PAES DEFINITION Flashcards by Carhia Vibar

plant used to process animal wastes or manure to produce biogas and sludge consisting of an inlet/mixing tank, digester, gas chamber and outlet/sludge tank

biogas plant

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biogas plant where the digester and gas chamber form one unit

integrated plant

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digester and gas chamber form separate units

split type plant

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plant with series of digesters

multi digester

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plant consisting of digester and a moving, floating gasholder that either float directly in the fermenting slurry or in a separate water jacket

floating type

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closed digester with an immovable, rigid gas chamber and a displacement pit

fixed type

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plant consisting of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester and gasholder

balloon type

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holding tank; chamber where manure and water are collected, stored and separated from heavy and nonbiodegradable materials before feeding them into the digester

collecting tank

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serves as conveyor of the manure-water mixture or slurry from the mixing tank to the digester

inlet pipe

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any water and air tight container designed for the process of anaerobic microbiological degradation of organic matter into which the slurry is introduced for digestion and
methanization

digester

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division in the digester that prevent the slurry from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank

baffle board

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agitator; mechanical device inside the digester used to stir the slurry

stirrer

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space inside or outside the digester for the collection and storage of biogas

gas chamber

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cantilever beam that holds the gasholder/movable cover in position at the desired biogas pressure

gas holder retainer

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serves as conveyor where the effluent or the slurry is forced out

outlet pipe

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layer of compacted soil and gravel to support the digester wall

backfill

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amount of slurry fed per unit volume of digester capacity per day

loading rate

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organic material used to produce biogas

substrate

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adding or introducing anaerobic bacteria to the digester

seeding

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mixture of manure and water

slurry

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difference in height between the digester wall and the filling line

freeboard

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level of slurry when the digesters is at full load

filling line

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average period that a given quantity of slurry is retained in the digester for digestion

retention time

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materials that inhibit the normal growth of pathogens in the digester such as mineral ions, heavy metals and detergents

toxic materials

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various processes that take place among the methanogens, non-methanogens and substrates fed into the digester as inputs

methanization

anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic materials and in the process, produce biogas

methanogens

temperature range of 20 oC – 40 oC where mesophilic bacteria operates

mesophilic temperature range

amount of biogas produced per day per cubic meter of slurry

gas production rate

mixture of gas (composed of 50 to 70 percent methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide) produced by methanogenic bacteria

biogas

layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the slurry

scum

settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a mud-like, semi-solid mass

sludge

residue that comes out at the outlet after the substrate is digested/processed inside the digester

effluent

area with its physical facilities used for carabao fattening

feedlot

Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo

carabao

breeding male of any age

bull

young male or female under one year of age

calf

mature female that has already calved

cow

female between two to three years of age which has not given birth

heifer

enclosure for confining and handling livestock

corral

pen for confining animals from the pasture

holding pen

pen used to funnel cattle into the working chute

crowding pen

chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen to the holding chute/squeeze

working chute

use to restrain animals

holding chute

chute used to load cattle from working chute or crowding pen to a vehicle

loading chute

building for fabrication, repair and maintenance of tools, implements, equipments and parts of structures and provides a place where tools, supplies and spare parts are stored

workshop

area to protect machinery from weather, theft, vandalism and to allow easy maintenance and adjustment of machines

machinery shed

substances on farms that are highly flammable or poisonous

hazardous material

storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is precisely controlled

controlled atmosphere storage

produce is piled in room-sized bins, which exerts forces that must be resisted by the building walls

bulk storage

produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which in turn are stacked in storage room

pallet bin storage

low portable platform made of wood or metal or plastic or in combination to facilitate handling, storage, or transport of materials as a unit load using a forklift

pallet

storage structure with continuously wetted walls

drip cooler

coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp

burlap

storage provided with good ventilation

air cooled

materials used to prevent migration of moisture into a storage area

vapor barrier

individual divisions in a carton formed by fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one fruit

cell pack

cartons in which the cover is separate and fits snugly over the bottom part

telescopic cartons

structure that provide a reliable enclosure within which an environment favorable to plant growth can be attained

greenhouse

method of greenhouse construction where modular roof units are connected at the eave by a common gutter

ridge and furrow greenhouse

removal of heat from the interior of the greenhouse

cooling

addition of heat to the interior of the greenhouse from any energy source including the sun

heating

prevents excess solar radiation in the greenhouse

shading

process of exchanging air inside the greenhouse with outside air to control temperature, humidity, oxygen or carbon dioxide levels

ventilation

ventilation of greenhouse using fans

mechanical ventilation

ventilation of greenhouse which occurs through controlled openings due to natural pressure variations inside and outside the greenhouse

natural ventilation

materials that are placed around the brooder stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too far away from the heat supply until they learn the source of heat

brooder guard

process of supplying heat to the chicks after hatching up to the time that their natural heat regulatory mechanisms becomes fully functional

brooding

material used as bedding for animals

litter

long and narrow type of houses wherein at least one-half of the front and the back of the house are open

open sided housing

house wherein inside conditions are maintained as near as possible to the bird’s optimum requirements with the use of mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting

enclosed housing

A type of housing where animals are free to move between resting, feeding and watering areas

loose housing

one to two year old cattle of either sex

yearling

act of giving birth except for swine

parturition

mature male goat

buck

mature female goat that has kidded

doe

doe without milk

dry doe

young goat under six months old of either sex

kid

mature female sheep that has already lambed

ewe

sheep under six months of age

lamb

mature male sheep

ram

type of flooring utilizing the most commonly available materials such as rice hull and rice straw and wood shavings over the cemented floor

litter type

type of flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning of the droppings

slotted type

combination of slotted and litter type flooring wherein slats cover 60% of the total floor area and 40% is covered with litter.

slotted litter type

large nesting boxes for 3 - 6 layers

community nest

refers to a male breeding swine which is at least 8 months old

boar

place for piglets inside the farrowing pen

creep area

rate of removing undesirable or unproductive animals within the herd

culling rate

unbred sows which have just been weaned; non-pregnant sows

dry sows

act of giving birth in swine

farrowing

area in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods, but in which the sow can turn around

farrowing pen

device in which a sow is confined during farrowing and lactation periods and which prevents sow from turning around

farrowing stall

swine raised for meat production usually starts at 15 kg

fattener

swine which are 66 kg and up

finisher

female swine that has not farrowed

gilt

swine from 40 to 65 kg

grower

piglets born in one farrowing

litter

average number of farrowings of one sow per year

litter index

number of days an animal stays in a pen

occupancy

any breeding female pig that has farrowed

sow

piglet that has been recently separated from its mother

weaner

any premise or yard used for the confinement of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which include unloading ramp, pens and detention pens

lairage

refers to sheep, goat, and deer

small animals

refers to cattle and carabao

large animals

separate compartment in the lairage used to confine sick or suspected animals

detention pen

animals are free to move in a pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

loose type

pugnacious animals are tied within the pen while awaiting to be slaughtered

tie up type

any building or place used for killing of animals where the flesh is intended for human consumption

slaughterhouse

building or a portion of building where milking occurs but where no animals are housed

milking parlor

area provided to accommodate animals before milking

holding area

type of stall where animals must back up to exit the stall

back out stall

type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed directly forward after milking is completed

walk through

growth of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and meristems in a laboratory medium

tissue culture

any nutrient material prepared for the growth and cultivation plant tissue

culture medium

process of making any material entirely free from living microorganism

sterilization

condition that describes the freedom of plant materials, culture medium, confines of the culture vessel from contaminating microorganisms

asepsis

subjecting of cultures to conditions favorable to the growth of the plant tissue

incubation

flow air currents in which air currents do not intermingle

laminar flow

body of dressed birds

carcass

process composed of bleeding, defeathering, eviscerating, and from which the head, shanks, crop, oil gland and other inedible parts are removed

dressing

by-products, organs, glands and tissue other than meat of the food animal

offal

process of removing the internal organs in the abdominal and thoracic cavities

evisceration

process of restraining birds prior to slitting

shackling

trough that collects the waste from a larger area and directs the flow to a drain opening

trench drain

product handling which include steps to make a harvested commodity more suitable for manufacturers or consumers

primary processing

process of classifying into groups according to a set of recognized criteria of quality and size, each group bearing an accepted name and size grouping

grading

process of classifying into sizes according to criteria that may or may not be recognized or accepted by the industry

sizing

Process of classifying into groups designated by the person classifying the produce either according to a set of criteria or whatever criteria he may set

sorting

ratio of the volume of air that enters a room to the volume of air of the empty room

air change ratio

process of determining whether the grade standards have been interpreted or enforced properly by inspecting random samples usually of predetermined amount large enough to give an indication of the correctness of the grading procedure

inspection

process to ensure adequate protection and safe delivery of a product from the producer to the ultimate consumer

packaging

compartment which is suitable for confining only one animal at a time while it is being stunned and which is so constructed as to confine, without discomfort, to prevent any substantial movement of the animal forward, backward or sideway

stunning pen

renders an animal insensible before it is killed

stunning

insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the hole in the skull of cattle made by the captive blot to destroy the brain and spinal cord to prevent reflex muscular action and possible injury to operatives

pithing

severance of the major blood vessels in the neck or immediately anterior to the heart by means of a knife and “stuck” shall be construed accordingly.

sticking

remove as much blood from the carcass as possible before further handling

bleeding

lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin for dehairing

scalding

removal of the hair of the carcass

dehairing

suspending the carcass for particular operation

gambrelling

cleaning the carcass by burning the hair

singeing

preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready for storage or sale

dressing

dividing carcass into parts

splittng

all parts including viscera of slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats or swine that may be used for human consumption

carcass

edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goats or swine

meat

digestive tract of ruminants such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

green offal

digestive tract of swine such as the stomach, or the intestines which still contain fecal matter

black offal

meat requiring further examination as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination

detained meat

meat which is unfit for human consumption as declared by a veterinary inspector after veterinary examination

condemned meat

black or green offal

gut and tripe

building used for storing paddy or rice and other grains in bags

warehouse

storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and normally accommodates 44-50 kilos

bag storage

paddy; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is grain with the hull/husk enclosing the grain

palay

process of using chemicals to control insects in grains in a form of fumes

fumigation

amount of moisture in the grain expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample, wet basis

moisture content

pallet; wooden frames used on concrete floors for stacking bags to prevent direct contact between the grains and the floor

dunnage

moving of air through stored grains at low airflow rates (generally between 0.07 – 0.28 cubic meter per minute per ton) for purposes other than drying, to maintain or improve its quality

aeration

requires free oxygen

aerobic

consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from the production of livestock and poultry; and processing of crops, livestock and poultry

agricultural liquid waste

presence of free oxygen is not required

anaerobic

runoff not contaminated with manure such as runoff from roofs, grassed areas, drives and other areas which are not animal alleys

clean runoff

process of killing all pathogenic microorganisms

disinfection

part of total solids passing through the filter in a filtration procedure

dissolved solids

liquid waste, partially or completely treated, flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or wastewater treatment plant

effluent

lagoons that can function as aerobic or anaerobic depending on the environment

facultative lagoons

part of total solids remaining after volatile gases driven off at 600oC

fixed solids

non-biodegradable component of liquid waste composed of sand, gravel, cinders or other heavy solid materials

grit

storage where liquid waste is stored before final disposal

holding pond

liquid that flows into a containing space

influent

pit in the ground where liquid waste is stored to produce a higher quality effluent

lagoon

system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater

liners

rainfall containing animal manure

lot runoff

accumulated moist animal excrement that does not undergo decomposition or drying; it include feces and urine which may be mixed with bedding material, spilled feed or soil

manure

microorganism capable of causing diseases

pathogenic microorganism

treatment that causes substances in liquid waste to readily settle or float

primary treatment

treatment used to convert dissolved or suspended materials into a form more readily separated from the liquid waste being treated

secondary treatment

precipitate resulting from coagulation or sedimentation of liquid waste

sludge

watery mixture of insoluble solid

slurry

solids removed by filtration

suspended solids

residue remaining after water is removed from waste material by evaporation

total solids

part of total solids driven off as volatile gases when heated to 600oC

volatile solid

wastes resulting from the production and processing of crops and animals or agricultural products, including manures with at least 20% solids, pruning and crop residues wherever produced

agricultural solid waste

any item used to improve the compost structure and to increase porosity to allow internal air movement

bulking agent

weight ratio of carbon to nitrogen

c:n ratio

mixture of an organic waste with amendment(s) or bulking agent(s) in the proper proportions to promote aerobic microbial activity and growth and to achieve optimum temperatures

compost mix

controlled decomposition of organic matter by micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product

composting

any item added to the compost mixture that alters the moisture content, C:N ratio, or pH

composting amendment

process where fungi digest the carbons not degraded during composting and further stabilize the nutrients

curing

site where solid waste is finally discharged and deposited

disposal site

shall refer to the liquid produced when waste undergo decomposition, and when water percolate through solid waste undergoing decomposition; contaminated liquid that contains dissolved and suspended materials

leachate

interim containment of solid waste after generation and prior to collection for ultimate recovery or disposal

storage

involves the arrangement of compost mix in long, narrow piles or windrows that are periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions

windrow composting

granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed stone or light weight materials

aggregates

the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction

backfill

the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade.

base course

the suitable material used for embankments

borrow

removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the ground surface

clearing

structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or other moving loads

bridge

application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive voids.

compaction

structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more

course

drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

culvert

product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture

crushed gravel

removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other several structures

drainage

operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or rock

earthwork

protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent

erosion control

act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material

excavation

determination of the degree of compactness of the soil

field density test

the embankment material placed above natural ground line

fill

access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the farmers and fishermen

farm to market roads

slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground

grade

property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

gradation

rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in percentage

gradient

preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement materials including base and surfacing materials

grading

removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground surface

grubbing

roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular traffic

lane roadway

form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure

masonry

earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

one lane earth road

gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

one lane gravel road

asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

one lane asphalt pavement road

concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

one lane concrete road

quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

riprap

graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder

road bed

space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of agricultural products

roadway

travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders

road carriageway

lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway

road carriageway width

raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock

roadway embankment

part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for vehicles

road shoulder

saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and intended to be used in other construction

salvage materials

written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems, standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the requirements for acceptable completion of the work

specifications

refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks, transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

structures

refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base course

subbase course

vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians, vehicles, animals, etc.

