Pain Flashcards
What is Nociceptive Pain?
Nociceptive pain is physiological pain produced by noxious stimuli that activate high-threshold nociceptive neurons.
Is Nociceptive Pain good or bad?
Nociceptive pain is adaptive, allows healing and is protective.
What is Gate Theory?
Gate Theory describes interactions between nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs.
The gate control theory of pain asserts that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system. Therefore, stimulation by non-noxious input is able to suppress pain.
What are the 4 General Types of Pain?
Nociceptive, Inflammatory, Dysfunctional and Neuropathic
What is Referred Pain?
Pain localized to a site distant from where it’s coming from. This is related to Visceral Pain.
What is Inflammatory Pain?
Inflammatory pain is a protective pain. It produces pain hypersensitivity during healing.
What is Tactile Allodynia?
Tactile Allodynia occurs when normally non-painful stimuli become painful.
(I.e. Touching a sunburn is hurtful!)
What is Hyperalgesia?
Hyperalgesia is an exaggerated response to a normally painful stimulus.
What Causes Hyperalgesia?
Hyperalgesia is mediated by mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages.
It leads to the release of Interleukins, NO and Bradykinins.
What is Dysfunctional Pain?
Dysfunctional pain is neither protective nor healing.
What goes on in Dysfunctional Pain?
There is no known structural nervous system lesion or active peripheral inflammation in Dysfunctional Pain.
What type of pain is Fibromyalgia?
Fibromyalgia is an example of Dysfunctional Pain.
Fibromyalgia occurs when there is body pain in joints and muscles.
What is Primary Erythermalgia?
This is a type of Dysfunctional Pain. Primary Erythermalgia is a rare disorder that occurs when there are red, warm and burning sensations in the hands and feet.
What Causes Primary Erythermalgia?
Primary Erythermalgia is caused by a Na+ channelopathy, which is associated with gene gain of function mutations. The mutations are maladaptive and persistent.
What is Neuropathic Pain?
Neuropathic pain is a maladaptive pain caused by lesion diseases that alters neurotransmission. Pain is felt in the absence of a stimulus.
What are some CNS causes of neuropathic pain?
CNS: Stroke, spinal cord injury/lesion, MS
What are some PNS causes of neuropathic pain?
nerve trauma, toxic and metabolic neuropathies, Herpes Zoster (Shingles), AIDS
What is Central Sensitization?
Central Sensitization is a maladaptive plasticity that contributes to persistent pain states.
What Causes Central Sensitization?
In Central Sensitization, abnormal activity leads to compensatory changes on the post-synaptic side: more NT release, more channels in the membrane, more activity, greater number of NMDA glutamate receptors are added to the membrane and the strength of the synaptic signal becomes permanently enhanced.
How does Tactile Allodyina occur?
Tactile Allodynia occurs through collaterals between nociceptors and mechanoreceptors!
How do you treat Neuropathic Pain?
Antidepressants, anticonvulsants, Calcium channel anticonvulsants, Opioid Agonists, Cannabanoids, Topical Therapy
What do Descending Systems do for pain?
Descending Systems (using the NT Serotonin and Norepinephrine) drive enkephalin-containing spinal interneurons to inhibit pain transmission.
