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Pain/Neuro > Pain > Flashcards

Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as ___ or allodynia

a) hyperplasia
b) hyperalgesia

A

a )hyperplasia

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2
Q

A nociceptor is a _____ sensory receptor of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli

a) low threshold
b) high threshold

A

b )High threshold

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3
Q

The ___ descriptor does not apply to patients reporting pain without hypersensitivity

a) nociception
b) nociplastic

A

b) nociplastic

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4
Q

A nociceptive neuron is a central or peripheral neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of ____ noxious stimuli

a) encompassing
b) eroding
c) encoding

A

c )encoding

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5
Q

C fibres are capable of detecting noxious and non-noxious _____, thermal, and chemical stimuli, including hair follicles

a) mechanical
b) biomechanical

A

a ) mechanical

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6
Q

_____ is a physical feeling from contact with the body

a) perception
b) sensation

A

b) sensation

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7
Q

The labelling of ______ as pain fibres was not an admirable simplification but an unfortunate trivialization

a) nociception
b) naurciception

A

a) nociception

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8
Q

There are major ____ in knowledge of healthcare professionals regarding the mechanisms and management of pain

a)
b)
c) deficits

A

c) deficits

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9
Q

Clinical descriptors are not types of pain, but rather _____ of somatic mechanism

a) claims
b) hypothesis

A

b) hypothesis

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10
Q

Perception is an awareness of the elements of the environment through physical _____

a) perception
b) sensation

A

b) Sensation

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11
Q

A ______ stimulus is damaging to or threatens damage to non-neural tissues

a) nauseous
b) noxious

A

b) noxious

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12
Q

Mechanical receptors that detect, transduce, and encode tissue damage may also become responsive to _______

a) inflammation
b) pain

A

inflammation

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13
Q

Nociception is the neural process of ____ noxious stimuli

a) encoding
b) eroding

A

a) Encoding

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14
Q

_____ descriptor for illness IE fibromyalgia, should not be conflated with the hypothesized mechanisms of pain that might be present with these conditions

a) clinical
b) diagnostic

A

b) diagnostic

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15
Q

Sensitization is the increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input, and/or recruitment of a response to normally _________ inputs

a)low threshold
b)high threshold

A

b) high threshold

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16
Q

A ? (delta) and C fibres are stimulated by high-intensity mechanical stimuli and _____ heat or cold

a) noxious
b) nauseous

A

a) noxious

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17
Q

Allodynia is pain due to a ____ that does not normally provoke pain

a) stimulus
b) response

A

a) stimulus

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18
Q

Nociceptive (hypothesized somatic mechanism of) pain results in pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to ____ tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

a) neural
b) non-neural

A

b) Non-neural

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19
Q

Pain is defined as an unpleasant ____ and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage

a) perception
b) sensory

A

b) sensory

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20
Q

________ (hypothesized somatic mechanism of) pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage or evidence for a neuropathic disease or lesion

a) nociceptive
b) nociplastic

A

b) Nociplastic

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21
Q

The neuropathic (hypothesized somatic mechanism of) pain is due to pain caused by a lesion or ______ of the somatosensory nervous system

a) disease
b) damage

A

a) disease

22
Q

Radiculopathy is also called “a pinched nerve” . Symptoms occur when a nerve is _____ or irritated where it branches away from the spinal cord

a) compressed
b) hardened

A

a) compressed

23
Q

Cell damage neurochemicals initiate an _____ and immune response

a) innate
b) inflammatory

A

b) inflammatory

24
Q

______ hyperalgesia is associated with changes in excitability or neurons in the CNS, including the spinal cord and supra-spinal sites in the brain

a) primary
b) secondary

A

b) Secondary

25
Q

When A? (beta) neurons (fast conductors) are not specialized, they can act as free nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including ______ stimuli

a) noxious
b) atypical

A

a) noxious

26
Q

_____ is both peripherally and centrally located, features a disruption of the BBB and has a role in transition to and maintenance of chronic pain

a) inflammation
b) neuroinflammation

A

b) Neuroinflammation

27
Q

A current known mode of nociception involves cell-to-cell communication via ______with peripheral and central effects

a) ribosomes
b) exosomes

A

b) Exosomes

28
Q

Mediators of infection, tissue injury, low-grade inflammation, and autoinflammatory diseases include the molecules and cells of the _____ immune response