traffic

a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles

turn out section

roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed (subgrade)

earth road

upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase course (subgrade)

gravel road

concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic

two lane concrete pavement road

top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is placed (subgrade)

bituminous, concrete road

earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two lane earth road

gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two lane gravel road

asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two lane asphalt pavement road

load or force passing through the axis of rotation

radial load

the number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90 percent of an apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops

rated life

the radial load that a ball bearing can withstand for one million revolutions of the inner ring

basic dynamic load rating

constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation

equivalent dynamic load

the maximum radial load, which corresponds to a calculated contact stress at the center of the most heavily, loaded rolling element/raceway contact

basic static load rating

static radial load, if applied, which produces a maximum contact stress equal in magnitude to the maximum contact stress in the actual condition of loading

equivalent static load

a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain equilibrium of single or multiple components

fastener

an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled parts, and normally tightened or released by torquing a nut

bolt

a block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external thread on a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part

nut

the designation used for the purpose of general identification

nominal size

the distance from the intersection of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme end of the fastener, measured parallel to the axis of the fastener

length of fastener

thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end

right hand thread

a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction from the starting end, when viewed from that end

left hand thread

the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any indication of permanent deformation after the load is released

proof load

the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side of the axis

pitch

for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread

major diamater

for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread

minor diameter

for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread ridge and the thread groove equal

pitch diameter

used to join lengths of shafting, which must often be sectionalized for practicability and economy in manufacture and shipping or for purposes of ready installation

couplings

couplings which permits the disengagement of the coupled shafts during rotation.

clutches

used for the transmission of power from a shaft to hub or vice versa.

splines

designed to reduce coupling shack by slipping during the engagement period. They also serve as safety devices by slipping when the torque exceeds their maximum rating.

friction clutch

produces its torque by virtue of the centrifugal force of weights pressing against the driving or frictionally driven member.

centrifugal clutch

consists of a frustum of a cone, so fitted to a shaft by means of a feather key that it can be pushed into an opposite engaging surface rigidly attached to the other shaft.

conical friction clutch

designed to transmit torque without slip, jaw clutches are the most common

positive clutch

used when the shafts are virtually collinear and when they remain in a fixed angular relation with respect to each other (except for angular deflection).

rigid coupling

essentially a split and bolted sleeve coupling, proportioned to clamp firmly on the shafts

clamp shaft coupling

commonly used in permanent installations for heavy loads and large sizes and particularly for vertical drives, as agitators

flange face coupling

designed to connect shafts which are misaligned either laterally or angularly. A secondary benefit is the absorption of impacts due to fluctuations in shaft torque or angular speed.

flexible coupling

used to connect shafts with much larger values of misalignment than can be tolerated by the other types of flexible couplings

universal joint

multiple keys in the general form of internal and external gear teeth, used to prevent relative rotation of cylindrically fitted machine parts

involute splines

are employed in multiple-spline fittings having 4, 6, 10, or 16 splines

square splines

synthetic organic material, including cellulose derivatives, with or without the incorporation of fillers, binders, pigments, dyes, which is capable of being shaped

plastics

simple unpolymerized form of chemical compound

monomer

chemical compound with higher molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalent bonds

polymer

polymers consisting of more than one monomer

copolymer

non-ionic chemical bond formed by stored electrons

covalent

substances that melt on heating and are processes in this state by a variety of extrusion and molding process

thermoplastic

substances that cannot be melted and remelted

thermoset

temperature at which the plastic can withstand without incurring a change in its physical properties

service temperature

belts used to transmit rotary motion and power between two shafts, which lie flat on the face of its corresponding pulley

flat belt

wheel having flat or crowned face used to transmit motion and power by means of flat belts

flat belt pulley

power transmission device used to transmit power and motion between two shafts consisting of flat belts which ride in flat pulleys

flat belt drive

outside diameter of the pulley

pulley diameter

stretched-out length of the belt

belt length

ratio of the angular velocities of the pulleys making no allowance for slip and creep

speed ratio

the linear speed of the belt calculated by multiplying the rpm and the diameter of the driver pulley and to the value of pi

belt speed

cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational motion and power between two parallel axes

helical gear

each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by contact with the teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the other

gear tooth

quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the quotient of the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth)

module

quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the number π, where the normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the cosine of the helix angle

normal module

line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear

pitch circle

radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle

addendum

circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth

addendum circle

radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle

dedendum

line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the gear

dedendum circle

amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum of its meshing gear

clearance

diameter of the pitch circle*

pitch diameter

diameter of the addendum circle

addendum diameter

diameter of the of the dedendum circle

dedendum diameter

radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle

tooth depth

length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive corresponding points of adjacent teeth

circular pitch

length of the arc, living between the tooth traces of two consecutive corresponding flanks of a cylindrical normal helix

normal circular pitch

width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch

tooth thickness

space between teeth measured along the pitch circle

tooth space

difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness

backlash

width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line generator of the reference cylinder

face width

portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the root surface

tooth flank

pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle

pressure angle

pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace

normal pressure angle

curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder

helix

in a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular to that helix

normal helix

acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary cylinder or cone coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration

helix angle

the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting the reference surface

tooth profile

the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface

tooth trace

a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an arc of an involute to a circle

involute cylindrical gear

plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the "generating line"), which rolls out without slip on the base circle

involute to a circle

sleeve bearing; a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with some form of fluid lubricant

journal bearing

the part of the rotating shaft , axle, roll or spindle that turns in a bearing

journal

a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal contact

lubricant

keys whose longitudinal sides are parallel with each other

parallel keys

keys with a tapered longitudinal section

taper keys

keys with a semi-circular cross-section

woodruff keys

long evenly shaped piece of solid metal

bar

steel bar with lugs or protrusions called deformations

deformed bar

diameter equivalent to the diameter of a plain round bar having the same mass per meter

nominal diameter of deformed bar

long hollow cylinder of specified thickness whose nominal size is approximated by the inside diameter

pipe

long hollow product of round or any other cross-section whose size is specified by the outside dimensions

tube

rolled rectangular section of thickness over 0.15 mm up to 6.0 mm, with sheared, slit or sawn edges

aluminum and aluminum alloy sheet

galvanized flat or corrugated metal product cut to the standard or specified length and has a nominal base metal thickness ranging from 0.20 mm to 1.6 mm and a flat width of 760 mm to 1,220 mm

galvanized steel sheet

quotient of the load (when the specified permanent elongation occurs in a tensile test) divided by the original cross-sectional area

proof stress

term applied to changes in physical and mechanical properties of low carbon steel that occur with the passage of time and adversely affect formability

ageing

removal of oxygen which causes oxidation of steel

deoxidation

a headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank through a hole in each piece and then by beating or pressing down the plain end so as to make a second head

rivet

the diameter of the shank

nominal diameter

a type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other and are held together by one or more rows of rivets.

lap joint

a type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in the same plane and are joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap which is riveted to both plates by one or more rows of rivets

butt joint

spacing between rivet centers

pitch

the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest row of rivets

margin

allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or flatten the protruding end

clinch allowance

distance between adjacent joint members

chain pitch

the diameter of a circle tangent to the curve (called the seating curve) at the bottom of the tooth gap

bottom diameter

for a sprocket with an odd number of teeth, it is the distance from the bottom of the tooth gap to that of the nearest opposite tooth gap

caliper diameter

it is the diameter over the tips of the teeth

outside diameter

an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in assembled parts, of mating with preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and of being tightened or released by torquing the head

screw

Used to increase the bearing area thus distributing the fastener load over a large area, particularly on soft materials such as aluminum.

hexagonal flange head

For applications where space is restricted making impossible to use a wrench for tightening.

pan head

When space is restricted making impossible to use a wrench for tightening, and where a flat surface is required.

flat countersunk head

When space is restricted making impossible to use a wrench for tightening, where a flat surface is required. This type shall be recommended for machine parts that are always disassembled.

oval countersunk head

When space is restricted making impossible to use a wrench for tightening and for applications that requires no protruding parts of the machine.

slotted head

For applications that require no protruding parts of the machine. The use of this type of setscrew allows easy assembly and disassembly of machine parts

hexagon socket head

a cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are straight lines parallel to the axis. Generally, it transmits rotational motion and power between two axes

spur gear

each of the projecting parts of a gear which are intended to ensure, by contact with the teeth of another gear, that one of the other gear turns the other

gear tooth

used to transmit power between shafts at practically any angle

bevel gear

bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered so that they would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if extended inward

straight bevel gears

bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and operate at axes with right angles

miter gears

the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end

toe

the portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end

heel

the angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation

front angle

the between an element of the face cone and its axis

face angle

the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two pitch angles

shaft angle

the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear

root angle

the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating registering surface on back

pitch apex to back

the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear

crown to back

the sharp corner forming the outside diameter

crown

the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in locating the gear in the application assembly

mounting surface

for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point of the axes to the registering surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be identical to the apex to back

mounting distance

the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex to the pitch circle

back cone distance

the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing a trace of the pitch circle

back cone

the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of rotation

back angle

the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex

cone distance

the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel gear axis, it is the half angle of the pitch cone

pitch angle

high density fiberboard that has been specially treated with drying oil, petroleum derivatives or other compounds stabilized by baking or heating, and generally intended for the use where moisture resistance is required.

tempered fiberboard

A high density fiberboard without subsequent treatment generally intended for interior use

standard fiberboard

A hardboard without any factory-applied finish.

plain

High density fiberboard with a smooth surface on one side and a screen impression on the other side.

smooth one side

flexible machine element used to transmit motion and power between two shafts, the cross section of which is shaped roughly like a regular trapezoid outlined by the base, sides and top of the belt

v belt

wheel with one or more grooved rims used to transmit motion and power by means of one or more V-belts

v pulley

power transmission device, which consists of one or more V-belts, mounted on two or more V-pulleys

v belt drive

type of plywood intended for outdoor or marine uses, also known as Type I

exterior plywood

surface of the plywood showing veneer of higher grade than that of the back side

face

plywood faced with a material other than wood, such as metal or plastic

face plywood

panel made of consolidated ligno-cellulosic fibers with the primary bond derived from their inherent adhesive properties and/or the addition of resin or other materials

fiberboard

consist essentially of an inorganic hydraulic binder or a calcium silicate binder formed by the chemical reaction of a siliceous material and a calcareous material reinforced by organic fibers and/or inorganic synthetic fibers

fiber cement flat sheets

type of plywood intended for inside use, having limited moisture resistance

interior plywood

side board made up of well machined lumber strips properly dried and glued together

lumber core

ply board; plywood made up of face/back veneer, crossboard core veneer and well composed kiln dried lumber core

lumber core plywood

sheet of plywood

panel

board principally made from wood chips and formed by hot press process with adhesive

particle board

stratum or layer used in referring to the successive layers of veneer in a panel

ply

assembled product made of layers of veneers and/or lumber core held together by an adhesive, the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers, distributing the longitudinal wood strength

plywood

Hardboard which has a pattern impressed on one surface, e.g. simulating some other materials such as leather, sawali, wood grain, bark, diamond, fine weave, and others

decorative

Usually S1S hardboard with holes punched or drilled at the factory for use with various fixtures to provide decorative wall-mounted storage facilities or which may be used for acoustic purposes.

perforated

High density fiberboard with smooth surfaces on both sides.

smooth two sides

ratio of the total dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the fiber extracted to the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies, expressed in percent

stripping efficiency

difference between the potential fiber content of abaca tuxies and dry weight (moisture content of 14%) of the actual fiber extracted using abaca stripper, expressed in percent

extraction loss

refers to the physical properties such as tensile strength, length, color and texture (fineness and coarseness) of fibers extracted

fiber quality

indicator of the quality or the characteristics of the physical property of a fiber

grade

fresh weight of the output fiber extracted from the abaca stripper per unit time, kg/h

output capacity

distance between the horizontal supporting plane surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the stripping machine

overall height

distance between the vertical planes at the right angles to the median plane of the abaca stripper and touching its front and rear extremities

overall length

distance between the vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the machine, each plane touching the outermost point of the stripper on its respective side

overall width

summation of the weight of extracted fiber using manual or mechanical abaca stripper and unextracted fiber manually obtained

potential fiber content

preliminary operation of the machine to make various adjustments prior to the conduct of test until the operation is stable

running-in period

ratio of fresh weight of fiber extracted and the total fresh weight of input abaca tuxies to the abaca stripper, expressed in percent

potential fiber recovery

long and slender natural filament of abaca plant

abaca fiber

part of abaca plant which consist of several layers of leaf sheath

abaca stalk

mechanical device used for extracting primary fibers by scraping action from blade and stripping block

abaca stripper

method that uses bolo to partially cut (leaving the upper layer 1 mm to 2 mm thick uncut) crosswise the middle of the inner portion of the leaf sheath to be able to extract the tuxies

bacnis method

the outer layer of abaca leaf sheath which contains the primary fiber

tuxy

method that uses tuxying knife to thrust one side of the leaf sheath and make a cut between the upper and the inner portions of the material to be able to extract the tuxies

locnit method

soft tissue or non-fibrous material attached to the fiber

parenchymatous material

extracting the fiber from abaca tuxies using abaca stripper

stripping

part of the abaca stripper that provides friction and where raw materials are being locked in position during fiber extraction

stripping block

separating the outer layer from inner layer of leaf sheath which is at most 1.8 mm of abaca leaf sheath either by locnit method (using tuxying knife) or bacnis method (using bolo)

tuxying

metal plate, non-serrated or serrated, that provides stripping action

stripping knife

ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent

burning efficiency

ratio of the actual and the theoretical heating value of fuel, expressed in percent

furnace efficiency

heat absorbed by a unit mass of a material at its boiling point in order to convert the material into a gas without temperature change

latent heat of vaporization

heat absorbed or evolved by a substance during a change of temperature that is not accompanied by a change of state

sensible heat

ratio of actual and theoretical heat supplied by the fuel to the furnace, expressed in percent

heating system efficiency

organic materials used as renewable source of energy like wood chips, corncobs and rice hulls, etc.

