Pain Flashcards
1
Q
- Which of the following pathways carries slow pain signals?
a) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus b) Lateral spinothalamic tract c) Corticospinal tract d) Vestibulospinal tract
A
b) Lateral spinothalamic tract
2
Q
- The descending analgesic system primarily involves which brain structure?
a) Hippocampus b) Periaqueductal gray (PAG) c) Basal ganglia d) Cerebellum
A
b) Periaqueductal gray (PAG)
3
Q
- The gate control theory proposes that inhibitory interneurons release which neurotransmitter to block pain transmission?
a) GABA b) Glutamate c) Substance P d) Dopamine
A
a) GABA
4
Q
- Which fiber type is responsible for carrying temperature sensations?
a) Aβ fibers b) Aδ fibers c) C fibers d) Both B and C
A
d) Both B and C
5
Q
- Pain-related emotional processing primarily involves which area of the brain?
a) Somatosensory cortex b) Insular cortex c) Brainstem d) Cerebellum
A
b) Insular cortex
6
Q
- Which pain modulation technique works by activating touch and pressure receptors to inhibit pain?
a) Acupuncture b) TENS c) Local anesthesia d) NSAIDs
A
b) TENS
7
Q
- What is the role of the anterior commissure in the pain pathway?
a) Decussation of 2nd order neurons b) Synapse of 1st and 2nd order neurons c) Release of neurotransmitters d) Activation of motor neurons
A
a) Decussation of 2nd order neurons
8
Q
- Endogenous opioids inhibit pain by acting on which type of neuron?
a) 1st order neurons b) 2nd order neurons c) 3rd order neurons d) Sensory cortex neurons
A
b) 2nd order neurons
9
Q
- Which neurotransmitter is involved in emotional aspects of pain in the cingulate gyrus?
a) Serotonin b) Dopamine c) Glutamate d) GABA
A
c) Glutamate
10
Q
- What is the function of the spinomesencephalic tract in pain modulation?
a) Activates the PAG b) Carries temperature sensations c) Stimulates the reticular formation d) Relays proprioceptive input
A
a) Activates the PAG
11
Q
- C fibers synapse primarily in which laminae of the spinal cord?
a) Lamina I and II b) Lamina III and IV c) Lamina IV and V d) Lamina VI and VII
A
a) Lamina I and II
12
Q
- Which structure receives pain signals and modulates autonomic responses?
a) Hypothalamus b) Thalamus c) Cerebellum d) Medulla
A
a) Hypothalamus
13
Q
- Which neurotransmitter is released by inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn to block pain transmission?
a) GABA b) Substance P c) Glutamate d) Acetylcholine
A
a) GABA
14
Q
- The emotional and motivational components of pain are primarily processed in which brain regions?
a) Insular cortex and cingulate gyrus b) Cerebellum and thalamus c) Hippocampus and basal ganglia d) PAG and hypothalamus
A
a) Insular cortex and cingulate gyrus
15
Q
- What is the primary neurotransmitter used by 1st order sensory neurons in pain pathways?
a) GABA b) Glutamate c) Serotonin d) Norepinephrine
A
b) Glutamate
16
Q
- Massage alleviates pain through which pathway?
a) Dorsal column b) Lateral spinothalamic tract c) Descending analgesic pathway d) Corticospinal tract
A
a) Dorsal column
17
Q
- Which descending pathway modulates pain by releasing serotonin?
a) Spinothalamic tract b) Spinomesencephalic tract c) Raphe nucleus pathway d) Reticulospinal pathway
A
c) Raphe nucleus pathway
18
Q
- What is the effect of dynorphins in pain modulation?
a) Excite 2nd order neurons b) Inhibit 2nd order neurons c) Excite 1st order neurons d) Facilitate neurotransmitter release
A
b) Inhibit 2nd order neurons
19
Q
- Which pain modulation method involves electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves?
a) TENS b) Acupuncture c) Hypnosis d) Meditation
A
a) TENS
20
Q
- In the gate control theory, which fiber types activate inhibitory interneurons to block pain?
