PAIx Flashcards
Kick paix
Differentiate standard deviation and standard error.
Deviation: the variation in the data.
Error: the variation in the means.
Differentiate Fundamental and realized niche.
Fundamental is where an organism can survive. Realized is what they actually can use because of interactions.
What does greater variance do to a normal distribution curve?
Makes its peak shorter, and wider.
What does greater variance do to a normal distribution curve?
Makes its peak shorter, and wider.
Why is the world green?
Population regulation. (top down by press, bottom up by resources, lateral by competition)
What are meta-population dynamics?
The study of interactions in a population through time and space. Including immigration, emigration. Can be local extinctions and repopulations.
What is a meta population?
Made up of a number of small groups of individuals. These sub populations occupy habitat patches.
How do we qualify disturbances?
Type (biotic or abiotic), Frequency (diurnal, annual, random), Severity ( tsunami vs. Tide)
Describe and apply the intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Describes how species diversity is highest at a medium level of disturbance, because at high end: low tolerance to the disturbance, at low end: competitive exclusion. Apply to
What’s competitive exclusion?
When multiple species are competing for a limiting resource, they may not coexist at a constant population size. The one better suited to the environment will win out in the long term.
Press vs pulse disturbance.
Press is consistent. Pulse is once in a while
Why must plants defend themselves?
They are sessile, must limit how much herbivores may consume them…
Mechanical defence. Why?
A physical feature or response in plant defence. Can be
1) Inducible (turned on in response to perceived danger) (more effective if danger is infrequent)
2) Constitutive (always there.) (better bang for buck if more consistent predation)
Chemical defence. Why?
A chemical feature for plant defence.
1) qualitative (how significant is the chemical?)
2) quantitative (how much of the chemical is there. The more there is, the more it’s defended)
In plant anatomy, what is a node vs an internodes?
Nodes are where new growth of stem, leaves, and stuff occurs. Internodes are the areas between the nodes.
Plant organ types:
Stems
leaves
roots
Plant tissue types:
Epidermis
Vascular
Mesoderm
What is a digestibility reducer?
A constitutive defence. Makes it less rewarding to consume the plant. Typically in cell wall (structural) or vacuole(chemical).
What are the four parts of a stage based approach to invasion?
1) Transport
2) Establishment
3) Spread
4) Impact
Four categories of mutualism?
Energetic
Nutritional
Protective
Transport
What determines type of plant defence (qual vs. quant) and why?
Plant apparently theory:
if it is apparent, then quantitative
if it is not apparent, qualitative
Because Apparent ones are more likely to be consumed will need more available, consistent defence. Better energy investment. Non- apparent are better with small quantities of a qualitative defence to defend against occasional specialist herbivores.
Resource availability theory
Whatever resources are available will be used by a plant for defence.
Polyphagy vs. monophagy.
Generalists vs specialists.
Generalists = broad breadth of diet
Specialists = typically highly coevolved. tend to be r selected
R vs K selected
R is live fast die young
K is live slow, die old
Generalism. Why? and by which mechanism
Decreases competition.( By resource partitioning.
Think different parts of the tree used by diff birds.
Access same resources in a diff way.)
Decrease toxin exposure. You can choose what to eat and what not to.
Predator avoidance. Choose what will kill your parasitoids (woolly bears)
Hit me with the experiment funnel.
1) Big question
2) Study system and trait
3) Challenges? + how you address them?
4) Explicit hypotheses
5) Design specific study/ experiment
What is the trophic cascade?
A negative direct causes a positive indirect effect.
Ex. deers decreased by predation (-ve) then plants increase (+ve)
What is a regression analysis? When do you use it?
Used for data where dependent and independent are continuous. You would use a SCATTERPLOT.
Can be simple linear w ONE independent
Multiple regression with MULTIPLE independents
Non linear
Characteristics shared by invasive species.
High fecundity Small body size High genetic diversity High phenotypic plasticity Vegetative or asexual reproduction Broad native range Abundant in native range Physiological tolerance Habitat generalist Human commensal Loss of natural enemies Polyphagy
What leads to invasion?
Species-poor habitats
Habitats disturbed
Islands