biomass

enclosed structure for intense heating by fire using any biomass like woodchips, corncobs and rice hulls as fuel

biomass furnace

fire resistant surface located at the heating chamber of the biomass furnace

hearth

materials to be processed (i.e. dried, burned, melted, etc.) using biomass furnace

workload

framework of metal bars or fire bricks used to hold biomass fuel in furnace for more efficient combustion

grate

ratio of the weight of the input biomass materials less unshredded biomass materials, to the total weight of the input biomass materials to the shredder, expressed in percent

shredding efficiency

weight of biomass material fed into the shredder, expressed in kilogram per hour

input capacity

biomass material that is not totally cut into strips

unshredded

machine used to cut biomass materials into strips

biomass shredder

part of a shredding machine which is used to cut or sliced twigs or small branches of trees into small and uniform sizes called chips

chipping section

part of the biomass shredder where the biomass materials to be cut are loaded

hopper

electric motor or internal combustion engine used to drive the biomass shredder

prime mover

thin slice of material with thickness of about 4 mm

chip

chipper; size reduction machine either power or manually operated which is used to cut or slice root crops or banana into small thin pieces called chips

chipping machine

amount of material that can be processed per unit time, kg/h

chipping capacity

cutting rotor; devices intended to slice the crop into chips with reasonable consistency within a range of optional settings

cutterhead

opening through which chipped material is thrown out

discharge chute

type of chipping machine with knives mounted radially with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation

flywheel type

component intended to provide protection for the operator or bystander from injury

guard

knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation

drum type

fibrous covering of a coconut fruit comprising of 30% fiber and 70% parenchymatous cells

coconut husk

slender and elongated fibrous materials extracted from coconut husk

coconut coir

fine and powder-like particles parenchymatous cells that are extracted from the coconut husk

coconut peat

machine to crush matured coconut husk through impact or beating action to separate coco fiber and coconut peat from the husk

coconut coir decorticator

ratio of the weight of the input coconut husk partially and totally undecorticated coconut husk to the total weight of the input coconut husk to the decorticator, expressed in percent

decorticating efficiency

refers to the physical and morphological (e.g. tensile strength, maturity, color, fiber length and cleanliness) properties of fibers extracted

coir quality

portion of the coconut husk that is partially crushed and totally crushed

undecorticated

container where oven-dried samples are cooled without affecting its moisture content

desiccators

quantity of crude oil that the expeller can extract per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

crude oil production rate

amount of input test material free of foreign matter expressed as percentage of the total weight of the sample

purity

copra residue that pass through the expeller barrel together with the crude oil but is filtered by the perforated screen placed at the entrance of the crude oil chute

wet copra meal

permit a final adjustment of pressure and capacity in order to correct variations in the raw material and to secure the lowest possible oil content of the copra meal residue

choke

dried coconut meat from which oil is extracted

copra

residue collected after extracting oil from milled copra

copra meal

freshly extracted coconut oil containing moisture, fiber, resins, colors, etc. from copra

crude oil

barrel or cage consists of a heavy cradle-type frame into which flat steel bars are set edgewise around the periphery, therefore parallel to the worm shaft functioning as a screen

expeller barrel

part of the oil expeller where the extraction process occurs

extraction chamber

motor-driven extrusion type machine capable of extracting crude oil from copra for use in cooking, soapmaking, or as ingredient in other foods such as baked or fried goods

oil expeller

a kind of a screw which has the double task of conveying the raw material through the pressure chamber formed by the barrel, and at the same time of exerting a pressure on it

worm shaft

ratio of the total weight of damaged parchment coffee to the total weight of sample, expressed in percentage

mechanically damaged parchment coffee

ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that comes out to the pulp discharge to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage

separation loss

ratio of total weight of parchment coffee collected at all outlets to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage

pulping efficiency

ratio between the total weight of parchment coffee collected at the main outlet to the total weight of input coffee cherry to the machine, expressed in percentage

pulping recovery

ratio of the total weight of unpulped coffee cherry to the total input weight of coffee cherry to the pulper, expressed in percentage

unpulped loss

ratio of the total weight of the parchment coffee that fell around the base of coffee pulper to the total coffee cherry input to the machine, expressed in percentage by weight

scattering loss

machine to remove and separate the soft pulp of ripe coffee cherry without making any damage to the parchment coffee

coffee pulper

ripened fruits of coffee shrubs

coffee cherry

thread like component of rotating cylinder of the pulping chamber

flute

angle of inclination of the rubber coated flutes

flute inclination

process of removing and separating the skin and pulp of coffee cherry

pulping

slimy layer found between the pulp and adhering to the parchment

mucilage

endocarp of the coffee cherry, lies between the fleshy part (or pulp) of the cherry and coffee bean

parchment

final output product when the coffee cherry has undergone pulping process

parchment coffee

part of machine where parchment coffee are collected

main parchment coffee outlet

part of machine where pulps are collected

pulp outlet

red or green thin fleshy outer layer of the coffee cherry

pulp

cleaner that uses air to separate lower density material from the corn kernels/corn grits such as floured corn, germ and bran

aspirator

ratio of the weight (kg) of the corn kernels, to its volume (m3)

bulk density

shelled corn kernels where the germ and pericarp have been removed

degerminated corn kenels

weight of the corn kernels fed into the corn mill per unit of time

feed rate

impurity; any matter which is not corn kernels/corn grits or fragment of corn kernels/corn grits sand, gravel, dirt, pebbles, stones, lumps of earth, clay, mud, weeds and other crop seeds

foreign matter

equipment with definite shaking motion used to sort the size of the milled materials using standard screen sieves

laboratory sieve shaker

quantity of corn kernels that the corn mill can process to produce corn grits per unit of time

milling capacity

auxiliary device of the corn mill that removes foreign material

precleaner

oscillating screen; wire mesh or perforated metal sheet, moving in back-and-forth direction, permitting smaller particles to fall through the openings and larger particles to remain on top

sifter

“tahop”; coarse powder from outer covering of the corn kernel removed during the milling process

bran

refers to corn grit # 20 and # 24, floured corn, germ and bran

by-product

ratio of the weight of by-products, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in percent

by-product recovery

shelled corn of either dent or flint varieties

corn kernels

milled corn kernels where the outer covering and germs have been removed and with particle size of not less than 0.86 mm

corn grits

milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm

grit #10

milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.5 mm to 1.7 mm

grit #12

milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.2 mm to 1.4 mm

grit #14

milled corn kernels with particle size between 1.10 mm to 1.19 mm

grit #16

milled corn kernels with particle size between 0.86 mm to 1.09 mm

grit #18

rewetting of dried corn kernels to about 18% to 22% moisture content and tempering it to make the pericarp and the germ more pliable and easier to remove

conditioning

equipment used to produce corn grits using the dry milling process

corn mill

machine used to remove the germ and pericarp from the corn kernel

degerminator

ratio of the weight of degerminated corn kernel sample, to the initial weight of the sample, expressed in percent

degerminator efficiency

process of reducing the corn kernels into pieces of grits, germ and pericarp with or without conditioning

dry milling

fines; “tiktik”; fine powder by-product of corn milling process

floured corn

“sungo”; embryo of the kernel removed during the degermination process

germ

corn grit by-product with particle size between 0.70 mm to 0.85 mm

grit #20

corn grit by-product with particle size smaller than 0.70 mm

grit #24

refers to corn grit # 10, #12, #14, #16, and # 18

main product

ratio of the weight of corn grits, to the total weight of corn kernel input, expressed in percent

main product recovery

amount of moisture in the corn kernels expressed as percent of the total weight of the sample, wet basis

moisture content

major component of the corn mill used to reduce corn kernels into corn grits.

roller mill

actual rate of being able to harvest corn in a given area per unit of time

actual field capacity

(Zea mays); cereal grass belonging to the Poaceae family

corn

fruit of the corn plant with husk

corn ear

machine attached to the side of tractor designed for picking corn

single-row side- mounted corn picker

measures the ability of the corn picker to deliver the harvested corn ear to the collecting bin

conveyance efficiency

ratio of the actual field capacity and theoretical field capacity, expressed in percent

field efficiency

measures the ability of the corn picker to harvest the corn ear from the corn stalk through snapping and stripping action

picking efficiency

maximum yield per unit area

potential yield

computed rate of harvested corn in a given area per unit time

theoretical field capacity

longitudinal dimension of a roll in right angle to the diameter

width

part of the corn picker that pulls the corn stalk downward thereby, stripping the corn ear during operation

snapping rolls

direct the stalks of the corn plant to the snapping rolls

stalk guide rod

part of the corn picker that prevents the corn stalk from bending and separate the corn ear from the stalk

stripper plate

type of fuel from living organisms such as plants, animals and their by-products

biomass fuel

total percent of ginger tea (instant “salabat”) loss based on the recovered product

cooking losses

quantity of juice that the crystallizer can cook per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

cooking rate

ratio between the total weight of recovered ginger tea (instant “salabat”) and the weight of sugar added to the input juice, expressed in percentage

cooking recovery

principal factor which indicates the uniformity of ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

fineness modulus

refers to the physical and chemical properties of the product, instant “salabat”

ginger tea quality

weight of input juice per batch, expressed in kilogram

holding capacity

type of fuel used in cooking ginger juice

liquified petroleum gas

length of time measured from the time the burner is turned on until it is turned off

operating time

main source of heat used in cooking ginger juice

burner

machine that cooks ginger juice to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

crystallizer

part of the crystallizer where ginger juice are being loaded for cooking operation

cooking basin

crystallized form of ginger from its juice

ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

component of the crystallizer that is used in stirring to attain the desired consistency of the mixture to produce ginger tea (instant “salabat”)

paddle

volume of air in cubic meters delivered to the mass of dehusked corn per minute

airflow rate

corn kernels which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means

damaged kernels

mean temperature of the air to be used for drying the dehusked corn, measured at a number of points practicably as close to its entry to the drying bed

drying air temperature

maximum capacity that the dehusked corn dryer can dry to meet the desired moisture content

drying capacity

total amount of fuel consumed divided by the total drying time, expressed in kg/h

fuel consumption

ratio of the average percent moisture content removed from the dehusked corn to drying time, expressed in percent per hour

moisture reduction rate

pressure build-up in the plenum chamber to maintain uniform dustribution of air flow through the dehusked corn mass, expressed in mmH2O

static pressure

ear corn; corn-on-cob; unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed mechanically or manually

dehusked corn

refers to the leafy outer/protective covering of an ear of corn as it grows on the plant

husk

device for removing excess moisture from the ear of corn without husk, generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat

dehusked corn dryer

blower; air moving device that is used to force heated air through the mass of materials to be dried at the desired air flow rate and pressure

fan

difference between the maximum and the minimum moisture content randomly sampled after drying

moisture gradient

chamber wherein air pressure is developed for uniform distribution of the heated air through the material to be dried

plenum

any device that is used to avoid human accident and/or damage to the parts and components of the dryer during the operation and automatically shuts-off the operation of the dryer in case of malfunction

safety device

part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan to the air by increasing its total pressure from the inlet to the outlet

air power

angle measured between the air inlet and the lower camber of the fan/blower

angle of attack

when the air flow/movement produces by fan/blower starts to reverse direction

back-flow

ratio between the hub diameter and the fan/blower wheel diameter

hub-tip ratio

ratio between the lift force and the drag force on fan/blower blades during operation

lift-drag ratio

tube that is being connected to a manometer and is being used to measure the static and total force of air in the testing duct of fan/blower

pitot tube

part of the energy per unit time that is imparted by the fan/blower to the air in overcoming static pressure from the inlet to the outlet

static air power

conical structure or orifice rings that are being used at the end of testing duct of fan/blower to enable variation in air volumetric flow rate

throttling device

sum of the static and velocity pressure

total pressure

point in the duct at which measurement using pitot tube shall be done

traverse point

pressure along the line of the flow that result from the air flowing through the duct

velocity pressure

shape of a wing or blade of a propeller, rotor, or turbine or sails as seen in cross section

airfoil

asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of an airfoil in cross-section

camber

force cause by friction which slows down the movement of an object

drag

structure mounted on the inlet and/or outlet part of fan/blower for safety purpose

fan/blower guard

sum of all the forces on a body that force it to move perpendicular to the direction of flow

lift

side of the fan/blower blade where the air comes in contact with at entry

leading edge

side of the fan/blower blade that is usually pointed and where the deflection of air occurs

trailing edge

rotating device with blades projecting from a hub

rotor

any revolving vane or vanes used for producing currents of air

fan/blower wheel

weight of feed ingredients fed into the feed mixer per unit time, expressed in kilogram per hour.

mixing rate

statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients

coefficient of variation of salt content

mathematical average of the samples taken from the feed mixed

mean

statistical measurement of dispersion or variation in distribution of feed ingredients

standard deviation

meal type, pellets or crumble type of food that are mixed from various raw materials and additive

feeds

machine used to mix uniformly the feed ingredients

feed mixer

statistical representation of the precision of distribution of feed ingredients

coefficient of variation

the method or extent of extracting (by retting or decorticating) the fiber from the leaves

cleaning

principal factor which determine the grade of a fiber

color

distance between the outermost points along the cylinder base axis

cylinder length

equivalent linear speed of the cylinder tip when running at normal operating speed

cylinder peripheral speed

elasticity or stretch of a fiber before rupture

elongation

distance between the scraper block/breaker block and blades in order to separate fiber elements from the non-fiber elements of the plant

effective allowance

outside diameter generated by the outermost point of the cylinder decorticating elements

effective cylinder diameter

ratio of the amount between the total weight of the fiber extracted to the total amount of fiber content on a dry basis

extraction efficiency

number of persons needed in the operation of the fiber decorticator

labor requirement

properties of the fiber which deal with its anatomical characteristics such as length, diameter, lumen and wall thickness

morphological properties

dry weight of the fiber at 13-14% moisture content extracted per unit time*

output capacity

inherent strength and behavior of fibers under applied force which determines the mechanical serviceability or usefulness in commerce such as tensile strength, cleaning and color

physical properties

sum of the weights of collected decorticated fiber and all losses

total decorticating input

slender and greatly elongated natural filament of fiber plant

fiber

decorticator; mechanical device used for extracting fibers by crushing, beating and scraping actions effected by the rotating cylinder with equally spaced blades and breaker or scraper block

fiber decorticator

breaker block; part of the decorticator where raw materials are beaten up and crushed

scraper block

ratio of the weight of the fresh chopped materials collected at all outlets, to the total fresh weight of the input of the chopper, expressed in percent

chopping efficiency

any crop used as silage, soilage or animal feed, usually mixed with fermenting agents

forage

part of the forage chopper where the forage to be chopped are loaded

feeding table

type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are blown up through the blow-up pipe

blow-up type

knives on cylindrical mountings such that the cutting edges of the knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation

cylinder cutterhead

cylindrical roll generally with protrusions or flutes, used to gather, compress and advance the crop into the cutterhead

feedroll

knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation

flywheel cutterhead

machine used to cut the crop into short parallel lengths

forage chopper

type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are dropped down to the bottom of machine

let-fall type

forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of four or more feed rolls to partially orient and advance the crop at a consistent rate into the cutting mechanism

precision-cut forage chopper

forage chopper without a distinct feeding mechanism, usually employing flails to impact- cut and chop crop directly into shorter pieces

random-cut forage chopper

forage chopper which uses a feeding mechanism consisting of two feed rolls, or other means such as an auger, to advance the crop to the cutting mechanism

semi-precision-cut forage chopper

shear bar; fixed plate providing a stationary edge against which the cutterhead knives shear the crop

stationary knife

type of forage chopper where the chopped materials are thrown away to the front area of the machine

throw-away type

heat utilization efficiency; ratio of the total heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, to the amount of heat added to the drying air, expressed in percent

drying efficiency

amount of water removed per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

drying rate

ratio of the total heat utilized for drying, to the heat available in the fuel expressed in percent

drying system efficiency

total amount of heat utilized to vaporize moisture in the material, expressed in kJ/kg of water

heat utilization

ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant that are edible, usually sweet and in fleshy form

fruit

device for removing excess moisture from the fruits, generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat

fruit dryer

ratio of vapor pressure of water in the product to the water vapor pressure of pure water at the same temperature.

