Pain Management Flashcards
What is transduction?
Conversion of stimulus into electrical energy
What is transmission?
Sending if impulse across a sensory pain nerve fiber (nociceptor)
What is perception?
The patients experience of pain
What is modulation?
Inhibition of pain / release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
What are the 4 physiological processes of normal pain?
Transduction
Transmission
Perception
Modulation
What is Gate-Control theory of pain?
Founded by melzack & wall 1965
First to suggest that pain had emotional & cognitive components in addiction to a physical sensation
Pain impulses pass through when a gate is open and are blocked when a gate is closed
What are some behavioral responses?
Clenching of teeth
Facial grimacing
Holding or guarding the painful part
Bent posture
What is Acute / Transient pain?
Protective, identifiable, short duration; limited emotional response
What is chronic / Persistent noncancer
Is not protective, has no purpose, may or may not have an identifiable cause
What is Chronic episodic pain?
Occurs sporadically over an extended duration
What is cancer pain?
Can be acute or chronic
What is inferred pathological pain?
Muscle skeletal, visceral, or neuropathic
What is idiopathic pain?
Chronic pain w/o identifiable physical or psychological cause
What are some physiological factors that include pain?
Age
Fatigue
Genes
Neurological function
- fatigue increases the perception of pain & can cause problems with sleep and rest
What are some social factors that influence pain?
Attention
Previous experiences
Family & support groups
Spiritual “why am I suffering”
What are some psychological factors that influence pain?
Anxiety
Coping: which can have negative and positive effects
What are some cultural factors that influence pain?
Meaning of pain
Ethnicity
What is the clinical tool used to assess pain?
A = Ask about pain regularly, be systematic
B = Believe the patient and family
C = Choose pain control options appropriate for the patient
D = Deliver interventions in a timely manner
E = Empower patient and their families to control their plan and course of action
What are some characteristics of pain?
Onset and duration
Location
Intensity
Quality
Pattern
Relief measures
Contributing symptoms
Effects of pain on the patient
What are some behavioral assessments / effects of pain on patient?
Assess verbalization, vocal response, facial & body movements, and social interaction
What are some assessment/ effects of pain on a patient performing activities of daily living (ADLs)?
Physical deconditioning
Sleep disturbances
Sexual relationships
Ability to work ( outside of and in the home)
What are some Non-pharmacological Interventions
Relaxation & guided imagery
Cognitive and behavioral approach
Herbals
Reducing pain perception
Distraction
Music
Cutaneous stimulation
(Message, tens, heat and cold)
What are some analgesics for acute pain management?
Non-opioids (non-opioids)
Narcotics (opioids)
Adjuvants / coanalgesics
What are some pharmacological pain relief delivery systems?
Panting contolled analgesia (PCA)
Local / Regional anesthesia
Topical agents / Transdermal patches
Epidural
