pain Flashcards

1
Q

the most commonly experienced symptoms in dentistry

A

pain

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2
Q

describes as sharp, burning, aching, cramping, dull, or throbbing experience

A

pain

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3
Q

is a thin elastic covering composed of a layer of lipid between two layers of protein

A

nerve cell membrane

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4
Q

refers to the transmission of electrical signals along nerve fibers

A

nerve conduction

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5
Q

in resting state, where is anion and cations greater?

A

anion ( - ) are greater inside the cell membrane
cation ( + ) equal number are gathered outside

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6
Q

what ions are concentrated inside the resting state of the membrane?

A

potassium ions

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7
Q

when can a membrane potential develop by the creation of an ionic imbalance?

A

by an active diffusion of ions through the membrane
&
diffusion of ions across the membrane because of a gradient difference

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7
Q

what ions are concentrated outside the resting state of the membrane?

A

sodium and chloride

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8
Q

what is the mv of a resting state outside the membrane?

A

-70 to -90

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9
Q

is there a chloride diffusion inside the membrane?

A

no, chloride remains outside the nerve membrane as a result of the opposing electrostatic influence forcing outward migration

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10
Q

the maintenance of the resting potential is mainly a result of an active mechanism known as??

A

sodium pump

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11
Q

the “jumping” of the impulse from node to node through the surrounding interstitial tissue is called??

A

saltatory conduction

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12
Q

who provides energy source for the sodium pump?

A

ATP

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13
Q

during this 3 to 4msec interval of repolarization, the membrane has a reserve potential and cannot be stimulated. Thus, the nerve is in ____ period??

A

absolute refractory period

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14
Q

when the normal ionic distribution pattern begins to return, the nerve can be stimulated, but only by a greater than usual stimulus. The nerve is said to be in the _____ period??

A

relative refractory period

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15
Q

a principle that states that the response of a nerve cell of muscle fiber is independent of a strength of the stimulus, as long as the stimulus exceeds a certain threshold

A

all or nothing law

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16
Q

who provided a classical description of specificity theory

A

Rene Descartes in 1644

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17
Q

what is a specificity theory?

A

pain system as a straight through channel from the skin to the brain

18
Q

who postulates the theory of information transmission only by way of sensory nerves in specificity theory?

A

johannes muller 1839

19
Q

who developed the concept of specific cutaneous receptors for the mediation of touch, heat, cold and pain ?

A

von frey

20
Q

who was the first to propose that stimulus intensity and central summation are the critical determinants of pain?

A

goldscheider 1894

21
Q

types of pain theories

A

specificity theory
pattern theory
gate control theory

22
Q

___ results when the total output of the cells exceeds a critical level

A

pain

23
Q

who proposed the gate control theory

A

melzack and wall in 1965

24
Q

where does descending control system originate?

A

brain

25
Q

brain receives messages about injury by way of the gate control system, which is influenced by??

A
  1. injury signals
  2. afferent impulses
  3. descending control
26
Q

are believed to be conducted into the CNS system by two types of nerve fibers

A

pain impulse

27
Q

what nerve fiber is large and small? are they myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

a delta fibers - large myelinated fibers

c fibers - small unmyelinated fibers

28
Q

what peripheral nerve fibers transmit signals that are initiated by pressure, vibration and temperature?

A

a delta fibers

29
Q

what peripheral nerve fiber transmit noxious or painful sensation?

A

C fibers

30
Q

PN fiber that conducts fast or first pain (sharp, localized) pain

A

A delta fibers

31
Q

PN fiber that conducts slow or second pain

A

C fibers

32
Q

facilitation and inhibition occurs within the?

A

dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve

33
Q

in the dorsal horn? in which laminae does many large afferent nerve fibers terminate in this area?

A

laminae II and III

34
Q

an action system which identifies pain duration, and exact location, analyzes where is the exact location and duration of pain

A

sensory discriminative system

35
Q

an action system which is more of the emotion, suffering aspects associated with painful experience

A

motivation-affective system

35
Q

where are the nerves in the teeth are located?

A

located only in the most pulpal portion of the dentin

35
Q

results of the 2 action system; reaction to painful stimulus

A

activation of motor mechanism

36
Q

fluid movement stimulates the pain mechanism in the dentinal tubules by mechanical disturbance

A

hydrodynamic theory

37
Q

what are the chemical transmitters in peripheral nerve fibers

A

substance P and glutamate

38
Q

a very potent substance that elicits the kind of pain that mimicked the clinically experienced sensation

A

bradykinin

39
Q

what is the main contribution of prostaglandins?

A

sensitize the nociceptors to the effects of bradykinin, thereby accentuating its action.

40
Q

an anti-inflammatory steroids that reduce the availability of prostaglandin precursor by means of synthesis of a protein or peptide that block phospholipase A2 activity

A

glucocorticoids

41
Q
A