water activity

device used for milling which consists of rotating hammer(s) and a heavy perforated screen at the bottom

hammer mill

ratio of the average size of input to the average size of the product

reduction ratio

furnace efficiency; ratio of the heat supplied by the burner/furnace, to the heat released by the fuel

burner efficiency

ratio of the heat released by the fuel, to the theoretical heat available from the fuel

combustion efficiency

source of energy which includes petroleum-based fuels such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel oil and bunker fuel oil

conventional energy source

grains which are heat damaged, weather damaged, sprouted or distinctly damaged by insects, water, fungi and/or any other means

damaged grains

load capacity; continuous flow dryer: weight of grain in the dryer after a period of stable operation batch type dryer: weight of grain required to fill the dryer at the input moisture content

grain holding capacity

palay which are light green and chalky with soft texture

immature grains

source of energy that includes non-petroleum based fuels such as biomass and solar energy

non-conventional energy source

ratio of the weight of grains that fell out from the machine during the drying operation, to the weight of the total grain input to the dryer, expressed in percent

scattered grains

temporarily holding the grain between the drying passes, allowing the moisture content in the center of the grain and that on the surface of the grain to equalize

tempering

mechanical grain dryer wherein the grain in fixed volume is held in the drying chamber in batches until the grain reaches the desired moisture content

batch type

shallow bed batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a horizontal grain holding bin

flat bed type

batch type dryer equipped to circulate and/or mixed fixed volume of grain during the drying operation

recirculating type

columnar type; batch type dryer wherein a fixed volume of grain is held stationary in a vertical grain holding bin

vertical bin type

dryer in which the material being dried moves through the drying chamber in a substantially continuous stream and is discharged without being recirculated

continuous flow dryer

parallel flow type; continuous flow dryer wherein the product being dried moves in the same direction as drying air

concurrent flow type

continuous flow dryer wherein the grain being dried move in one direction and the drying air moves in the opposite direction

counter-flow type

continuous flow dryer wherein the flow of air is transverse to the direction of flow of the grain being dried

cross-flow type

continuous flow dryer wherein the drying bin is similar to columnar drying bin except that it includes louvers causing mixing to occur as the grain flows through the system

mixing type

continuous flow dryer wherein the grains in the drying bin flows through the column in a straight path

non-mixing type

grains which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

cracked grain

dryer in which the products of combustion come into direct contact with the product being dried

direct fired dryer

dryer in which the products of combustion do not come in contact with the products being dried

indirect fired dryer

device used to collect dust ( i.e. consist of aspiration fan, cyclone, etc.)

dust collecting system

device for removing excess moisture from the grain, generally by forced or natural convection with or without addition of heat

grain dryer

grain or a fraction of grain with its length equal to or greater than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

head rice

device used to remove grain moisture by forcing heated air through the grain mass until the desired moisture content is attained

heated-air mechanical grain dryer

mechanical grain dryer wherein grain is passed intermittently in cycles or stages through a drying chamber either by mechanical means or by gravity with subsequent cooling and tempering until the grain reaches the desired moisture content

multi-pass dryer

the weight of the threshed grain collected from the main grain outlet per unit time

actual capacity

threshed grain with 100% purity exclusive of the empty grains and other impurities

clean threshed grain

clearance between cylinder threshing elements and concave component

concave clearance

an iron grill frame partly surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

concave component

the corrected capacity of the thresher at 20% grain moisture content (wet basis), grain- straw ratio of 0.55 and 100% purity

corrected capacity

grain content; the ratio of the weight of the grains present in the panicles, to the total weight of the grain and straw in the same sample

grain-straw ratio

semi-circular shaped wire mesh or bar grate covering the lower portion of the threshing chamber which causes the grains to separate from the panicles

lower concave

the weight of the threshed grains collected at the grain outlet

threshing output

sum of the weights of collected threshed grains and all threshing losses

total grain input

a semi-circular shaped grate at the upper portion of the threshing cylinder with louvers which assist threshing and axial movement of the straw

upper concave

throw-in type of thresher which allows the cut plants to move in a helical manner around the threshing cylinder with a net effect of moving the material axially between the feeding and discharge outlets

axial flow thresher

ratio of the weight of grains blown with the chaff by the thresher fan, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

blower loss

empty grains and crushed straw being discharged from the threshing chamber

chaff

concave component; iron grill frame partially or fully surrounding the cylinder on which the threshing elements rubs, shear and/or impact the cut plants

concave grate

type of thresher wherein the panicles of the cut plants are fed into the threshing chamber while the stalks are mechanically or manually held during the threshing operation

hold-on thresher

grains that were broken and/or dehulled (partially or fully) as a result of threshing operation

mechanically damaged grain

machine used to detach and separate the palay from the panicles

mechanical rice thresher

paddy; rice; rough rice; unhulled grain of Oryza sativa L., that is, grain with the hull/husk

palay

type of threshing cylinder wherein spikes or pegs are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem or in helical arrangements

peg-tooth cylinder

type of threshing cylinder wherein threshing is done between bar-like protrusions in parallel orientation laid on the periphery of the cylinder and stationary bars built into or attached to the concave grate

rasp-bar cylinder

engine speed indicated in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the engine shaft as specified by the engine manufacturer for operation at nominal continuous load

rated engine speed

cut plants length measured from the point of cut to the tip of the panicle

straw length

grains that are detached from the panicles by the thresher inclusive of mature, immature, and damaged grains

threshed grain

threshing chamber; part of the thresher where the grains are detached and separated from the panicles

threshing unit

threshing drum; part of the threshing unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with either pegs, rasp bars, or wire loops on its periphery

threshing cylinder

ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at all outlets, to the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

threshing efficiency

attachments of the threshing cylinder such as pegtooth, wire-loop and rasp-bar that detaches the grains from the panicles

threshing element

ratio of the weight of the threshed grains collected at the main grain outlet, to the weight of the total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

threshing recovery

throw-in type of thresher wherein cut plants are fed between the rotating cylinder and stationary concave and the threshed materials/straws are discharged out of the threshing chamber tangentially

through flow thresher

type of thresher which detaches the grains by feeding the cut plants into the machine

throw-in thresher

ratio of the weight of grains that remained in the panicles of the plants fed into the threshing chamber, to the weight of total grain input of the thresher, expressed in percent

unthreshed loss

type of threshing cylinder wherein wires of the same arc and size are attached on the periphery of the cylinder in tandem arrangement with or without the threshing concave

wire-loop cylinder

longitudinal bran layers remaining in the dorsal grooves after milling

bran streaks

“binlid”; small pieces or particles of grains that pass through a sieve with round perforations of 1.4 mm in diameter

brewer's rice

extent or degree by which the bran layer and germ have been removed

milling degree

rice grain from which the hull, the germ, and the bran layers have been completely removed

overmilled rice

rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers and the greater part of the inner bran layers have been removed but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on 15% to 40% of the sample grains

regular milled rice

rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layer, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layer may still be present on more than 40 % of the sample grains

undermilled rice

rice grain from which the hull, the germ, the outer bran layers, and the greater part of the inner bran layer have been removed, but part of the lengthwise streaks of the bran layers may still be present on less than 15% of the sample grains

well-milled rice

outer layer of the brown rice consisting of the aleurone cells covering the endosperm of the rice grain*

bran

grains that break in the process of milling which have a size of less than eight-tenth (8/10) of the average length of whole grain

broken grains

type of micromill with milling capacity of 50 kg/h to less than 100 kg/h

household model

friction type rice mill performing simultaneous hulling and whitening operations and having a milling capacity of 50-250 kg/h

micromill

grains obtained after the removal of hull and bran

milled rice

ratio of the weight of grains that do not break in the process of milling and with a size of eight-tenth (8/10) or more of the whole grain to the total weight of milled rice, percent

percent head rice

outermost rough covering of the palay grain (palea and lemma) consisting of the empty glumes, floral glumes and awn

rice hull

type of micromill with input capacity of 100-250 kg/h

village model

method of grain moisture determination based on actual extraction of water either by convection heating (oven method) or distillation

primary method

method of grain moisture determination based on some characteristics of the grain sample such as electrical resistance and capacitance which are related to moisture content and must be periodically calibrated against an official primary method

secondary method

quantity of juice that the extractor can obtain per unit of time, expressed in kilogram per hour

extraction rate

refers to the physical and chemical properties of juice extracted

juice quality

ratio of the extracted juice and the total weight of the input crop, expressed in percent

juice recovery

residues of the test materials after juice extraction

meal

initial moisture content of the crop

potential juice content

part of the multicrop juice extractor where juice extraction takes place

extracting chamber

total amount of extracted juice collected based on the extraction losses, expressed in percentage

extraction recovery

aqueous liquid expressed or extracted from crops cells or tissues

juice

machine capable of extracting the juice of different crops

multicrop juice extractor

indicates the uniformity of grind in the resultant product

fineness

time required to empty the hopper from full load per trial

input time

ratio between the amount of acceptable ground/milled product and the total milling recovery, expressed in percentage

milling efficiency

ratio between the total amount of ground/milled product recovered and the total input materials, expressed in percentage

milling recovery

refers to the fineness of the ground/milled product

quality

free of openings that allow the entry or passage of moisture

sealed

part of the machine where the ground/milled products are being discharged

collecting bin

part of the machine (usually made of cheesecloth) where the small or powdered solids are being separated and protected from the air

cyclone

finely ground or powdered foodstuffs from grains or other starchy plant foods used mainly in baking

flour

an ingredient (as condiment, spice or herb) added to food primarily to enhance its flavor

food seasoning

part of the multicrop micromill where milling/grinding takes place

milling chamber

machine that grinds dried product meal of various crops into finer particles suitable for the purpose of food seasoning or as flour

multicrop micromill

It consists of two roughed plates, one stationary and the other rotating. The material is reduced by crushing and shears

attrition mill

crop condition stored not more than 2 days after harvest

freshly harvested

quantitative efficiency of the machine in cleaning and peeling crops, expressed in percent

machine efficiency

materials that are damaged (i.e. bruises/scratched, broken, sliced, etc.) as a result of washing and peeling operation, expressed in percent

mechanically damaged materials

practically free from dirt, stains, other foreign materials or absence of caked dirt on the rhizome or between segments of the rhizome and other crops

clean

machine that peels outer skin, or cleans and removes undesirable debris of ginger rhizomes, sweet potato, potato, arrow root, radish and carrot

multicrop washer- peeler

horizontally elongated subterranean stem, which forms roots on the lower side and shoots on the upper side of the nodes

rhizome

washing-peeling capacity; the amount of washed and peeled crops per unit time during the actual washing-peeling operation time, expressed in kilogram per hour

effective capacity

a cylinder encased in a water container and rotating in a horizontal axis where crops are being loaded for the washing and peeling operation

washing drum assembly

cylindrical container that holds the water and washing drum assembly

water container

kernel which shows signs of fissures or fractures

cracked kernel

edible part of peanut

kernel

ratio of the weight of kernel to the weight of the pod, expressed as percent

kernel-pod ratio

outlet at which shelled kernel move out of the machine

main kernel outlet

difference between the percent cracked kernel taken before and after the shelling operation

net cracked kernel

pod being left with kernels in it after shelling

partially-shelled pod

unbroken shell with kernel inside

pod

outlet at which shells come out of the machine in case of the machine with blower(s)

shell outlet

shelled kernel received at all outlet with respect to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

shelling efficiency

ratio of the weight of the kernel collected at the main kernel outlet to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

shelling recovery

sum of the weight of kernel collected from the main kernel input and the clean kernel from the blower loss, separation loss, unshelled loss and scattering loss

total kernel input

ratio of the weight of the kernel that remained in the shell after feeding into the shelling cylinder to the total kernel input expressed as percentage by weight

unshelled loss

wholly or partially broken and insect-damaged kernel

damaged kernel

machine used to remove kernels from the shell by breaking/splitting the pods

peanut sheller

hull of the pod

shell

whole and damaged kernels freed from shell

shell kernels

unbroken and non-insect damaged kernel

whole kernel

shelled kernel free from foreign matter

clean shelled kernel

wire mesh or perforated sheet metal used to separate large and/or small particles

oscillating screen

sum of blower, separation, unshelled and scattering losses in a sheller, expressed in percent by weight

total losses

type of shelling cylinder formed by a rolled metal sheet/plate or formed by longitudinal bars adjacently arranged forming a continuous cylinder

closed-frame cylinder

part of the ear corn where the kernels are attached

corn cob

machine used to remove the husk of corn ear, detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs in one operation

corn husker-sheller

machine used to detach, separate and clean the corn kernels from the cobs

corn sheller

type of shelling unit consisting of a cylinder with shelling elements such as knife bar or pegtooth

cylinder-type

kernels which show signs of fissures or fractures or splinters

cracked kernels

type of shelling unit consisting of a vertical disc with spiked surface

disc-type

dehusked corn; corn-in-cob; unshelled fruit of the corn plant where the husk has been removed mechanically or manually

ear corn

type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber by gravity

hopper-fed type

ratio of the weight of the corn kernel present in the ear corn to the weight of the ear corn

kernel-ear corn ratio

type of shelling cylinder where the shelling elements are attached to the equally spaced longitudinal bars arranged cylindrically

open-frame cylinder

shelling drum; part of the shelling unit that rotates about an axis and it is equipped with pegs on its periphery

shelling cylinder

type of corn sheller wherein the ear corn are fed into shelling chamber with the application of external force

table-fed type

kernels that remain in the cob after shelling

unshelled kernels

cleaning fan; rotary device which produces a draught of air across the chaffer and cleaning sieve(s) to blow away the materials or impurities lighter than grains

