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Health Assessment - RLE > Pain Assessment > Flashcards

Pain Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

5th vital sign

A

pain

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2
Q

the most common reason to seek medical advice

A

pain

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3
Q

a portective mechanism or a warning to prevent injury

A

pain

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4
Q

nociceptors also called as

A

pain receptors

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5
Q

are the nerve endings in the skin that respond only to intense, potentially damaging stimuli

A

nociceptors

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6
Q

do not contain nerve endings

A

large intestine organs

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7
Q

______________________________________________________________________________________________ also have nociceptors

A

joints, skeletal muscle, fascia tendons and cornea

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8
Q

are chemicals that incraese transmission of pain

A

histamine, bradykinin, acetylcholine, serotonin and substance P

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9
Q

are chemical substances that are believed to increase the sensivity of pain receptors by enhancing the pain provoking effect of bradykinin

A

Prostaglandins

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10
Q

2 main types of fibers involved in the transmission of nociceptors:

A
  • myelinated, A delta fibers - “first pain”
  • Type C fibers - “2nd pain”
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11
Q

chemicals that reduce or inhibit transmission of perception of pain include:

A

endorphins and enkaphalins

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12
Q

Process of Pain

A
  1. Transduction
  2. Transmission
  3. Perception
  4. Modulation
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13
Q

injured tissue releases chemicals that affect nociceptors sending pain messages up/to sensory neuron

A

Transduction

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14
Q

pain impulse from the nociceptors to the brain

A

transmission

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15
Q

pain percieved by the brain

A

Perception

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16
Q

pain message is inhibited by brain stem neuron release of endogenous neurotransmitters

A

Modulation

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17
Q

Gate Control Theory was proposed by whom and when?

A

Melzack and Wall, 1965

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18
Q

main part of Gate Control Theory

A

spinal cord

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19
Q
  • stimulation of the skin evokes nervous impulses
  • stimulation of the large diameter fibers inhibits the transmission of pain thus, closing the gate
A

Gate Control Theory

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20
Q

Types of Pain
Classified according to Duration/Etiology

A
  • Acute
  • Chronic
  • Cancer-related Pain
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21
Q
  • usually of recent onset
  • commonly associated with specific injury
  • lasting from seconds to 6 months
A

Acute Pain

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22
Q
  • constant or intermittent pain that persists beyond the expected healing time
  • seldom attributed to a specific injury
  • lasts for 6 months or longer
A

Chronic Pain

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23
Q

Types of Pain
Classified by location/perception

A

Visceral
Somatic
Cutaneous
Radiating
Referred
Phantom

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24
Q

internal organs (pain)

A

visceral pain

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25
Q

pain in muscles, joints

A

somatic pain

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26
Q

pain in skin -> nerve endings (superficial)

A

cutaneous pain

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27
Q

pain that travels from one body part to another. This pain starts in one place and then spreads into a broader area of the body

A

radiating pain

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28
Q

occurs when pain receptors in the pelvis, abdomen, chest, or intestines are activated. We experience it when our internal organs and tissues are damaged or injured.

A

visceral pain

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29
Q

can be deep or superficial, with the deeper pain coming from the skeletal structure, tendons, and muscles.

A

somatic pain

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30
Q

Pain that arises from the skin and muscles or peripheral nerves themselves

A

cutaneous pain

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31
Q

when you have an injury in one area of your body but feel pain somewhere else. This happens because all the nerves in your body are part of a huge, connected network.

A

referred pain

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32
Q

when you feel pain in a body part that you no longer have

A

phantom pain

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33
Q

Classification of Pain (other categories)

A
  • Neuropathic Pain
  • Nociceptive Pain
  • Psychogenic Pain
  • Intractable Pain
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34
Q

nerves (pain)

A

Neuropathic Pain

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35
Q

nerve pain that can happen if your nervous system malfunctions or gets damaged

A

Neuropathic Pain

36
Q

tissues (pain)

A

Nociceptive Pain

37
Q

a type of pain caused by damage to body tissue

A

Nociceptive Pain

38
Q

emotional stressors (pain)

A

Psychogenic Pain

39
Q

is a pain disorder associated with psychological factors.

A

Psychogenic Pain

40
Q

severe and unimaginable (pain)

A

Intractable Pain

41
Q

is a severe, constant, relentless, and debilitating pain that is not curable by any known means and which causes a house-bound or bed-bound state and early death if not adequately treate

A

Intractable Pain

42
Q

factors influencing pain response

A
  • age
  • past experience
  • anxiety and depression
  • culture
  • gender
  • genetics
  • placebo effect
43
Q

what are the 4 assessments we can use in assessing pain?

