PAk

Question 1

What are the margins of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 1

From the thoracic inlet
to the sternal angle and the IV between T4 and T5

Question 2

What are the three divisons of the inferior mediastinum?

Answer 2

Anterior mediastinum
Middle mediastinum
Posterior mediastinum

Question 3

What are the margins of the Anterior mediastinum?

Answer 3

Located between the Sternum and pericardium

Question 4

What are the margins of the Middle mediastinum?

Answer 4

Between the anterior and posterior mediastinum

Question 5

What are the margins of the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 5

Between the pericardium and thoracic vertebrae

Question 6

What does the superior mediastinum contain?

Answer 6

Anteriorly: thymus gland
(or its remains) and great veins

Middle: aortic arch and its three great branches, vagus nerve, phrenic nerve.

Posteriorly: Trachea, esophagus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, thoracic duct.

Question 7

What are the structures that can get affected from an improper sternal puncture in the manubrium??

Answer 7

In the upper part: Left brachiocephalic vein (bc the great veins are in the upper part of the superior mediastinum)

In the lower part aortic arch (bc it is in the middle )

Question 8

What does the anterior part of the inferior mediastinum contain?

Answer 8

Thymus gland (bc it is big)
Lymph nodes
Fat (bc you can fat mostly from the anterior)

Question 9

When does the involution of the Thymus begin?

Answer 9

After puberty

Question 10

What does the middle mediastinum of the inferior mediastinum contain?

Answer 10

Heart within the pericardium

Roots of great vessels (aorta,pulmonary arteries and veins, SVC and IVC)

phrenic nerves

main bronchi

arch of azygous

Question 11

What are the 3 great branches of the aortic arch?

Answer 11

Left subclavian artery

Left common carotid artery

Left brachiocephalic trunk

Question 12

What is the key identification point to differentiate between the middle mediastinum and poster

Question 13

What does the posterior mediastinum?

Answer 13

Esophagus (#5) (with
vagal plexuses)

Descending aorta
and branches

 Azygos (#8) and
Hemiazygos venous systems

 Thoracic duct 

Sympathetic trunk
(#21) and splanchnic nerves (#19)

Question 14

The superior vena cava is formed by the union of what veins? What are they considered?

Answer 14

Formed by: union of right and left brachiocephalic veins (bc brach is like branch, and cephalic bc the svc is close to cephalic, so the union of two branches)

Considered as: Roots of SVC

Question 15

From where does the SVC get its blood?

Answer 15

upper half of the body to the heart

Question 16

Where is the azygous vein connected to the SVC? Before the svc does what?

Answer 16

Connected from posterior (remeber hemi)

Before: The SVC pierces the pericardium.

Question 17

The Right brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of what veins?

Answer 17

Right subclavian vein and right internal jugular vein (bc cephalic, so close to the root of the neck, so subclavian and internal juglar)

Question 18

What side is the azygous and superior and inferior hemiazygous veins located?

Answer 18

azygous Right

superior and inferior hemiazygous Left (bc they are incomplete like the “left”)

Question 19

From Where does the azygous system of veins drain blood?

Answer 19

From posterior parts of the intercostal spaces (exhaust)

Posterior abdominal wall (exaust from the body of the car)

Pericardium (body of car)

Diaphragm (exauhst)

bronchi

esophagus

Question 20

Where does the inferior vena cava recive blood?

Answer 20

Lower half of the body

Question 21

What and where does the inferior vena cava pierce? At what level of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 21

Pierces the central tendon of the diphragm at T8.

(Central bc it is in the posterior medial part of the heart)

Question 22

What are the 3 parts of the aorta?

Answer 22

ascending
descending
arch of aorta

Question 23

What does the diaphrgam seperate the descending aorta into?

Answer 23

thoracic (above diaphragm)

Abdominal (below)

Question 24

When does the ascending aorta become continous with the aortic arch?

Answer 24

At the level of sternal angle (makes sense bc it is in the superior mediastinum)

Question 25

What are the branches of the ascending aorta?

Answer 25

Right and left coronary (bc it is closest to the heart)

Question 26

What is Aneurysm of the aortic arch?

Answer 26

Swelling of it which causes pressure on the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Question 27

What is the Aneurysm of the thoracic aorta? How can it be felt?

Answer 27

It is A dilation of the thoracic aorta

Felt palpating the trachea at the sternal angle (t2) (makes sense bc the trachea bifuritates over here)

Question 28

What is Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 28

Results of the faliure of the ductus arteriosus to close before birth.
(bc it is patent, and a patent is submitted before the product is finished.)

Question 29

What is the sound that is heard in Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 29

A machine like systolic and diastolic murmur.
(bc machines are patented)

Question 30

What keeps the ductus aretriosus open?

Answer 30

Prostagladin E

low oxygen O2

Question 31

What are two major causes of patent ductus aretiosus?

Answer 31

1. Premature birth

2.Rebella virus

Question 32

What are some complications that are caused by patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 32

Left to right shunt (bc there is an opening between them)

Pulmonary hypertension (bc the increased volume of blood increases the pressure)

Question 33

Is PDA Cyantonic?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What is the treatment for PDA?

Answer 34

Surgical division and ligation.

Question 35

What is prone to injuries during Patent ductus aretiosus?

Answer 35

Left recurrent laryngal nerve

Question 36

Where does the the esophagus start?

Answer 36

cricoid
cartilage (C6)

Question 37

Where does the esophagus pierce the diphragm?

Answer 37

T10

(bc when I was ten I became phat)

Question 38

What is the divison in the types of muscles in the esophagus?

Answer 38

Upper 1/3 = skeletal (makes sense bc you have to swallow.

Mid 1/3 = mixed both smooth and skeletal (bc if food gets stuck you might be able to force it or it might relive it self)

Lower 1/3 = Only smooth (bc khalas is almost reached the stomach)

Question 39

how do the Phrenic nerves run in relation to the root of the lung?

Answer 39

Anterior to the root of the lung
while vagus is posterior