blower

concave-shaped, stationary element adjacent to the threshing cylinder or threshing rotor, fitted primarily to enhance threshing

concave

auxiliary conveyor to assist in feeding the crop to the threshing cylinder

crop elevator

device which carries the grains from grain auger to grain tank or bin

grain elevator

loss classified according to source, including all field losses attributable to the machine

grain loss

pan for collecting the clean grains after being passed through cleaning sieve(s) for conveying to grain auger

grain pan

bin; tank used to hold the threshed grain

grain tank

feed table; portion of the combine comprising the mechanism for gathering, and cutting, stripping or picking the crop

header

grains that have fallen to the ground due to the machine’s cutting operation

header loss

revolving slats or arms with battens arranged parallel to the cutter bar to hold the crop being cut by the knife and to push and guide it to a conveyor platform or feeder conveyor auger

reel

mobile grain-harvesting machine for cutting, picking, stripping or picking up crop, threshing, separating, cleaning and conveying grain into a grain hopper and depositing harvest residue onto the ground

rice combine

shoe; oscillating structure which supports the cleaning sieve(s) and which may also support the chaffer and the chaffer extension

shaker shoe

assembly of two or more racks which agitates the straw and separates the remaining grains from straw

straw walker

rear beater; element placed on the rear side of the cylinder and above to rear ward of concave or concave grate extension or transition grate to assist the deflection of straw on straw walker

stripper beater

auxiliary device used to separate stones from the palay and/or brown rice

destoner

auxiliary device used to classify paddy based on length and thickness

paddy grader

auxiliary device used to separate paddy from brown rice

paddy separator

pearler; auxiliary device used to remove the remaining small bran particles on the milled rice and gives it a glossy appearance

polisher

auxiliary device used to remove foreign matter/impurities from the paddy before milling

pre-cleaner

dehulled palay (husk/hull removed) with the bran layer still intact

brown rice

measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls

coefficient of hulling

measure of the ability of the machine to remove the hulls without breaking the grain

coefficient of wholeness

dehuller; component of a rice mill that removes the hulls (palea and lemma) from the grains

huller

product of the coefficient of hulling and the coefficient of wholeness of grains, expressed in percent

hulling efficiency

ratio of the milling recovery obtained in actual testing, to the milling recovery obtained from the laboratory test mill

milling recovery index

rice mill that employs a series of two or more whitening machines

multi-pass rice mill

ratio of the percent head rice obtained in actual testing, to the percent head rice obtained from the laboratory test mill

percent head rice index

type of rice mill having an under-runner stone disc huller and vertical cone whitener

cone "cono" type

type of rice mill using rubber roll huller and utilizes friction and/or combination of other types of whitener

rubber roll type

rice mill that employs only one whitening machine

single-pass rice mill

component of a rice mill that removes the bran layer in the brown rice

whitener

type of whitening machine consisting of a cylinder or cone coated with abrasive material such as emery stone or any similar materials enclosed in a perforated steel housing

abrasive type

type of whitening machine consisting of a ribbed cylinder enclosed in a perforated steel housing

friction type

distance between two outermost divider tips

cutting width

degree between the vertical line joining the center of the plant and the imaginary line where the stalk lodges

lodging angle

free grains that fall with the cut stalks during delivery and release at the side of the reaper during operation

conveying loss

machine that cuts and lays stalks of planted rice crop

rice reaper

cutting mechanism consists of fixed lower knife and reciprocating upper knife wherein its movement is controlled by the crank connected to the gear box or belt drive

reciprocating cutter knife

cutting mechanism consists of planetary type circular saw-toothed blade which rotates at the same time with the pick-up triangular frame

rotary knife

grain that breaks in the process of dehulling which has a size of less than eighth-tenth (8/10) of the average length of the whole grain

broken brown rice

cylinder where rubber is bonded

metal drum core

component of rice mill made of rubber bonded to an inner metal drum core use for hulling

rubber roll

depth of the rubber bonded on the metal drum core

rubber thickness

specified by the width, by the outside diameter and by the core diameter of the rubber roll

size

consists of parts and services provided by the manufacturers/ distributors/ dealers to the end user to ensure continuous serviceability of agricultural machinery

after-sales services

consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and other equipment primarily used for agricultural operations

agricultural machinery

authorized representative of distributors and/or manufacturers to supply, trade, sell and service agricultural machinery to end-users

dealer

trading entity authorized by foreign and local suppliers and/or manufacturers to distribute agricultural machinery to dealers

distributor

Philippine-based, foreign or Filipino-owned, manufacturing entity involved in the production and distribution of agricultural machinery

manufacturer

guarantee; expressed assurance of the quality of the materials and workmanship of the products offered for sale or length of satisfactory use to be expected from a product under normal use

warranty

trailer designed to carry load for agricultural purposes without power of its own

agricultural trailer

gross weight; sum of payload and unladen mass of the trailer expressed in tons

gross load

vertical distance between the ground and the lowest point of the trailer

ground clearance

brake actuated by a compressive force in the hitch between a trailer and the towing tractor used to decelerate a moving trailer

over-run brake

brake actuated by a pedal or lever to keep the trailer in stationary or parked position

parking brake

net weight; uniformly distributed maximum safe load which can be transported by the trailer expressed in tons

payload

brake actuated by a pedal or lever to decelerate and stop a moving trailer

service brake

tare weight; mass of a trailer with all its usual fittings but without any load

unladen mass

horizontal distance between foremost and rearmost axles or wheels measured at the center of the ground contact

wheel base

wheel track; distance between the outermost wheels at the same axle measured at the center of ground contact

wheel tread

agricultural trailer whose total load is supported by at least two axles with four or more wheels when detached from the towing tractor

balanced trailer

agricultural trailer with one axle and two wheels which, while in use, part of its load is transferred to the towing tractor and the rest of the load is carried on its axle

semi-trailer

total static load supported by the wheels on the respective axle

axle load

hitch point of the trailer’s pullbar to be attached to the towing tractor

tow eye

discharge at maximum efficiency

capacity

type of pump with impellers rotating inside a closed casing which draws water into the pump through a central inlet opening and forces water out through a discharge outlet at the periphery of the housing by means of centrifugal force

centrifugal pump

turbine pump; type of centrifugal pump wherein the impeller is surrounded by diffuser vanes

diffuser pump

type of centrifugal pump with a casing made in the form of a spiral or volute curve

volute pump

quantity used to express a form (or combination of forms) of the energy content of the liquid per unit weight of the liquid referred to any arbitrary datum

head

performance characteristic required of the pump and is the NPSH at the pump inlet

net positive suction head required (NPSHR)

device used to lift or transfer water from one source to another

pump

ratio of the power output to the power input of the pump

pump efficiency

filling up the pump with water to displace or evacuate the entrapped air through a vent and create a liquid seal inside the casing

priming

power required to drive the pump shaft

shaft power

theoretical power required for pumping

water power

type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on one side.

single suction

type of pump has an impeller which has suction cavity on both sides.

double suction

pump has a vertical impeller mounted on a horizontal shaft

horizontal centrifugal pump

has a horizontal impeller mounted on a vertical shaft

vertical centrifugal pump

pump is one that needs to be manually primed. The system has to be filled initially by pouring water into the pipes from a bucket and thereafter the footvalve will keep water in the system even after the pump is not used for some time.

non-self priming

one that develops a vacuum sufficiently enough for atmospheric pressure to force the liquid to flow through the suction pipe into the pump casing without priming the pump.

self-priming pump

type of pump which develop most of the suction and discharge head by propelling or lifting action of the impeller vanes on the water

axial flow pump

datum elevation; for horizontal shaft pumps, the distance from the level of water source to the centerline of the pump shaft; for vertical single suction pumps

base plane

formation of cavities filled with water vapor due to local pressure drop and collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure

cavitation

equivalent head required to overcome the friction caused by the flow through the pipe and pipe fittings

friction head

type of pump which combines some of the features of both centrifugal and the axial flow pump and in which head is developed partly by the centrifugal force and partly by the lift of the vanes on the water

mixed flow pump

total suction head determined at the suction nozzle (corrected to pump center line) minus the vapor pressure of water at the pumping temperature

net positive suction head-NPSH

NPSH as determined from the actual suction piping conditions

net positive suction head available (NPSHA)

curve which represents the interrelationship between capacity, head, power, NPSH and efficiency of the pump

performance curve

vertical distance from the centerline of the pump to the discharge water level

static discharge head

vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It exists when the source of water supply is above the center line of the pump.

static suction head

vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump - NOTE It exists when the source of water supply is below the centerline of the pump.

static suction lift

sum of static discharge head, friction, and exit losses in the discharge piping plus the velocity head and pressure head at the point of discharge

total discharge head

measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and the algebraic difference between the total discharge head and total suction head

total head

vertical distance from the center line of the pump to the free level of the water to be pumped minus all friction losses in suction pipe and fittings, plus any pressure head existing on the suction supply

total suction head

sum of static suction lift, friction and entrance losses in the suction piping

total suction lift

pressure expressed in meters required to create the velocity of flow

velocity head

implement consisting of two or four gangs of concave steel discs used for additional pulverization, mixing of pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, leveling and firming the soil, closing of air pockets and eradication of weeds

disc harrow

set of concave discs, which is mounted on a common shaft and separated by a spool

gang

circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil

concave head

transverse distance between two adjacent disc edges

disc spacing

consists of two gangs of discs, placed end-to-end at an angle, which throw the soil in opposite directions

single-action disc harrow

consists of two or more gangs, in which a set of two gangs follows behind the front gangs

tandem disc harrow

consists of two gangs wherein one gang is located behind the other at an angle and the harrow is operated in an offset position in relation to the tractor centerline

offset disc harrow

structure on which the gangs are fitted

frame

angle between the axis of gang and the line perpendicular to the direction of motion

gang angle

mechanism by which the gang angles are adjusted

gang angling mechanism

shaft on which a set of concave discs are fitted

gang axle

portion of an implement designed to connect the implement to the power source

hitch

angle between the axes of two adjacent gangs

included angle

component which scrapes the soil adhering to the concave side of the disc

scraper

disc angle; angle, in the soil surface plane, between a tool axis and a line, which is perpendicular to the direction of travel

side angle

flanged tube mounted on gang axle and placed between two discs to prevent the lateral movement of the discs on the shaft

spool

transverse distance between the top or bottom cutting edges of the end discs

width of cut - disc plow

rolling implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials

disc plow

self-propelled, wheeled vehicle having two axles designed to carry, pull or propel agricultural implements and machines

four-wheel tractor

unplowed portion of the field at both ends of the furrow strip initially used for turning the draft animal/tractor and implement

headland

sliding implement that cuts, lifts, inverts and throws to one side a layer of soil (furrow slice) to bury surface materials

moldboard plow

angle made by the disc with the vertical line

tilt angle

two-wheel tractor; hand tractor; pedestrian tractor; self-propelled machine having a single axle designed primarily to pull and propel trailed or mounted agricultural implements and machinery

walking-type agricultural tractor

distance measured from the wing of share to the point of share

width of cut - moldboard plow

circular concave steel plate used for cutting and inverting the soil

concave disc

vertical distance measured from the lowest point to the center of the disc when its concave side is placed on a flat surface

concavity

beam; upright support which connects the shank to tillage implement frame

standard

structural assembly which is used to drill holes for the purpose of water-well construction

drilling rig

serves as an adaptor of the drill bit and conduit of water jet channel

drilling pipe

bit attached to the end of the drilling pipe which is directly in contact with the soil formation and serves as cutting device during drilling operation

drill bit

structure which supports the entire drilling system

main rig assembly

jetting stem; light weight pipes used during high velocity flow (jetting) operation

surging stem

current, in amperes, that a conductor can carry continuously under the conditions of use without exceeding its temperature rating

ampacity

switch; device, or group of devices, or other means by which the electric motor can be disconnected from the power supply

disconnecting means

time rating; refers to how frequently the motor is started and how long it will run each time it is started

duty rating

machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical energy

electric motor

case or housing which prevents the operator from accidental contact with energized parts and protect the motor from physical damage

enclosure

standardized motor mounting and shaft dimensions as established by National Electric Manufacturers Association (NEMA) or International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

frame designation

maximum current required to start the motor

locked-rotor current

number of individual voltages applied to the motor

phase

has three individual voltages applied to the motor

three-phase

has one voltage applied to the motor in the shape of a sine wave

single-phase

armature winding; rotating part of electric motor which is typically constructed of a laminated steel core containing current-carrying copper wires

rotor

indicates the maximum load that can be successfully carried by the motor if it is to operate continuously and remain within a safe temperature range

service factor

field poles; stationary part of electric motor consisting of copper windings which is placed in a laminated iron core

stator

temperature of a motor operating under rated conditions, which is above ambient temperature

temperature rise

device which protects the motor against overheating due to overload or failure to start

thermal protector

twisting or turning force produced by the motor

torque

pull out torque; maximum torque a motor can develop during overload without stalling

breakdown torque

locked rotor torque; motor torque at zero speed or the maximum torque required to start the load

starting torque

amount of fertilizer applied in the field per unit area

application rate

part of the applicator which directs the distribution of fertilizer in the field

delivery tube

device which covers the distributed fertilizer in the furrow

furrow closer

device which makes the trench for the placement of fertilizer

furrow opener

device for applying granular fertilizer

granular fertilizer applicator

part of the fertilizer applicator which drives the metering device

ground wheel

mechanism used to regulate the amount of fertilizer to be discharged

metering device

implement for seedbed preparation, weed eradication, or fallow cultivation subsequent to some form of primary tillage, equipped with spring steel shanks

field cultivator

auxiliary component of the field cultivator that helps maintain uniform depth of cultivation and eliminate the need to set the tension with the three-point hitch every time you set a cultivator down

gage wheel

part of the field cultivator that holds the transverse toolbars and gauge wheels together

main frame

tillage which constitutes the initial major soil-working operation, normally designed to reduce soil strength, cover plant materials, and rearrange aggregates

primary tillage

any group of different tillage operation, following primary tillage, which are designed to create refined soil conditions before the seed is planted

secondary tillage

structural member primarily used for attaching a tillage tool to a beam

shank

spade-shaped, V-pointed soil working tool, which is used for various plowstocks, cultivators, grain drills, and soil scarifiers

shovel

type of shovel used in hard soil conditions and for deeper penetration

spike

type of shovel which is wing-shaped

sweep

part of the main frame to which shank assemblies are attached

transverse tool bar

a special type of walking-type agricultural tractor with a front-mounted tilling wheel and equipped with a flotation structure commonly used in waterlogged fields

