pain

Question 1

the most commonly experienced symptoms in dentistry

Answer 1

pain

Question 2

describes as sharp, burning, aching, cramping, dull, or throbbing experience

Answer 2

pain

Question 3

is a thin elastic covering composed of a layer of lipid between two layers of protein

Answer 3

nerve cell membrane

Question 4

refers to the transmission of electrical signals along nerve fibers

Answer 4

nerve conduction

Question 5

in resting state, where is anion and cations greater?

Answer 5

anion ( - ) are greater inside the cell membrane
cation ( + ) equal number are gathered outside

Question 6

what ions are concentrated inside the resting state of the membrane?

Answer 6

potassium ions

Question 7

when can a membrane potential develop by the creation of an ionic imbalance?

Answer 7

by an active diffusion of ions through the membrane
&
diffusion of ions across the membrane because of a gradient difference

Question 7

what ions are concentrated outside the resting state of the membrane?

Answer 7

sodium and chloride

Question 8

what is the mv of a resting state outside the membrane?

Answer 8

-70 to -90

Question 9

is there a chloride diffusion inside the membrane?

Answer 9

no, chloride remains outside the nerve membrane as a result of the opposing electrostatic influence forcing outward migration

Question 10

the maintenance of the resting potential is mainly a result of an active mechanism known as??

Answer 10

sodium pump

Question 11

the “jumping” of the impulse from node to node through the surrounding interstitial tissue is called??

Answer 11

saltatory conduction

Question 12

who provides energy source for the sodium pump?

Answer 12

ATP

Question 13

during this 3 to 4msec interval of repolarization, the membrane has a reserve potential and cannot be stimulated. Thus, the nerve is in ____ period??

Answer 13

absolute refractory period

Question 14

when the normal ionic distribution pattern begins to return, the nerve can be stimulated, but only by a greater than usual stimulus. The nerve is said to be in the _____ period??

Answer 14

relative refractory period

Question 15

a principle that states that the response of a nerve cell of muscle fiber is independent of a strength of the stimulus, as long as the stimulus exceeds a certain threshold

Answer 15

all or nothing law

Question 16

who provided a classical description of specificity theory

Answer 16

Rene Descartes in 1644

Question 17

what is a specificity theory?

Answer 17

pain system as a straight through channel from the skin to the brain

Question 18

who postulates the theory of information transmission only by way of sensory nerves in specificity theory?

Answer 18

johannes muller 1839

Question 19

who developed the concept of specific cutaneous receptors for the mediation of touch, heat, cold and pain ?

Answer 19

von frey

Question 20

who was the first to propose that stimulus intensity and central summation are the critical determinants of pain?

Answer 20

goldscheider 1894

Question 21

types of pain theories

Answer 21

specificity theory
pattern theory
gate control theory

Question 22

___ results when the total output of the cells exceeds a critical level

Answer 22

pain

Question 23

who proposed the gate control theory

Answer 23

melzack and wall in 1965

Question 24

where does descending control system originate?

Answer 24

brain

Question 25

brain receives messages about injury by way of the gate control system, which is influenced by??

Answer 25

1. injury signals 2. afferent impulses 3. descending control

Question 26

are believed to be conducted into the CNS system by two types of nerve fibers

Answer 26

pain impulse

Question 27

what nerve fiber is large and small? are they myelinated or unmyelinated?

Answer 27

a delta fibers - large myelinated fibers c fibers - small unmyelinated fibers

Question 28

what peripheral nerve fibers transmit signals that are initiated by pressure, vibration and temperature?

Answer 28

a delta fibers

Question 29

what peripheral nerve fiber transmit noxious or painful sensation?

Answer 29

C fibers

Question 30

PN fiber that conducts fast or first pain (sharp, localized) pain

Answer 30

A delta fibers

Question 31

PN fiber that conducts slow or second pain

Answer 31

C fibers

Question 32

facilitation and inhibition occurs within the?

Answer 32

dorsal horn of the spinal cord and the nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve

Question 33

in the dorsal horn? in which laminae does many large afferent nerve fibers terminate in this area?

Answer 33

laminae II and III

Question 34

an action system which identifies pain duration, and exact location, analyzes where is the exact location and duration of pain

Answer 34

sensory discriminative system

Question 35

an action system which is more of the emotion, suffering aspects associated with painful experience

Answer 35

motivation-affective system

Question 35

where are the nerves in the teeth are located?

Answer 35

located only in the most pulpal portion of the dentin

Question 35

results of the 2 action system; reaction to painful stimulus

Answer 35

activation of motor mechanism

Question 36

fluid movement stimulates the pain mechanism in the dentinal tubules by mechanical disturbance

Answer 36

hydrodynamic theory

Question 37

what are the chemical transmitters in peripheral nerve fibers

Answer 37

substance P and glutamate

Question 38

a very potent substance that elicits the kind of pain that mimicked the clinically experienced sensation

Answer 38

bradykinin

Question 39

what is the main contribution of prostaglandins?

Answer 39

sensitize the nociceptors to the effects of bradykinin, thereby accentuating its action.

Question 40

an anti-inflammatory steroids that reduce the availability of prostaglandin precursor by means of synthesis of a protein or peptide that block phospholipase A2 activity

Answer 40

glucocorticoids