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Pharmacy stage 3 - pain > pain mechanism 1 > Flashcards

pain mechanism 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is pain?

A

unpleasant phenomenon uniquely experienced by each individual

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2
Q

three systems that produce pain?

A
  1. sensory
  2. motivational
  3. cognitive
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3
Q

what does the sensory system do?

A

a discriminative system that processes info about strength, intensity, quality and spatial aspects of pain.

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4
Q

what does the motivational system do?

A

an affective system that determines the persons approach-avoidance behaviour

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5
Q

what does the cognitive system do?

A

it evaluates the individuals behaviour concerning their experience of pain.

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6
Q

what is somatogenic pain?

A

pain with a localised cause.

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7
Q

two types of somatogenic pain?

A
  1. nociceptive

2. neuropathic

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8
Q

what is psychogenic pain?

A

pain where there’s no physical cause - more to do with CNS process is disturbed

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9
Q

what is acute pain?

A

a protective mechanism that alerts the individual to a condition or experience that is immediately harmful to the body

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10
Q

what nervous system is associated with the perception of pain?

A

autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

what is chronic pain?

A

persistent or intermittent usually defined as lasting at least 3-6 months. (continues when it should not)

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12
Q

what decreases pain tolerance?

A
  • with repeated exposure to pain,
  • by fatigue, anger, boredom, apprehension
  • sleep deprivation.
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13
Q

what increases pain tolerance?

A
  • by alcohol consumption,
  • medication, hypnosis,
  • warmth, distracting activities
  • strong beliefs or faith.
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14
Q

what effect does age have on pain threshold?

A

threshold increases with age

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15
Q

what is the gate theory of pain?

A

signals received and sent to the spinal cord (the gate), which decides whether to amplify the pain or attenuate it.

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16
Q

what type of afferent nociceptors do bone and visceral tissues have?

A

peptidergic C afferents

17
Q

where are nociceptors localised to?

A

muscle, skin and viscera

18
Q

which are more and least myelinated out of A-beta, A-delta and C fibres?

A 
A-beta = most myelinated (thick myelin sheath)
C = least myelinated (no myelin sheath)
A-delta  = thin myelin sheath
19
Q

what are A-delta fibres useful for?

A

crucial for the fast signalling of injury

20
Q

what fibres are 1st and 2nd pain detected by?

A

1st pain is mainly detected by A-beta and delta whilst 2nd pain is detected by C fibres.

21
Q

what are TRP (VR) classes of nociceptors for?

A

thermal sensitivity

22
Q

what are TREK classes of nociceptors for?

A

co-expressed with TRP and K+ channels for heat sensitivity. Activity is reduced by heat

23
Q

what are ASICS and DRASICS classes of nociceptors for?

A

detect H+ and are cation selective. DRASICS also detect mechanical stimuli.

24
Q

what are MDEG classes of nociceptors for?

A

sensitive to sodium channels

25
Q

where are nociceptive inputs received in the spinal cord?

A

-at the superficial laminae I and II

26
Q

where are mechanoreceptor afferents received in the spinal cord?

A

-at the superficial laminae III to VI (3-6)

27
Q

what are the three major types of superficial dorsal horn neurons?

A
  1. projection neurons
  2. excitatory interneurons
  3. inhibitory interneourons
28
Q

what is the effect of acute pain on DH neurones?

A

fast and slow depolarization of DH neurones.

29
Q

what causes chronic pain?

A
  • prolonged input from A-delta and C afferents activate NMDA

- this triggers sensitisation, hyperalgesia and allodynia

30
Q

what does the neospinothalamic tract do?

A

carries information to the mid brain, thalamus and post central gyrus (where pain is perceived)

31
Q

what does the paleospinothalamic tract do?

A

carries information to the reticular formation, pons, limbic system, and mid brain (more synapses to different structures of brain)

32
Q

what is the thalamus sensitive cortex used for in pain?

A
  1. percieves
  2. describes
  3. localises
    PAIN
33
Q

what do the thalamus, brainstem and reticular formation do?

A

identify dull longer-lasting, and diffuse pain

34
Q

what do the reticular formation and limbic system do?

A

control the emotional and affective response to pain

35
Q

what does the efferent analgesic system do?

A

inhibits afferent pain signals

36
Q

how does the efferent analgesic system work?

A
  1. pain afferents stimulates the neurons in periaqueductal gray (PAG)
  2. then impulses are transmitted through the spinal cord to the dorsal horn
  3. here they inhibit or block transmission of nociceptive signals at the level of dorsal horn

Pharmacy stage 3 - pain (6 decks)

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