float-assist tiller

float; hull; component of float-assist tiller which provides buoyancy for the tiller

floatation structure

consists of a single or pair of wheels with radially mounted tilling blades attached to a common shaft or axle, supported and powered by the transmission

tilling wheel

bar at the rear of a tractor to which implements are hitched

drawbar

power available at the drawbar sustainable over a distance of at least 20 meters

drawbar power

type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to all wheels

four-wheel drive

type of four-wheel tractor where power is transmitted to rear wheels with small front wheels being pushed along

two-wheel drive

retaining pin used in the hitch pins or studs

linchpin

clearance (x) expressed as a radial dimension from the lower hitch point to the outside diameter of the tire with the implement in raised position and all side sway removed from the links

lower hitch point tire clearance

horizontal dimension (z) between the rearmost parts of the tractor in the area between the two lower links and the horizontal line through the two lower hitch points throughout the range of vertical movement of the hitch points

lower hutch point tractor clearance

external shaft usually at the rear of the tractor providing rotational power to implements and machines

power-take-off (PTO) shaft

power measured at the PTO shaft

PTO output power

safety frame; roll-over protective device; two- or four-post structural frames primarily used to protect a seat-belted operator from being crushed in case the machine rolls over

roll-over protective structure

combination of one upper link and two lower links, each articulated to the tractor and the implement at opposite ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor

three-point linkage

articulated connection between a link and the implement

hitch point

adjustment of the right lower link so that the hitch point may be moved vertically with respect to the left lower hitch point to provide an inclination of the implement

leveling adjustment

articulated connection between a link and the tractor

link point

pin that connects the upper link to the implement

upper hitch pin

pin that connects the upper link to the tractor

upper link pin

center to center distance between two front or rear wheels*

wheel tread

tillage implement resembling a double moldboard, one left wing and one right wing, used to make ridges and beds for planting and trenches for irrigation and drainage purposes

furrower

lister bottom; working part of the furrower which includes the share and moldboard

furrower bottom

bottom that has smaller moldboards and are designed for better scouring in sticky soils

blackband bottom

bottom that has wider moldboards that works well at fairly high speeds in most soil conditions

general-purpose bottom

bottom that has very small share and moldboard designed for use in combination with disc openers to open hard-baked soils

hard-ground bottom

part of the furrower which lifts, inverts and throws laterally the layer of soil (furrow slice) in opposite directions

moldboard

toolbar mounted device used to guide the operator in setting the furrower for the next pass to ensure uniform furrow spacing

row marker

part of the furrower that penetrates the soil and cuts the furrow slice horizontally

structure to which the standards are mounted

toolbar

part of the granule applicator that puts the granule in motion through continuous stirring or rotation

agitator

generic term used for a small particle having a diameter ranging from 2 to 4 mm

granule

agricultural tool used to apply granular fertilizers or pesticides to the field

granule applicator

part of granule applicator where granules are loaded

hopper

opening in the hopper or tank through which the granules pass through

orifice

external shaft on the rear of a tractor that provides rotational power to implements

power take-off shaft

part of the granule applicator that spreads the granules

spinner plate

valve inside the cylinder that holds the column of water in the draw pipe while the plunger is being pushed down after each up-stroke

check valve

valve attached to the discharge side (for lift type hand pump) or to the body of the cylinder (for force type hand pump) to allow one direction of flow of water only

discharge valve

water pump powered by the movement of human arms

hand pump

lever that connects the pump rod to the pump head which often includes some mechanism to add counterweight to balance the weight of the water being lifted up the draw pipe

handle

spout assembly of pump where water comes out

outlet

piston; part of the cylinder that is connected to the pump rod and which forces water up the draw pipe

plunger

pump assembly attached to the stand which contains the handle outlet assembly

pump head

plunger rod; steel rod that connects the pump handle to the plunger assembly within the cylinder

pump rod

pedestal; base that attaches the hand pump to the ground and connects to the draw pipe

pump stand

maximum distance that the plunger moves when the handle is moved

stroke

inlet to which the suction pipe is connected

suction inlet

pipe connecting the pump cylinder to the pump body where water moves up and out to the pump spout during pumping

suction pipe

hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of up to 3.4 kW (4.5 hp) using diesel engine and up to 3.7 kW (5.0 hp) using gasoline engine

type 1

hexagonal axle for walking-type agricultural tractor with a primemover size of 3.5 kW to 10.8 kW (4.6 hp - 14.5 hp) using diesel engine and 3.8 kW to 11.9 kW ( 5.1 hp - 16.0 hp) using gasoline engine

type 2

structure made for attaching and/or supporting the implement

hitch assembly

rated power rating of the primemover as specified by the manufacturer

size of primemover

backpack sprayer; sprayer which is operated manually with a lever and can be carried on the back of an operator for spraying

lever-operated knapsack sprayer

component of the sprayer that evens out the fluctuations of the fluid pressure and induces more uniform flow of the sprayed liquid

pressure chamber

maximum allowable volume of the liquid to fill the sprayer tank, when equipped with all its internal mounting

tank capacity

self-propelled, wheeled, track-laying or semi track-laying machine primarily designed to pull, push, carry and/or operate trailers or provide power to implements and machines used for agricultural, forestry and other related works

agricultural tractor

machine, having an integral power unit but normally operated by a pedestrian, designed to carry out agricultural operation, and which may also be operated from a seat on an attachment or trailer

pedestrian-operated machine

designations related to the operator when sitting on the operator’s station

right-hand and left- hand

having one or more integral power units which propel and operate the machine, designed to carry out agricultural operations while on the move

self-propelled machine

part of the transplanting arm that picks rice seedlings

grasping fork

machine designed for transplanting rice seedlings into a puddled and leveled field

mechanical rice transplanter

modified wheel used in transplanters to facilitate movement in the field

paddle wheel

rice seedlings grown in nurseries for transplanting wherein the roots are washed thoroughly to remove the soil

root-washed seedlings

rice seedlings grown in nursery for transplanting wherein the soil is retained with the roots for transplanting

soil-bearing seedlings

part of the mechanical transplanter that actuates picking and transplanting seedlings into a puddled field

transplanting arm

method of crop establishment for rice wherein rice seedlings grown in a nursery are pulled and transferred into puddled and leveled fields, 15 to 40 days after seeding

transplanting

test carried out on samples selected from a lot for the purpose of acceptance of the lot

acceptance test

in any consignment, all components or equipment under study

lot

test carried out on each and every component or equipment to check the specifications which are likely to vary during production

routine test

test carried out to prove conformity to the requirements of the relevant specification

type test

distance from the nozzle at which spraying could be carried out

blower range

diameter of a droplet which will divide the number of sample droplets into two equal halves

number median diameter

diameter of a droplet which will divide the volume of sample droplets into two equal halves

volume median diameter

valve used to stop the flow of fluid

cut-off valve

fine drops of liquid, such as water or chemical pesticide, sprayed into the air

mist

equipment that sprays liquid in the form of mist

mist blower

part of the mist blower that connects the nozzle to the blower

wand

flat knife or revolving disc, mounted in front of the plow bottom, which cuts the soil vertically

colter

central part of the plow to which the share, moldboard and landside are attached

frog

part of the plow that presses and slides against the furrow wall, providing lateral stability during operation

landside

part, attached to the rear of a landside, which applies the vertical load of the plow bottom to the furrow bottom

landside heel

plow bottom that has less curvature than the stubble and can be used easily for stubble, ordinary trash and stalk cover land

general-purpose moldboard

plow bottom which is used in sticky soils and soils that does not scour on solid moldboard

slatted moldboard

plow bottom that has long, narrow and less sloping moldboard with a gradual twist that allows complete inversion of the furrow slice with minimum breakage

sod moldboard

plow bottom that has short, broader and curved more abruptly along the top edge and is suited to work in soil which has been cultivated from year to year

stubble moldboard

throws the furrow slice to the left of the plow’s direction

left-hand plow

throws the furrow slice to the right of the plow’s direction

right-hand plow

reversible plow; throws the furrow slice either to the left or right of the plow’s direction

two-way plow

plow body; working part of the plow which includes the share, moldboard, and landside, all attached to the frog

plow bottom

leading edge of the moldboard located above the landside

shin

horizontal clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent out of line with the landside to cut the proper furrow width

horizontal suction

vertical clearance; distance by which the point of the share is bent downward for the plow to penetrate the soil to the proper depth

vertical suction

optional accessory, attached to the wing of the moldboard to improve inversion of the furrow slice

tailpiece

optional accessory, mounted above the shin, which deposits the upper edge of the furrow in the furrow bottom

trash board

metallic tube that connects the nozzle to the hose of power sprayer

lance

equipment powered by an electric motor or by an engine used to spray fertilizer or pesticide to a certain height

power sprayer

tip of lance of the power sprayer where the chemical is sprayed out

nozzle

component of the power sprayer used to regulate the pressure

pressure relief valve

overflow of water from the nozzle

runoff

metal or rubber ring positioned to regulate the seeding rate

adjusting ring

part of the seeder where the seeds are loaded and metered

drum hopper

planting equipment used for pre-germinated rice seeds for wet fields

drum seeder

amount of seeds discharged from the seeder per unit time or area

seeding rate

part of the seeder which serves as a float to prevent the seeder from sinking

skid

point on the central vertical plane of the seat

seat index point

pressure measured at a point on the riser with a distance of at least five times the nominal sprinkler inlet diameter from the last upstream direction change or change in pipe crosssectional area

base pressure

farthest distance measured from the sprinkler head centerline to a point at which liquid is deposited

radius of throw

device which by its rotating motion around its vertical axis distributes liquid over an area

rotating sprinkler head

planting equipment used to deposit seeds in the soil for crop production

grain seeder

ratio of effective field capacity to the theoretical field capacity

field efficiency

actual rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time

effective field capacity

computed rate of being able to plant a given area per unit of time

theoretical field capacity

amount of seeds that can be planted per unit area

seed delivery rate

direct cooling system; system wherein air is used to remove excess heat from the engine through metal fins or shrouds which are located around the cylinder thus creating the flow of air to the engine body in order to maintain its operating temperature

air-cooled

series of events occurring one after the other in a definite order and repeats the events after the last one has occurred

cycle

piston requires four movements to complete one cycle

four-stroke

piston requires two movements to complete one cycle

two-stroke cycle

heat engine; mechanical device that converts heat energy produced by combustion of fuel into mechanical energy

engine

type of engine where the combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder

internal combustion engine

diesel engine; engine in which combustion is achieved by compressing the air until a high temperature is achieved to initiate combustion of fuel

compression ignition engine

gasoline engine; engine in which combustion occurs through the initiation of a spark on the compressed fuel and air mixture

spark ignition engine

arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located in the cylinder head

overhead valve

arrangement of valves wherein the intake and exhaust valves are located on one side of the cylinder block

side valves

indirect cooling system; system in which water/liquid-coolant serves as the cooling medium which circulates in the water jackets to absorb the heat of the engine

water-cooled

drill bit; boring part of the soil auger

auger head

accessory part of the soil auger to lengthen the reach of the tool

extension rod

tool used for displacing soil at various depths for soil research and analysis or for digging post holes by means of a rotating helical flighting

soil auger

Type of soil auger with a diameter of at least 50 mm with provision for obtaining soil samples in the auger head through different soil types

soil sampling auger

Type of soil auger designed for drilling holes in the soil

soil boring auger

Type of soil auger that makes use of human force to drill the soil

hand-operated type

Type of soil auger that is powered by an electric motor or an engine to drill the soil

motor-powered

Type of soil auger that is powered by either pneumatic or hydraulic pump to drill the soil

fluid-powered

action of a tillage tool in executing a specific form of soil manipulation

tillage action

desired soil condition produced by one or more tillage operations

tillage objective

soil physical conditions which can be produced by tillage and is necessary based on utilitarian and/or economic considerations

tillage requirement

overall tillage; tillage of an entire area as contrasted to a partial tillage as in bands or strips

broadcast tillage

primary tillage operation which manipulates soil to a greater depth than 300 mm

deep tillage

tillage action and transport operations utilized to loosen, load, carry, and unload soil

earthmoving

tillage operation which move soil to create desired soil configurations

land forming

tillage operation which move soil to establish a desired soil elevation and slope

land grading

tillage operation that cuts and moves small layers of soil to provide smooth, refined surface condition

land planing

tillage operation which are oriented in specific paths or directions with respect to the sun, prevailing winds, previous tillage actions, or field base lines

oriented tillage

tillage operation employing power-driven rotary action to cut, break up, and mix soil

rotary tillage

shallow tillage operation performed to promote growth of crop plants by creating a soil condition conducive to aeration, infiltration, and moisture conservation or to pest control

soil cultivation

mechanical manipulation of soil for any desired purpose

tillage

tool depth; vertical distance from the initial soil surface to a specified point of penetration of the tool

tillage depth

system that maintains a minimum of 30% residue cover on the soil surface after planting or maintains at least 1,100 kg/ha of flat small grain residue equivalent on the soil surface during the critical erosion period

conservation tillage

system traditionally performed in preparing a seedbed for a given crop and grown in a given geographical area

conventional tillage

system wherein least soil manipulation is performed

minimum tillage

system in which tillage of the total soil surface is performed in such a way that plant residue is specifically left on or near the soil surface

mulch tillage

idealized system which permits a maximized net return for a given crop under given conditions

optimum tillage

subsoiling under the plant row prior to planting usually intended for subsurface drainage

precision tillage

system in which the primary tillage operation is performed in conjunction with special planting procedures in order to reduce or eliminate secondary tillage operations

reduced tillage

system in which a large number of depressions or small reservoirs are formed to hold rain or sprinkler applied water

reservoir tillage

system in which the ridges are formed during cultivation or after harvest and maintained from year to year in the same location

ridge tillage

system in which only isolated bands of soil is tilled

strip tillage

tillage to partially bury and thereby prevent movement of materials such as plant residues or artificial mulches

anchoring

ridging; listing; tillage which forms a ridge and furrow soil configuration

bedding

pushing or rolling of soil by a steeply inclined blade

bulldozing

tillage in which a narrow curved shank is used

chisel plowing

operations simultaneously utilizing two or more different types of tillage tools or implements (subsoil-lister, lister-planter, or plow-planter combinations) to simplify, control, or reduce the number of trips over a field

combined tillage operations

operation which pulverizes, smoothens, and makes the soil ready for planting

harrowing

mixing; operation which mix or disperse foreign materials, such as pesticides, fertilizers or plant residues into the soil