A

WHAT’S UP
PQRST
OLDCART
COLDSPA

44
Q

WHAT’S UP

A

W - where is the pain?
H - How does the pain feel?
A - Aggravating and alleviating factors
T - Timing
S - Severity

U - Useful other data
P - Perception

45
Q

PQRST

A

Provoked
Quality
Region/Radiation
Severity
Timing

46
Q

OLDCART

A

Onset
Location
Duration
Characteristics
Aggravating Factors
Radiation
Treatment

47
Q

COLDSPA

A

Character
Onset
Location
Duration
Severity
Pattern
Associated Factors (Aggravating Factors)

48
Q

PAIN ASSESSMENT TOOLS

A
  • Daily Pain Diary
  • Visual Analog Scale
  • Verbal Description Scale
  • Wong-Baker Scale
  • McCaffrey Initial Pain Assessment Tool
  • Pediatric Assessment Tool
  • FLACC Behavioral Scale
  • Universal Pain Assessment Tool
  • Numerical Pain Rating Scale
  • Memorial Pain Assessment Card
49
Q

for clients who experience chronic pain

A

Daily Pain Diary

50
Q

may help the client and identify pain patterns and factors that exacerbate or mediate pain

A

Daily Pain Diary

51
Q

the record can include time or onset of pain, activity before pain, pain-related positions or behaviors, pain intensity level, uses of analgesics or other relief measures, duration of pain, time spent in relief activities

A

Daily Pain Diary

52
Q
  • most commonly used in the hospital
  • includes numbers to determine the pain
A

Numerical Rating Scale

53
Q

simple descriptive pain intensity scale

A

Verbal Description Scale

54
Q
  • best for cognitively impaired patients
  • for pediatrics
A

Wong-Baker Scale

55
Q
  • document to remember pain assessment of patient
  • detailed
A

McCaffrey Initial Pain Assessment Tool

56
Q
  • pain assessment tool for cancer patients
A

Memorial Pain Assessment Card

57
Q

normal systolic pressure

A

100-130 mmHg

58
Q

normal diastolic pressure

A

60-80 mmHg

59
Q
  • the nurse should ask the client about allergies to medications and the nature of any previous allergic responses
A

Premedication assessment

60
Q
  • the nurse obtains the client’s medication history, along with a histor of health disorders
A

Premedication assessment

61
Q
  • refers to the use of more than one form of analgesia concurrently to obtain more pain relief with fewer side effects
A

Balanced Analgesia

62
Q
  • the nurse waits for the client to complain of pain and then administer analgesia
A

Pro re nata

63
Q

in using this approach, the nurse should assess the client for sedation before administering the next dose

A

Preventive Approach

64
Q

the goal is to admninister analgesia before pain becomes severe

A

Preventive Approach

65
Q

used to manage post-operative pain as well as persistent pain

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia

66
Q

allows clients to control the administration of their own medication within predetermined safety limits

A

Patient Controlled Analgesia

67
Q

Pharmacologic Therapy

A

Non opioid
Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioids
Morphine
Hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
Meperidine (Demerol)
Normeperidine
Fentanyl (Sublimaze, Duragesic)
Methadone
Opioid Antagonists
Naloxone (Narcan)
Steroids
Tricyclic Anti-depressants (Amitriptyline, Imipramine, Desipramine, and Doxepin)
Anticonvulsants (Carbamazepine (Tegretol) and Gabapentin (Neurontin)

68
Q

Routes of Drugs Administration

A

Oral
Rectal
Transdermal Patch
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intraspinal

69
Q

cutting the nerves in the spinal cord to relieve pain

A

Cordotomy

70
Q

sensory nerve roots are destroyed where they enter the spinal cord

A

Rhizotomy

71
Q

the spinal roots are divided and banded with a clip to form a lesion and produce subsequent loss of sensation

A

Rhizotomy

72
Q
  • is a generalized cutaneous stimulation on the back and shoulders
  • it promotes comfort through muscle relaxation
A

Massage

73
Q

used when a certain are is inflamed

A

ice compress

74
Q

warm compress is used when there is

A

vasodilation, muscle aches, joint aches and for good blood flow

75
Q
  • uses battery operated …. with electrodes applied to the skin to produce a tingling, vibratory or buzzing sensation in the area of pain
A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TEMS)

76
Q

decrease pain by stimulating the main pain receptors in the same area as the fibers that transmit pain

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TEMS)

77
Q

focusing the client’s attention or something other than the pain

A

Distraction/Diversional Activities

78
Q

belived to reduce pain by relaxing tense muscles that contribute to the pain

A

Relaxation Techniques

79
Q

using one’s imagination in a special way to achieve a specific positive effect

A

guided imagery

80
Q

is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or
described in terms of such damage

A

PAIN

81
Q

Types of Pain
Based on intensity

A

Mild pain
Moderate pain
Severe pain

82
Q

Pain is classified

A

Based on location
Based on intensity
Based on duration
Based on etiology

83
Q

Types of Chronic Pain

A

Chronic non cancer pain
Chronic episodic pain
Chronic cancer pain

84
Q

It usually resolves, with or without treatment, after an
injured area heal

A

ACUTE PAIN

85
Q

Unrelieved acute pain can progress to

A

chronic pain

86
Q

pain episodes last for hours, days, weeks.

A

Chronic Episodic pain

87
Q

effective in relieving or decreasing the amount of analgesic agents required in clients with acute and chronic pain

A

hynopsis

Health Assessment - RLE (6 decks)

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