Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pain and Stress > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Final experience of pain results from the concerted actions of what three orders of brain processing

A

1.NOCICEPTIVE MATRIX
•Ascending paths to reticular formation (PAG, PB) thalamus, amygdala and somatosensory regions
2.PERCEPTUAL / ATTENTIVE MATRIX
•Anterior insula and cingulate cortices
3.REAPPRAISAL / EMOTIONAL MATRIX
•PFC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where to nocicepters enter and synapse

A

The dorsal horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two types of nociceptors?

A

C type to lamina I and II

A-beta type to lamina I and V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Explain the range of Lamina V neurons

A

Wide dynamic range (WDR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is within the WDR of lamina V neurons?

A
  • signal pain intensity & mechanical stimuli
  • Receive convergent info from A-beta (non-noxious mechanical, thermal & chemical stimuli) and A-gamma and C (pain afferents)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What forms the ascending anterolateral pain pathway and where does this pathway go?

A

Axons of lamina I and V decussate and from the ascending anterolateral pain pathways tot brain stem and thalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Dorsal horn neurons mediate what two types of pain into CNS?

A

Fast pain and slow pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the characteristics of fast and slow pain?

A

you should make a table to remember this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the spinothalamic system project from?

A

Spinothalamicsystem projects from dorsal horn (layers I, V, VII)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do the spinothalamic neurons project up to?

A

Spinothalamicneurons decussate and project up the anterolateral column to posterior thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Posterioir thalamus projects pain input into what three areas of the brain?

A
  • somatosensory cortex (S1, S2)
  • posterior insula
  • cingulate cortex (ACC)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The posterior thalamus generates_________ in _____, _____, and ______ cortices supporting conscious perception and vegetative responses

A

somato-specific quality; parietal, frontal and insular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spinothalamictracts branch into what?

A

reticular formation nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three spinothalamic tract branches?

A
  • A5-7, a NE pathway to cortex/spinal cord for attention and arousal
  • Parabrachial(PB), a pathway to the amygdala
  • Periaqueductal gray (PAG), part of the descending pathway that control sensitivity to pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What two roles does the perceptual matrix have?

A

-projects activity to anterior insula, anterior cingulate, PFC and posterior parietal cortex
•transform sensory events into vegetative reactions and internal feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cingulate’s role in the perceptual matrix?

A

site of affective/emotional aspects of pain. Decides on behavioral patterns based on pain experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the insula’s role in the perceptual matrix?

A

•Integrates appetitive and aversive valence of pain stimulus with impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structures does the Apino-parabrachial - amygdala circuit include?

A

dorsal horn of the spinal chord,, parabrachial nucleus, amygdala, PAG, Hypothalamus and ventrolateral medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where is the parabrachial nucleus?

A

the RF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does the SPINO-PARABRACHIAL-AMYGDALA CIRCUIT work?

A

Dorsal horn neurons project pain information

to PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS in RF, which projects to the amygdala, then to the hypothalamus and PAG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

amygdala’s role in the SPINO-PARABRACHIAL-AMYGDALA CIRCUIT

A

emotional-affective aspects of pain including: anxiety
fear conditioning
antinociception
autonomic adjustments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

PAGs role in the SPINO-PARABRACHIAL-AMYGDALA CIRCUIT

A

défense responses and pain regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamus & ventrolateral medulla role in SPINO-PARABRACHIAL-AMYGDALA CIRCUIT

A

autonomic homeostatic adjustment

24
Q

What sympathetic activation occurs in the SPINO-PARABRACHIAL-AMYGDALA CIRCUIT

A
  • Diversion of blood to ore vital organs
  • Increased HR and BP to supply blood quickly and efficiently
  • Increased respiratory rate to provide more oxygen
  • Glycogenolysisin liver and muscle for glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis from amino acids
  • So where’s the fight or flight??
25
Q

What does PAG stand for?

A

PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY

26
Q

What two things does the PAG receive input from?

A
  • Ascending spinothalamicpathways or indirectly via parabrachialnucleus
  • Amygdala mediating emotional aspects of pain responses
27
Q

What actions is the PAG involved in?

A

Involved in:
•Defense responses
•Supraspinalpain regulation

28
Q

What are the two PAG defense responses?

A

•Fight-flight in response to pain/aversive stimuli
•Defense responses regulated by cingulate, insula,
amygdala, hypothalamus & PFC

29
Q

what are the two zones of the PAG?

A

ventrolateral zone and lateral zone

30
Q

What does the ventrolateral zone do?