incorporating

hilling; operation wherein a lister is used in a manner that forms a furrow midway between two previous rows of plants

middlebreaking

operation that cuts and throws the soil away from the base of plants

off barring

operation which is performed to cut the soil with partial or complete soil inversion

moldboard plowing

operation that cut, crush, anchor or otherwise handle residues in conjunction with soil manipulation

residue processing

deep tillage, below 350 mm for the purpose of loosening soil for root growth and/or water movement

subsoiling

operation in which a vertical band of mulching material is injected into the slit immediately behind a tillage tool shank

vertical mulching

implement performing functions simultaneously that of initial cutting, breaking and pulverizing the soil

general-purpose tillage implement

implement which works under the combined principles of the regular disc plow and harrow

plow-harrow

implement used for broadcast or strip tillage and is also used as chemical incorporator and as row crop cultivator

rotary tiller

rotary plow; implement which consists of two horizontal power driven spiral flanged shafts which rotate vertically

spiral plow

implement used for cutting, displacing and/or shattering the soil to reduce soil strength and to bury or mix plant materials, pesticides, and fertilizers in the tillage layer

primary tillage implement

implement which shatters the soil without complete burial or mixing of surface materials

chisel plow

implement for intermittent tillage at depths sufficient to shatter compacted subsurface layers

subsoiler

implement used for tilling the soil to a shallower depth than primary tillage implements, provide additional pulverization, mix pesticides and fertilizers into the soil, level and firm soil, close air pockets, and eradicate weeds

secondary tillage implement

implement used for breaking clods after initial plowing, for subsequent operations prior to transplanting and for puddling and leveling

comb-tooth harrow

implement for crushing soil clods and compacting the soil

packer

implement used for seedbed preparation which crushes soil clods and smooths and firms the soil surface

roller-harrow

implement for dislodging small weeds and grasses and for breaking soil crust and is used for fast, shallow cultivation before or soon after crop plants emerge

rotary how

implement wherein the frame and cultivating tools are designed to adequately pass through standing crop rows without crop damage

row crop cultivator

implement consisting of long spikes attached rigidly to cross bars and staggered to attain maximum stirring and raking of soil

spike-tooth harrow

implement consisting of long, flat and curved teeth made of spring steel

spring-tooth harrow

implement performing shallow post-plant tillage to aid the crop by loosening the soil and/or by mechanical radication of undesired vegetation

cultivating tillage implement

implement consisting of tool bars that extend across the top of the rows, which allow lateral adjustments of the tools for different row spacing

continuous-tool bar cultivator

implement consisting of tool bars that drop down between the rows to provide maximum vertical clearance for the plants

separated gang cultivator

soil-handling implement which forms uniform ridges of soil to predetermined shapes

bed shaper

soil-working tool, consisting of an edge and a surface, which is primarily designed to cut through the soil

blade

circular, flat tool used to cut plant material and soil

coulter

force to propel an implement in the direction of travel which is equal and opposite to drawbar pull

draft

operating width excluding overlap

effective operating width

effective angle which is included between the line of travel and a line drawn through the back or nonsoil-working surface of the tool at its immediate edge

edge clearance angle

horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel between the outermost edges of the implement

implement width

implement used to insert materials into the soil

injector

miniature plow attachment whose purpose is to turn over a small furrow slice directly ahead of the main moldboard plow bottom, to aid in covering trash

jointer

horizontal distance between corresponding reference points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane perpendicular to the direction of travel

lateral tool spacing

line and direction along which the tillage implement travels

line of travel

combined tillage implement which is composed of a lister and a planting attachment to permit a single listing-seeding operation with the planter normally being operated in the furrow

lister-planter

horizontal distance between corresponding reference points of two tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

longitudinal tool spacing

single or groups of soil-working tools together with power transmission structure, control, and protection systems present as an integral part of the machine

mechanical tillage implement

distance measured between specified points on adjacent plow bottoms

horizontal clearance

distance measured from cutting edge of share to nearest potentially obstructing member such as main truss (backbone), frame, beam, release mechanism, etc

vertical clearance

distance perpendicular to the direction of travel that an implement reworks soil previously tilled

operating overlap

horizontal distance perpendicular to the direction of travel within which an implement performs its intended function

operating width

soil and/or plant zone purposely protected by virtue of tool design, tool spacing or evasive tool movement

protected zone

shedding; soil-tool reaction in which soil slides over the surface of the tillage tool without significant adhesion

scouring

side draft; horizontal component of pull, perpendicular to the line of motion

side force

machine used to apply, or to apply and incorporate soil additives by means of tillage

soil-additive applicator

machine used to mechanically incorporate or mix material into the soil

soil-additive incorporator

tillage tool used to slice through soil and create an opening for the insertion of material such as seeds, pesticides, fertilizers

soil opener

rotating implement which pulverizes, firms or smooths soil by crushing or compacting

soil roller

path along which one element of soil slides across a tillage tool

soil-sliding path

length of the path along tillage tool upon which soil slides

soil-sliding path length

angle between the sliding path and the horizontal at any point along the sliding path

soil-ascending angle

angle at any point on the surface of a tool between the soil sliding path and a horizontal contour line constructed through the surface of the tool

soil-sliding angle

configuration of the soil-tool boundary wherein the overall shape is usually oriented with the direction of travel of the tool and the soil surface

soil-tool geometry

portions of tillage tools which are designed to be in contact with the soil

soil-working surface

unit draft; draft force of an implement per unit area of tilled cross-section

specific draft

projections on tillage tools which serve to penetrate, grip, cut, or tear soil

teeth

individual soil-working element

tillage tool

tillage tools which rotate or move so that they present a varying boundary and contact area to the soil

complex tillage tools

tillage tools which are powered so that some of their movements are in direction other than along the line of travel

dynamic tillage tools

tillage tools powered by more than one form of power, such as draft and rotating power, or draft and electrical power

multi-powered tillage tools

tillage tools which present a reasonable constant boundary area to the soil

simple tillage tools

minimum distance in a specified direction between a point on the tool and the nearest potentially obstructing implement element

tool clearance

maximum horizontal distance perpendicular to the line of motion over which a tool performs its intended function

tool-operating width

position of the tool in a framework of cartesian coordinates which is usually oriented with the soil surface and the direction of travel

tool orientation

rake angle; angle, in a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel, between a tool axis and the soil surface

lift angle

distance perpendicular to the direction of travel in which a tool operating width coincides with the operating width of another tool

tool overlap

area of soil surface left undisturbed during passage of a tool

tool-skip area

maximum horizontal projection of a tool in the soil perpendicular to the line of motion

tool width

vertical distance between corresponding points on adjacent tools when projected upon a vertical plane parallel to the direction of travel

vertical tool spacing

projections attached to the sides of tillage tools to increase the volume of soil which can be disturbed

wings

scratching, cutting, or abrading of materials caused by the action of soil

soil abrasion

sticking of soil to objects such as tillage tools or wheels

soil adhesion

act of reducing the specific volume of soil

soil compaction

separation of a soil mass by a slicing action

soil cutting

alteration or destruction of a soil structural condition by mechanical forces such as in shearing, compression, or tearing

soil failure

lifting or swelling of soil resulting from natural forces such as freezing

soil heaving

soil response to the application of mechanical forces

soil reaction

pulverization; general fragmentation of a soil mass resulting from the action of tillage forces

soil shatter

sliding of soil across a surface

soil sliding

movement of soil in any direction as a result of kinetic energy imparted to the soil by the tillage tool

throw

foreign; materials, other than seeds, which are added to and/or incorporated in soil for directly influencing the soil condition or environment

soil additive

masses of soil (may be stationary or in a relatively slow motion) which adheres on soilworking surfaces and act as a part of the tool

adhered soil bodies

hard pan; plow pan; plow soil; dense layer of soil immediately below tillage depth created by mechanical pressure and/or soil-shearing forces

compacted layer

soil structural units which are irreversibly cemented together

concretions

thickness of soil with which materials are covered by an implement

covering depth

all materials added to or mixed into soil, including residues, soil additives, and foreign bodies that have not originated in the soil's development

foreign materials

resistance to the movement of plant parts or tillage tools through soil that is caused by the mechanical strength of the soil

mechanical impedance

mechanical strength; degree of resistance of soil to deformation

mechanical stability

clods; blocks of soil which are sheared loose from the main soil mass by tillage tool action

shear blocks

failure surfaces occurring where the soil has sheared

shear surface

initial and distinct surfaces appearing during failure which are caused mainly by shear

primary shear surfaces

shear surfaces which result from the twisting, pushing, or tumbling of the soil after or during the initial displacement

secondary shear surfaces

soil peds; agglomerations of primary soil particles which are produced by natural processes

soil aggregates

degree of ease with which a soil may be manipulated for a specific purpose

tillability

raised ridge left at the center of the strip of land, when plowing is started from center to side

back furrow

open trench (about twice the width of one plow bottom) left in between the adjacent strips of land after finishing of plowing - NOTE It is formed when two adjacent furrow slices are thrown opposite each other.

dead furrow

trench left when the plow bottom cuts and turns the furrow slice

furrow

peak of the turned furrow slice

furrow crown

depth of depression below a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

furrow depth

soil mass cut, lifted, pulverized, inverted and thrown to one side of the plow bottom

furrow slice

undisturbed or unbroken side of the furrow

furrow wall

unplowed soil at the end of the furrow strip

head land

unplowed soil

land

height of soil above a specified (initial or subsequent) soil surface

ridge height

soil profile modified by tillage or amendments for use by plant roots

root bed

part of the soil profile exploited by the roots of plants

root zone

soil zone which affects germination and emergence of seeds

seedbed

weight of a unit volume of soil expressed on either a wet basis (including soil and water) or on a dry basis

soil density

mechanism that adjusts the tooth depth to fit the soil condition

lever assembly

auxiliary part of spring-tooth harrow attached at the bottom of the main frame to facilitate easy turning

runner

tine; part of the spring-tooth harrow that engages with the soil during operation

tooth

type of rotating sprinkler head which rotates using weighted or spring-loaded arm which is propelled by the liquid stream and hits the sprinkler body

impact-driven sprinkler head

hydraulically operated mechanical device which discharges liquid through a nozzle

sprinkler head

angle of the liquid stream above a horizontal plane, as discharged from the sprinkler nozzle operating at the test pressure

trajectory angle

rotating sprinkler designed to irrigate a sector of a circular area, either with or without the possibility of adjusting it to irrigate the entire circular area

part-circle sprinkler

pressure range between the minimum effective pressure, pmin, and the maximum effective pressure, pmax, declared by the manufacturer as the pressure range in which the sprinklers operate effectively.

range of effective pressure

tool attached to the shank of the subsoiler to cut through the soil

ripper point

metal plate attached to the shank to reduce abrasion and enhance durability of the shank

wear shin

person who aids in dropping sugarcane billets into the furrow

feeder

component of the sugarcane planter that cuts the sugarcane billets and drops it into the furrow

feeding shank

sugarcane stalks containing buds used as planting material

sugarcane billet

agricultural equipment used for planting sugarcane billets

sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is capable of chopping sugarcanes into billets which are dropped into the furrows

semi-automatic sugarcane planter

Type of sugarcane planter that is not capable of chopping sugarcane but instead, requires pre-cut billets for planting

manual sugarcane planter

consists of agricultural tractors, self-propelled and pedestrian-operated machines, implements, and combinations thereof primarily used for agricultural operations

agricultural machines

visually perceptible figure used to transmit information independent of language

symbol

weeding index; percentage of weeds removed/destroyed per unit area

weeding efficiency

implement used to remove/destroy the weeds from an agricultural land

weeder

unwanted plants growing in a field competing with the main crop for nutrients, moisture and sunlight

weeds

plants injured (i.e. teared leaves, broken stems, and/or uprooted plant) that may affect crop growth

damaged plants

percentage of plants injured during the weeding operation

percent damage plants

traction type; capable of pulling various kinds of implements

pull type

type of walking-type agricultural tractor equipped with rotary tiller which cuts, breaks up, and mixes the soil and/or plant residues

rotary tilling type

range of operations that could be performed by the machine as specified by the manufacturer

applicable work

distance between the horizontal supporting surface and the horizontal plane touching the uppermost part of the tractor

overall height

distance between two vertical planes at right angles to the median plane of the tractor and touching its front and rear extremities

overall length

distance between two vertical planes parallel to the median plane of the tractor, each plane touching the outer-most point of the tractor on its respective side and with wheels set for minimum track

overall width

ratio of the difference between the speed of pulley or belt and wheels or track with load, to the speed without load

slip

total weight of the machine excluding ballast and implements with the fuel tank filled to 80 percent capacity and with normal amount of cooling water and lubricating oil (if engine is integrated with the tractor) and with specified wheels

tractor weight

volume of fuel consumed by the engine

fuel consumption

any agricultural tool mounted on the tractor

implement

angle formed by the edges of the sweep

nose angle

angle formed by the shank or the shovel relative to the ground surface or to its base, respectively

stem angle

overall height of the implement measured from the topmost point to its lowest point

transport height

overall length of the implement measured from the terminal point of the implement to the mounting point

transport length

reduction on the distance traveled by the tractor due to the attached implement

wheel slip

any material added to the tractor for the purpose of enhancing traction or stability

ballast

power measured at the flywheel or the crankshaft

engine power

mean maximum sustained pull of the tractor at the drawbar over a given distance, the pull being exerted horizontally and in the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of the tractor

maximum drawbar pull

radius of clearance circle; radius of the smallest circle described by the outermost point of the tractor

radius of turning area

radius of the smallest circle tangentially described by the median plane of the outermost wheel of the tractor

radius of turning circle

speed in revolutions per minute specified by the manufacturer

rated engine speed

quantity of fuel consumed by an engine on the basis of per horsepower hour

specific fuel consumption

measure of the bullet’s diameter relative to the bore of the firearm

caliber

total length of the bolt measured from the muzzle of the captive bolt to the tip or head of the bolt

extraction length

state of an animal’s response specifically to pain

insensibility

total length of the captive bolt measured from the bolt head or tip to the opposite end of the equipment including all protruding parts

overall length

total weight of the captive bolt assembly excluding the blank cartridge or powerload and hose

overall weight

ratio of the number of animals stunned successfully with single application to the total number of animals stunned, expressed in percentage

stunning efficacy

animal sound

vocalization

powerload; type of cartridge used in captive bolt that contains gunpowder but without bullet

blank cartridge

metal rod that extrudes from the captive bolt

bolt

round; solid projectile made of metal (usually lead) propelled by a firearm or a gun

bullet

stunner that uses kinetic energy to project bolt into the forehead of the animal to render it unconscious.