a) inflammatory
b) innate

A

b) Innate

29
Q

Chronic pain is highly ____ w/ chronic stress

a) comorbid
b) this is such a fucking stupid question

A

a) comorbid

30
Q

Assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out, for example _____ and social factors are consistently associated, but their association is considered bidirectional

a) physiological
b) psychological

A

b) psychological

31
Q

Research studies over the past decade have demonstrated the ubiquitous presence of _______ autoantibodies in the serum of patients with “unexplained” chronic primary pain conditions

a) nociceptive
b) pronociceptive

A

b) pronociceptive

32
Q

Identifying the critical _____ alterations in pain-related neuro-immune communications will enable understanding of pain pathogenesis and development effective analgesic medication

a) maladaptive
b) adaptive

A

a) maladaptive

33
Q

Low-grade inflammation occurs when changes from the optimal ____ environment lead to stressed cells

a)external
b) internal

A

b) internal

34
Q

Assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out, for example persuasive brain mechanisms responsible for the translation of distress experiences into pain ______ have yet to be identified

a) perception
b) sensation

A

a) perception

35
Q

The boundaries created between various organ systems and between categories of functional activity are an attempt to impose conceptual order on biologic phenomena. There is no ____ reason why nature should respect these boundaries

a) a-priori
b) this is also such a fucking stupid question

A

a) A- priori

36
Q

While numerous biomarkers including genetic, molecular, neural, inflammatory, and biobehavioural have been identified as contributing to chronic pain, there are currently no valid or ______ biomarkers for chronic pain

a) true
b) reliable

A

b) reliable

37
Q

A current known mode of nociception involves autoimmunity via _____ with only peripheral effects

a) auto antibodies
b) antibodies

A

a) auto antibodies

38
Q

Assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out, for example limited associations exist between the nature of any _____ lesions such as degenerative bone changes, and the presence or severity of such pains

a) mechanical
b) structural

A

b) structural

39
Q

A current known mode of nociception involves neuroinflammation and neuroimmune ____ with central and peripheral effects

a) cross talk
b) cross walk

A

a) cross talk

40
Q

____ forms of injury to the peripheral or the central nervous systems result in substantial recruitment and activation of immune cells

a) many
b) a lot of
c) diverse

A

c) Diverse

41
Q

_______ inflammation is located in the peripheral tissues, especially the skin and is thought to have a role in conditions like migraine, and complex regional pain syndrome

a) neuro
b) neurogenic

A

b) Neurogenic

42
Q

Small extracellular vesicles (30-150mm) known as exosomes, are a known mechanism of cell-to-cell communication in the NS and regulate mechanisms of _______

a) sensitization
b) nociception

A

b) nociception

43
Q

A current known mode of nociception involves ____ activation by noxious stimuli

a) central
b) peripheral

A

b) peripheral

44
Q

Assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out, for example chronic pain conditions typically come w/o systemically elevated _____ markers, and most patients test negative in standard autoantibody assays

a) intricate
b) inflammatory

A

b) inflammatory

45
Q

A current textbook of pathology that defines inflammation (a response .. to infections and damaged tissues that bring cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed in order to eliminate the offending agents) in terms of its _____ and a limited view of its function

a) stimulus
b) poorly worded question

A

stimulus

46
Q

Exosomes are small _____ vesicles that are emerging as another type of secreted factor of importance in communication between various cells, including neurons, glial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, endothelial cells, and leukocytes

a) intracellular
b) extracellular

A

b) extracellular

47
Q

Active immune cells ______ modulate nociceptor activities and pain sensation

a) directionally
b) cross-directionally
c) bidirectionally

A

c) bidirectionally

48
Q

In low-grade inflammation the classic signs of inflammation are not found, and CRP levels are ____ elevated compared with those that accompany acute inflammation after tissue injury or infection

a) maximally
b) minimally

A

b) minimally

49
Q

A current known mode of nociception involves stress responses via ____ w/ central and peripheral effects

a) nociceptors
b) hormones

A

b) hormones

50
Q

A ____ definition of inflammation is the “innate immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, injury or metabolic stress”

a) new
b) proposed

A

b) proposed

Pain/Neuro (2 decks)

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