Pain

Question 1

acute pain definition

Answer 1

pain that occurs as a direct result of tissue damage or potential damage

a symptom

Question 2

chronic pain definition

Answer 2

pain that outlasts normal tissue healing time

Question 3

pain definition

Answer 3

unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associate with actual or potential tissue damage

Question 4

how do pain and nocioception compare

Answer 4

different phenomena
nociception is picked up by sensory neurons

Question 5

pain is associated with a ____ state

Answer 5

stress

Question 6

what chronic pain conditions are known to change what

Answer 6

neuroplastic changes in S1

chronic LBP
CRPS
Phantom Limb

Question 7

cortical reorganization

Answer 7

grey/white matter changes in S1 due to pain

Question 8

what does cortical reorganization lead to

Answer 8

changes in acuity and interpretation of all peripheral stimuli

Question 9

what is the neuromatrix theory an evolution of? what does it state

Answer 9

gate control theory

networks of neurons in the brain create a neurosignature that projects to areas if the brain associated with pain, motor output and movement

Question 10

what are the brain areas included in the neuromatrix theory

Answer 10

thalamus
cortex
limbic system

Question 11

what is a neurosignature modulated by

Answer 11

sensory and cognitive outputs
- individualized responses to nociception

Question 12

inputs in the neuromatrix theory

Answer 12

cognitive related
sensory signaling
emotion related areas

Question 13

outputs in the neuromatrix theory

Answer 13

pain reception
action programs
stress regulation

Question 14

nociceptive pain

Answer 14

pain that arises from actual/threatened damage to non-neural tissue

due to activation of nociceptors

Question 15

characteristics of nociceptive pain

Answer 15

localized
increases with movement
proportional to trauma
initial inflammation with a gradual decrease
responsive to NSAIDs

Question 16

what does nociceptive pain lack

Answer 16

night/sleep disturbances
abnormal sensations
constant pain

Question 17

peripheral neuropathic pain def

Answer 17

arises as a direct result of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system

Question 18

characteristics of peripheral neuropathic pain

Answer 18

in a dermatomal or cutaneous distribution
history of nerve injury or compromise
pain with nerve testing

Question 19

characteristics of nociplastic pain

Answer 19

hypersensitivity
disproportionate
non-mechanical
unpredictable
non-specific

Question 20

possible nociplastic pain characteristics

Answer 20

> 3 months
regional pain
not nociceptive or neuropathic
clinical signs of hypersensitivity

Question 21

probable nociplastic pain

Answer 21

hypersensitivity to almost every sort of stimuli

sleep disturbances
fatigue
cognitive problems

Question 22

in a pain pie, what is the crust and what is the center

Answer 22

crust - context factors
filling - type of pain

Question 23

depression will cause

Answer 23

pain to be heightened with a longer time to decrease the pain

reduce pain threshold due to constant inflammatory state

Question 24

depression definition

Answer 24

mental health disorder characterized by persistent unhappy mood or loss of interest

Question 25

fear avoidance beliefs

Answer 25

avoidance of activities in which pain has been experienced

Question 26

what is fear avoidance often associated with

Answer 26

depression

Question 27

pain catastrophizing

Answer 27

tendency to describe pain in a more exaggerated way

Question 28

components of pain catastrophizing

Answer 28

magnification rumination helplessness

Question 29

magnification vs rumination

Answer 29

magnification - experiencing pain at a larger scale rumination - focus on pain

Question 30

what is pain catastrophizing often associated with

Answer 30

lower systemic endorphin levels

Question 31

what does pain catastrophizing predict

Answer 31

persistence severity disability

Question 32

self efficacy

Answer 32

belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations

Question 33

process expectations vs overall expectations

Answer 33

process - what patient expects to happen with therapist interaction overall - how patient perceives their ability to get better

Question 34

> self efficacy is associated with

Answer 34

greater systemic endorphin levels

Question 35

screens for chronic pain

Answer 35

orebro msk pain questionnaire STarT back

Question 36

significant score on the orebro MSK questionnaire

Answer 36

>50 - more likely to have chronic pain within a year

Question 37

significant score on the STarT back

Answer 37

4 or more

Question 38

what is the exam for Pain Catastropizing? what score is significant?

Answer 38

PCS > 30

Question 39

what is the exam for kinesiophobia? what score is significant?

Answer 39

TSK-11 11 to 44 with higher being more avoidant

Question 40

what is the exam for fear avoidance? what score is significant?

Answer 40

FABQ >34 for work >15 for physical activity

Question 41

how are nociceptive and neuropathic pain perceived on the SINSS model

Answer 41

normal

Question 42

specific measurements for nociplastic pain

Answer 42

allodynia - vibration or brush hyperalgesia - pain pressure threshold neurodynamic testing

Question 43

plan of care for a patient with symptoms of mental illness

Answer 43

referral and communication with health care providers

Question 44

plan of care for a patient with signs of severe mental illness?

Answer 44

immediate referral and communication with health care providers initiate emergency care response

Question 45

nociceptive pain management

Answer 45

exercise manual therapy TENS

Question 46

neuropathic pain management

Answer 46

exercise in order to promote global blood flow

Question 47

nociplastic pain management

Answer 47

education systemic exercise manual therapy TENS

Question 48

what impacts outcomes significantly in MSK pain

Answer 48

non-specific treatment - aka more general movement and systemic processes

Question 49

placebo vs nocebo

Answer 49

p - positive response to an inactive treatment n - negative response to an inactive treatment

Question 50

what treatments have the most significant effect on MSK pain

Answer 50

nonspecific treatment natural history