All India Muslim league”, under the guidance of Agha Khan, Viqar-ul-Mulk, and Quaid-e-Azam, worked hard to establish the Muslims as a separate entity, and get the rights of the Muslims acknowledged
by the government.
- 1909, the law of separate electorate was introduced and a separate quota for Muslims was fixed in the legislature.
-The Muslim league often engaged in dialogue with other parties for the future of the sub-continent.