A

Ventrolateralzone: passive emotional coping
•Quiescence, immobility, fright/hyporeactivity
•Disengagement, withdrawal, inhibition of sympathetic activity (hypotension, bradycardia)
•Long-lasting opioid mediated analgesia

31
Q

What does the lateral zone do?

A

Lateral zone: active emotional coping
•Rostral: confrontation defense (fight)
•Caudal: defensive behavior (flight)
•Excitation of sympathetic activity (hypertension, tachycardia)
•Short-lasting non-opioid mediated analgesia

32
Q

Descending pathways originating in limbic cortex do what?

A

alter the synaptic activity of dorsal horn neurons that mediate pain

33
Q

Homeostatic maintenance of physiologically acceptable pain levels is determined by what?

A

activity and sensitivity of ascending and descending pain pathways.

34
Q

The PAG and supra spinal pain regulation pathway occurs in what order?

A

•Cingulate cortex →hypothalamus →PAG →reticular nuclei →dorsal horn

35
Q

PAG is central figure; it is responsible for ______

A

stress-induced hypoalgesia

36
Q

What regulates the PAG modulation of pain?

A

Complex ascending and

descending pathways

37
Q

Descending pathway provides negative (or positive) feedback on the spinal chord including:

A
  • Somatosensory, cingulate, insula and prefrontal cortices regulate the amygdala, hypothalamus and PAG.
  • PAG projects down to raphe and A5,7 reticular formation nuclei
38
Q

Raphe and A5,7 regulate

synapse between ______ and _______

A

sensory;

spinothalamicneurons

39
Q

Tell me about rap he nucleus serotonergic cells..

A

stress-mediated; tonic inhibition of pain transmission

40
Q

Tell me about rap he nucleus Non-serotonergic cells..

A
  • Non-serotonergic: regulates immediate pain, alerting and arousal.
  • ON cells facilitate pain transmission
  • OFF cells inhibit pain transmission via opioid mechanisms
41
Q

How does A4,A7 regulate synapse between sensory and spinathalamic neurons?

A

•Inhibit pain transmission via α2 receptors.

42
Q

Opiods are used in ascending or descending pathway regulating pain

A

descending

43
Q

what activates opioids?

A

•Painful stimuli activate opioid interneurons (enkephalin& dynorphin) in various CNS regions including the PAG, reticular nuclei and dorsal horn

44
Q

Opioids and cannabinoid actions in the midbrain and

medulla inhibit pain by …

A

upregulatingthe activity of

medullary raphe OFF-cells

45
Q

What two things enhance the antinociceptive
effect of opioids by increasing the availability of
spinal norepinephrine?

A 
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and other NE
reuptake inhibitors
46
Q

REGULATION AND INHIBITION OF PAIN

IN THE DORSAL HORN includes:

A

Descending serotonin and NE pathways stimulate dorsal horn opioid interneurons to inhibit the spinothalamic neurons.

47
Q

OPIOID INTERNEURONS in dorsal horn preform what three actions?

A
  • Inhibit synaptic transmission between pain afferent and spinothalamic neuron.
  • Decrease Substance P transmitter release
  • Down regulate Substance P neurokinin-1 receptors.
48
Q

Opiate drugs are agonists of what?

A

opioid neurotransmitters (eg. enkephalin).

49
Q

opiate drugs stimulate what?

A

opioid receptors in hypothalamus, PAG and dorsal horn.

50
Q

In the Gate Control Theory,C fibers excite pain projection neurons directly or by what?

A

inhibiting enkephalininhibitory interneurons

51
Q

In the Gate Control Theory, Cutaneous tactile mechanoreceptors Aα & Aβ inhibit C fiber pain axons by stimulating what?

A

enkephalin interneurons

52
Q

In the Gate Control Theory, the descending pain control pathway inhibits what in response to pain?

A

C fiber-projection neuron synapse via presynaptic inhibition

53
Q 
In TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation), \_\_
& \_\_\_ are selectively stimulated to \_\_\_\_\_ pain
conveyed by C fibers.
A

Aα; Aβaxons; suppress

54
Q

CINGULATE & INSULAR CORTices are the site of what?

A

Site of convergence of somatosensory and association cortex & ascending spinal pathways
•Somatic perceptual and cognitive features of pain are integrated with attentional and affective-motivational systems.
•Maintains flexibility in defense mechanisms for avoidance and pain regulation.

55
Q

•Emotional-affective modulation of cognition in pain assessment of reward vs pain is provided by the interaction between what two brain structures?

A

the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala

Pain and Stress (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions