PAIN Flashcards

1
Q

what is pain

A

unpleasant sensation and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage

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2
Q

pain is perception is very ?

A

subjective

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3
Q

What is dysesthesia?

A

any abnormal sensation described by a patient as unpleasant

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4
Q

what is paresthesia?

A

a sensation that is typically described as “pins and needles” or “prickling”, but is not notably unpleasant

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5
Q

what is analgesia?

A

reduction or loss of pain perception

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6
Q

what is anaesthesia?

A

reduced perception of all touch and pain sensation

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7
Q

what is the hypoalgesia?

A

decreased sensation and raised threshold to painful stimuli

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8
Q

what is the hyperalgesia?

A

exaggerated pain response from a normally pain stimulus

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9
Q

what is allodynia?

A

abnormal perception of pain from a normally non-painful mechanical or thermal stimulus

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10
Q

what is hyperesthesia?

A

exaggerated perception of a touch stimulus

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11
Q

what is causalgia

A

burning pain in the distribution of a peripheral nerve

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12
Q

dermal pain tends to be described as ?

A

sharp or burning

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13
Q

what are the types of nociceptors?

A
  • thermal nociceptors
  • mechanical nociceptors
  • polymodal nociceptors
  • silent nociceptors
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14
Q

how are thermal nociceptors activated?

A

by temperatures > 45 degrees celsium or less than 5 degrees celsius

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15
Q

how are mechanical nociceptors activated?

A

activated by intense pressure applied to a structure

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16
Q

how are polymodal nociceptors activated?

A

activated by high intensity mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli

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17
Q

what are silent nociceptors

A

receptors that are widely distributed through viscera that do not normally transmit pain information, only “awakened” in a setting of continuous damage or inflammation

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18
Q

what are the two major types of fibres of nociceptors

A

C fibres and A-delta fibres

19
Q

what are C-fibres

A

unmyelinated axons with cell body in the dorsal root ganglia

20
Q

what are C-fibres responsible for?

A

conducting slow pain and thermoception (temperature), often dull, poorly-localized pain, C-fibres also carry itching sensations

21
Q

what are A-delta fibres?

A

myelinated axons with cell body in the dorsal root ganglia

22
Q

what are A-delta fibres responsible for?

A

conducting sharp, “pricking” pain as well as some thermoception (temperature)

23
Q

between C fibres and A-delta fibres, which one is well-localized and which one is poorly-localized pain?

A

C fibre is poorly-localized pain and A-delta fibres is well-localized

24
Q

what are transient-receptor potential receptors capable of recognizing?

A
  • cold and heat
  • low pH and free radicals
  • capsaicin
25
Q

what is the major nociceptive sensory pathway?

A

spinothalamic tract

26
Q

peripheral afferent pain fibers of both A-δ and C types have their cell bodies in the

A

dorsal root ganglia

27
Q

what is fast pain?

A

well-localized, sharp pain carried by A-delta fibres

28
Q

what is slow pain?

A

poorer-localized, duller

29
Q

stimulation of certain brainstem areas can cause profound analgesia- the most famous of these brainstem areas is the ?

A

periaqueductal gray matter

30
Q

what receptors mediate the descending tract that directly inhibits pain conduction at the level of the spinal cord

A

opiate receptors

31
Q

what systems from the brainstem project to the spinal cord and activate inhibitory interneurons

A

norepinephrine and serotonergic systems

32
Q

what does norepinephrin and serotonergic systems release that both inhibit nociceptor presynaptic NT release and inhibit projection neurons

A

enkephalins

33
Q

what is the Gate Theory of Pain Control

A

Presence of non-nocieptive stimuli at a similar site/spinal level tends to reduce pain perception

34
Q

what is peripheral sensitization?

A

molecules released at the site of tissue damage or inflammation increase the effectiveness of nociception

35
Q

what is central sensitization?

A

occurs with synaptic remodelling in the dorsal horn – leads to increased effectiveness of pain transmission

36
Q

T or F: action potentials can actually move BOTH ways down a pain fibre

A

true

37
Q

what is orthodromic

A

action potentials from periphery -> spinal cord

38
Q

what is antidromic

A

action potentials from spinal cord -> periphery

39
Q

what does the P stand for in substance P

A

powder

40
Q

what releases substance P?

A

C fibres

41
Q

what is substance P and what does it bind to

A

Substance P is an 11 a.a. peptide and binds to the NK-1 (neurokinin-1) receptor

42
Q

do A-delta fibres release substance P?

A

no

43
Q

when substance P release what does it lead to?

A

long-lasting depolarization of projection neurons via modulation of other cation channels

44
Q

what is referred pain

A

○ tends to be referred not to the skin overlying the damaged organ but to other areas innervated by the same spinal segment