Pages 1-11 Flashcards
Refrigerated samples?
Respiratory specimens
Urine
Stool
Sputum
Room temp samples?
Body fluids
Blood culture
CSF
Improper labeling Wrong specimen container Leakage Unsuitable specimen Duplicate/repeat specimens Sterile body fluids NOT sent STAT
Rejection criteria
exception to duplicate specimens would be blood cultures for endocarditis
What skin rash can kids get from a pacifier…?
well lots of stuff really…
Maybe roseola? (high fever -> pink/rosey rash on trunk that then spreads to limbs,neck, face)
(consider herpes too maybe?)
(maybe OM?)
MC acute endocarditis bacteria?
Staph
acute ABE occurs rapidly during a septicemic episode on healthy cardiac valves…very aggressive
MC subacute endocarditis bacteria?
MC = Strep viridans
(can also be staph)
(subacute [gradual] infective endocarditis occurs in damaged cardiac valves, e.g., congenital defects, atherosclerosis, RF)
PROSTHETIC valve endocarditits?
Staph epidermidis
HACEK organisms for endocarditis?
Haemophilus Aggregatibacter Cardiobacterium Eikenella Kingella
Significance of growth of the same organism in repeated cultures?
true positive
Significance of growth of different organisms in different culture bottles?
Probable contamination, bowel spillage
Significance of growth of normal skin flora?
likely contamination (staph, corynebacterium, bacillus, propionibacterium, etc)
Significance of organismis such as strep viridans or enterococci?
Possible endocarditis (associated w/ low grade fevers)
Blood culture protocol?
(for bacteremia, endocarditis, sepsis)
1 set = 1 aerobic/1 anaerobic bottle (10 mL/bottle)
Different sites/times, but no more than 4 total sets (so 8 bottles) within 24 hours
Peds get 1 bottle
Antibiogram is an annual collection of C+S information collected in the institution. Provides a percentage of samples of a given organism that were sensitive to certain abx.
But… doesn’t provide?
Sensitivity based on site of infxn or location in hospital (ICU vs non-ICU)
Average MIC
Trend data
(also doesn’t provide concentration differences bw site of infxn and in vitro, inactivation/penetration at the site of infxn, levels of decline in vitro/in vivo)
Inaccurate due to small isolate number
Aside from antibiogram, what are other considerations regarding abx for the patient?
Drug allergies, side effects, location of infxn (use least expensive, narrowest spectrum)
other susceptibility tests (disk diffusion, Broth/Agar dilution)
In a primary immune response, which Ig binds first? Which is more specific?
IgM binds first, but IgG is more specific and lasts longer
How does a secondary immune response differ from a a primary?
In a secondary response both IgM and IgG (memory) react simultaneously whereas in primary response the IgM arrives first.
The titer corresponds to the highest dilution factor that still yields a positive reading. Comparing acute vs convalescent sera to one another, a ___ increase indicates an acute infection.
4-fold
However, when only an acute sample is submitted, a cutoff value is required and may vary by organism/geography
(example: primary: Day 5 - 1:4 titer, Day 12 - 1:64 titer, secondary - 1:256 titer or higher)
What’s on an acute hepatitis panel?
IgM anti-HAV
IgM anti-HBc
HBsAg
anti-HCV
Panel for acute Hep A would show?
anti-HAV IgM (+)
anti-HAV IgG (+)
Panel for resolved Hep A would show?
anti-HAV IgM (-)
anti-HAV IgG (+)
HBV panel displaying natural immunity?
HBsAg (-)
anti-HBc (+)
anti-HBs (+)
HBV panel displaying vaccination?
HBsAg (-)
anti-HBc (-)
anti-HBs (+)
HBV panel showing acute infxn?
HBsAg (+)
anti-HBc (+)
IgM anti-HBc (+)
anti-HBs (-)