a) Aα and Aβ fibers b) Aδ and C fibers c) Aβ and C fibers d) Aα and Aδ fibers
A
a) Aα and Aβ fibers
21
Q
- The spinothalamic tract is primarily involved in transmitting which sensation?
a) Fine touch b) Pain and temperature c) Vibration d) Proprioception
A
b) Pain and temperature
22
Q
- The release of serotonin by the raphe nucleus has what effect in pain modulation?
a) Activates 1st order neurons b) Stimulates descending inhibitory signals c) Excites 2nd order neurons d) Increases pain transmission
A
b) Stimulates descending inhibitory signals
23
Q
- Which pathway carries pain signals from the face?
a) Trigeminothalamic pathway b) Spinomesencephalic pathway c) Spinothalamic pathway d) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus
A
a) Trigeminothalamic pathway
24
Q
- The periaqueductal gray (PAG) projects to which structure to mediate pain modulation?
a) Raphe nucleus b) Thalamus c) Substantia nigra d) Hippocampus
A
a) Raphe nucleus
25
35. Which method of pain modulation uses external stimulation to activate inhibitory pathways?
a) TENS b) Opioid analgesics c) Acetaminophen d) Steroids
a) TENS
26
36. What is the effect of enkephalins released in the dorsal horn?
a) Inhibit 2nd order neurons b) Stimulate pain receptors c) Increase serotonin release d) Block GABA release
a) Inhibit 2nd order neurons
27
37. Which brainstem nucleus is rich in norepinephrine and involved in pain modulation?
a) Locus coeruleus b) Raphe magnus c) Substantia gelatinosa d) PAG
a) Locus coeruleus
28
38. What is the role of the anterior spinothalamic tract?
a) Transmits pain and temperature b) Carries fine touch c) Transmits proprioception d) Modulates motor output
a) Transmits pain and temperature
29
39. Substance P is primarily released by which type of fiber?
a) Aα fibers b) C fibers c) Aδ fibers d) Aβ fibers
b) C fibers
30
40. Which of the following is true of pain modulation?
a) It occurs solely in the spinal cord b) Involves both ascending and descending pathways c) Does not involve neurotransmitters d) Is independent of external stimuli
b) Involves both ascending and descending pathways
31
1. Which neurotransmitter is released by C fibers in response to slow pain?
a) Glutamate b) GABA c) Substance P d) Aspartate
c) Substance P
32
2. Where in the spinal cord is the “gate” for pain modulation situated?
a) Lamina II of the dorsal horn b) Anterior commissure c) Dorsal columns d) Lateral spinothalamic tract
a) Lamina II of the dorsal horn
33
3. What type of sensory fiber is associated with fast pain transmission?
a) Aα fibers b) Aβ fibers c) Aδ fibers d) C fibers
c) Aδ fibers
34
4. What neurotransmitter is primarily released by Aδ fibers?
a) Glutamate b) GABA c) Substance P d) Acetylcholine
a) Glutamate
35
5. The descending analgesic system involves the release of which endogenous opioid?
a) Dynorphin b) Substance P c) Glutamate d) Norepinephrine
a) Dynorphin
36
6. Which pain-relieving method utilizes the gate control theory?
a) Massage b) Surgery c) Antidepressants d) Local anesthesia
a) Massage
37
7. What is the function of the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in pain modulation?
a) Sends inhibitory signals to the spinal cord b) Activates second-order neurons c) Processes sensory input d) Transmits motor signals
a) Sends inhibitory signals to the spinal cord
38
8. Where do pain signals from the lateral spinothalamic tract primarily terminate?
a) Reticular formation b) Thalamus c) Cerebellum d) Hippocampus
b) Thalamus
39
9. What structure modulates emotional aspects of pain?
a) Cingulate gyrus b) Substantia gelatinosa c) PAG d) Anterior commissure
a) Cingulate gyrus
40
10. Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for fast excitation of second-order neurons in pain pathways?
a) GABA b) Glutamate c) Substance P d) Dopamine
b) Glutamate