captive bolt

metallic case containing the bullet, gunpowder and the primer

cartridge

process of rendering an animal unconscious

stunning

knocking pen; slaughterhouse equipment used to restrain the animal to facilitate stunning

stunning box

Captive bolt that resembles a pistol or a gun

pistol type

Captive bolt that resembles a cylindrical tube

cylinder type

Type of mechanical stunner that uses blank cartridge explosion to propel the captive bolt into the forehead of the animal

cartridge type

Type of mechanical stunner that uses compressed air supplied by a compressor instead of cartridge explosion to propel the captive bolt into the forehead of the animal

pneumatic type

Type of captive bolt that drives a concaved bolt tip to penetrate the skull of the animal to severe the brain

penetrating type

Type of captive bolt that drives a mushroom-shaped bolt head against the forehead of the animal that causes concussion on the cranium and the brain without penetrating the skull

non-penetrating type

number of hogs dehaired per unit time, expressed in heads per hour

dehairing rate

actual time of dehairing a single hog, expressed in seconds

dehairing time

measurement of the highest position of the J-bar during loading from the base of the machine

discharge height

measurement of the bottom of the J-bar’s holding chamber from the base of the dehairing machine

effective dehairing height

actual width of the dehairing mechanism measured from both end sides of dehairing paddle parallel to the dehairing shaft

effective dehairing width

removal of the internal organs or entrails of an animal

evisceration

table used before suspending the carcass for particular operation

gambreling table

number of hair present per unit area, expressed in hair per square centimeter

hair density

weight of the hog prior to slaughter

live weight

measurement from the topmost point to the base of the machine

overall height

measurement from both sides of the dehairing machine parallel to the discharge side including the protruding parts such as the J-bar lever, motor, etc.*

overall length

measurement of the receiving side of the J-bar to the discharge side in its normal position

overall width

measurement of the maximum height of the J-bar, in receiving position, from the base of the machine

receiving height

body of any slaughtered animal after bleeding and dressing

carcass

removal of hair from the skin of an animal after scalding as part of the process of preparing its meat for food

dehairing

maximum weight of hog a machine is capable of dehairing per loading, expressed in kilograms

dehairing capability

ratio of amount of hair removed and the total amount of hair, expressed in percent

dehairing efficiency

dehairer; mechanical assembly equipped with rotating flexible paddles used in removing hair from animal carcass after scalding

dehairing machine

high-grade solid steel shaft where scraper paddles are rigidly fastened

dehairing shaft

star wheels; circular bar with radial arms where scraper paddles are attached

dehairing wheel

ribbed mechanism that resembles a “J”- shaped structure that serves as support of the carcass during dehairing and also used in unloading dehaired hog

J bar

structure that serves as support of the carcass during dehairing and also used in unloading dehaired hog

J-bar

subjecting animal into steam or hot water to prepare skin for dehairing

scalding

slightly bent steel material attach to the scraper paddle that is used to directly remove the hair

scraper blade

resilient flexible rectangular block-shaped rubber which serves as a base material for the scraper blade

scraper paddle

composed of three (3) or more paddles with blades attached altogether

scraper paddle assembly

distance between two blades in the blade assembly

blade clearance

average time consumed to totally dehide the animal

dehiding time

part of the handheld flayer that contains the air motor which actuates the movement of the blades by allowing air flow supplied by an air compressor

air motor assembly

part of the handheld flayer that is composed mainly by two blades that move in countermotion

blade assembly

slaughterhouse equipment used to remove the skin from the body of the animal

dehider

skin separated from the animal’s body

hide

part of the roller drum in vertical puller to which the hide is hooked prior to pulling

hide clamp

part of the vertical puller which rolls and pulls the hide to separate it from the carcass

roller drum

Type of dehider that is equipped with cutting blades attached to the air motor assembly aided by an air compressor

handheld flayer

Type of dehider that makes use of roller drum and/or cylinders to pull the hide of the animal away from the body

hide puller

Type of hide puller that uses roller drum, which is connected to an electric motor, to pull the hide away from the animal’s body

vertical puller

Type of hide puller that makes use of actuating cylinders, either pneumatic or hydraulic, to facilitate the pulling of hide away from the animal’s body

side puller

blood spots or clots formed on the muscle tissue

blood splash

ratio of the total number of hogs stunned successfully to the total number of hogs expressed in percent (%)

stunning effectivity

ratio of the total number of hogs that did not die immediately after stunning to the total number of hogs stunned expressed in percent (%)

stunning performance

type of hog restrainer that uses conveyor system for moving, restraining, stunning and dumping the animal to the sticking and bleeding area

conveyor restrainer

charging of the electric prods prior to application of stunner

hot wanding

a series of small ridges or grooves on the surface or edge of the prods to improve contact during application of the electric stunner

knurling

tip of the electric stunner to which the revolving spur is attached

prod

slaughterhouse equipment used to secure and restrict the body movements of the animal in upright position prior to stunning

restrainer

spiked wheel attached to the head-only type electric stunner used to improve contact with the head of the animal to be stunned

revolving spurs

device that is used to make an animal unconscious prior to sticking and bleeding

stunner

Type of electric stunner that allows current to pass through the brain of the hog rendering the animal unconscious

head only type

Type of electrical stunner in which one of the prods is positioned on the head and the other prod is positioned on the body of the hog

head to back type

Type of electric stunner integrated in the conveyor restrainer wherein the electrodes are made in contact with the forehead and forelegs of the animal

head to foreleg type

diameter of the piston inside the cylinder

bore

species of hog used as test material

breed

physical damages or wounds on the skin of the test hog caused by the restraining equipment

bruises

optimum angle that the discharge wall can tilt measured from its initial position up to its dumping position

dumping angle

position of the discharge wall that allows discharge of stunned hog from the restrainer

dumping position

time it takes the semi-automatic restrainer to tilt the discharge wall

dumping time

measurement around the hog’s body just behind the forelegs that is used to compute for the estimated weight of the hog in the absence of the scale

girth

piece of mass that has a weight almost equal to that the of the entrance gate attached at one end of the cable that acts as operating lever of the vertical entrance gate

counterweight

keeps the counterweight in its line of motion

counterweight guide

part of the restrainer which can be tilted on one side, known as dumping side, to release hog after stunning

discharge wall

flooring of the hog restrainer designed to suspend the hog during disengagement

drop floor

lever used to reset drop floor

drop floor lever

opens the dumping side wall of the restrainer to release the hog from the restrainer

dump lever

opening that allows livestock access into the restrainer

entrance gate

solid floor at the bottom of the automatic restrainer for the animals to walk down to the entrance ramp

false floor

keeps the drop floor in its locked position

floor lock

mechanical device used to give a linear force through a linear stroke using the energy of the hydraulic fluid under pressure

hydraulic cylinder

mechanical device which produces force, often in combination with movement, and are powered by compressed gas (typically air)

pneumatic cylinder

length of displacement of the cylinder rod which is equivalent to the length of the rod in the cylinder in its extended position less the length once retracted

stroke

distance measured from the center of one pipe perforation to the center of the adjacent perforation

perforation interval

distance between the ribs of the release cradle

rib interval

optimum angle that the release cradle can swing

release angle

vessel to which water, fuel and air are supplied and in which steam is generated

boiler

part of the scalder that is used to remove hogs from the scalder

release cradle

scalding tank; slaughterhouse equipment that can contain water which is heated to loosen the animal’s hair from the follicles

scalder

refers to the standard wall thickness of the commercially available pipe which is relative to the applied pressure and material strength

schedule

an electromechanical valve used to automatically shut off or open steam line in hog scalder

solenoid valve

device used to automatically control and to keep temperature within the required settings

thermostat

Type of hog scalder wherein water is directly heated by using steam which passes through perforated pipes

steam heated scalder

Type of hog scalder wherein water is heated by using a burner

gas heated scalder

Type of hog scalder wherein water is heated by using biomass fuels such as coconut shell, saw dust, firewood and rice hull fed into the furnace to be burned

solid fired scalder

Type of hog scalder usually integrated in automated slaughterhouses wherein hogs are scalded while being hung on the overhead railing

vertical scalder

hanger spacing; horizontal distance between rail hangers

bracket spacing

maximum load capacity of a rail track in a 1000 mm distance, expressed in kg

moving load capacity

radius; distance of a circle or curve to its center

radius of curvature

measurement of upward or downward inclination of the rail track from a reference horizontal plane

rail slope

center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally

rail track spacing

horizontal protruding rectangular block from the column of the building that gives support to the main rail frame

corbel

horizontal supporting bar where carcass is attached through incision in the hind feet

gambrel

separate half of the split hog

hog side

yolk-like flat steel bar where trolley wheel is mounted

hog trolley frame

device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or chain wraps

hoist

suspended solid steel track used to hang and/or convey carcasses

overhead rail

solid horizontal metal beam where rail track is securely fastened

overhead rail frame

steel material that supports and holds the rail track suspended from the overhead rail frame

rail hanger/bracket

height of rail measured from top of the rail to the floor

rail height

electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system

rail scale

center to center distance or spacing between railings measured horizontally

rail spacing

mechanical retracting rail that allows change in direction of trolley

rail switch

rail; conveyor track where trolleys are hanged and allowed to roll

rail track

rail branch where suspected carcass is diverted for further inspection

retained rail

shackle; solid metal chain used to tie or hold the hog through the feet for lifting

shackle chain

condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination

suspected carcass

specified dimensions of track rail, expressed in millimeters

track size/diameter

suspended metal carrier assembly with one (1) or two (2) wheels and a hook used to carry or transport carcass

trolley

a shafting or a spindle that holds the trolley wheel in its frame

trolley pin

circular steel bar hook attached at the lower end of the trolley that allows rotation of the suspended hogs

trolley swivel

circular pulley-like steel material that rolls freely on the rail

trolley wheel

flexural stress; stress caused by bending moment at a given point in the beam supporting the overhead rail system

bending

deformation caused by excessive stress applied to the overhead rail system

fracture

failure due to elastic instability of the overhead rail system

sagging

ratio of the speed of conveyor without load to the speed of conveyor with load, expressed in percent

speed reduction

average normal stress at any point on the cross sectional area of the overhead rail system

tensile strength

process of removing the blood from the animal before further handling

bleeding

separate half of the split carcass

carcass side

whom animal having rumen as part of its stomach such as cattle, carabao and buffalo

large ruminants

motorized or hydraulic device that allows gradual descent of carcass along the rail

lowerator

cutting or dividing the carcass into half through its backbone

splitting

horizontal supporting bar used for separating the hind legs of hung animal to a distance suitable for evisceration and splitting processes

spreader

auxiliary part of the overhead rail system used to halt the trolley to slide on the rail tracks during operations.

stopper

condition wherein the final judgment of the carcass cannot be ascertained and would therefore require further inspection and/or examination

suspended carcass

electronic weighing device integrated to an overhead rail system

track sale

track diameter; specified dimensions of rail track, expressed in millimeters

track size

flat bar of non-corrosive materials that holds the trolley wheel, swivel and hook together

trolley frame

round stainless steel bar shaped into hook where the carcass is hung

trolley hook

force per unit area in contact like compressive and tensile stress

bearing stress

force per unit area, that tends to compress or shorten the material

compressive stress

instrument used for checking whether a plane structure is flat and horizontally leveled

leveling bubble

time required to split one (1) carcass expressed in seconds

splitting type

part of the platform that serves as the flooring for the operator to stand on

floor plate

distance measured vertically from the floor plate to the finish floor line

floor plate height

part of the platform designed to provide safety for the operator

guard rail

part of the guard rail designed to be grasped by the operator when ascending, descending or moving horizontally

hand rail

equipment used by the operator to reach the required height to perform slaughtering process

platform

switch; auxiliary part of the mechanical platform that regulates the speed and controls the vertical – horizontal movement of the platform

platform control

sideward or horizontal movement of the platform

side travel

Type of platform that has a fixed height for a specific application such as bleeding, dehiding, evisceration and splitting

stationary platform

linear displacement of the blade’s teeth per unit time, expressed in millimeter per second

blade speed

particles of bone accumulated during cutting

bone dust

depth of cut by the splitting saw through the backbone, expressed in millimeter

cutting depth

speed of cutting through the backbone, expressed in seconds

cutting speed

the physical measurement of an object as described by its length, width, height and thickness

dimension

amount of energy delivered by the splitting saw relative to the total energy input, expressed in percent

percent splitting efficiency

number of hogs split per unit time, expressed in heads per hour

splitting rate

actual time of splitting a single hog, expressed in seconds

splitting time

vertebral column of an animal

backbone

safety cover for cutting mechanism

blade guard

holding mechanism for hand saw that tightens and keeps the blade in a vertical position

blade holders

small sharp points along the cutting side of the saw

blade teeth

blade of a saw with a small, sharp metal teeth along the cutting edge

cutting blade

mechanism that delivers rotating motion from the motor to the cutting blade

drive shaft

part of the machine that provides friction against the hand, reducing the gripping force needed to achieve a reliable grip

gripping handle

spaces between each segment of the blade to provide cooling and slurry removal

gullets

part of the saw used for suspending the entire machine, such that the hanger mounting bracket is located at the center of gravity of the machine

hanger mounting bracket

body of the splitting saw

main frame

circular saw; machine with rotating circular blade used for cutting material

rotary saw

tool with a metal blade designed to cut the backbone of hog carcass

splitting saw

spacing between the blade teeth, expressed in teeth per inch

tooth pitch

linear displacement of the rotating blade at a given time, expressed in meter per second

linear speed

total time spent to rotate the restraint from its upright position to inverted position

rotating time

angle measured from the restraint’s initial upright position to inverted position

rotating angle

part of the head gate which positions the head of the animal to facilitate stunning

chin lift

part of the stunning box which opens to release the animal after stunning

discharge gate

part of the stunning box which secures the head in restraining the animal

head gate

part of the stunning box which pushes the animal forward towards the head gate

tail pusher

Type of stunning box that resembles a small cage with open top and has a side gate for removal of stunned animal

upright type

Type of stunning box that has adjustable side walls and back rest that supports the body of the animal during flipping

rotating type

This bonding class is appropriate for veneer plywood intended for use in normal interior climates.

class 1 dry conditions

This bonding class is appropriate for veneer plywood intended for protected external applications (e.g. behind cladding or under roof coverings), but capable of resisting weather exposure for short periods (e.g. when exposed during construction).

class 2 humid conditions

This bonding class is designed for veneer plywood intended for exposure to weather over sustained periods.

class 3 exterior conditions

This provides high strength and stiffness while offering enhanced dimensional stability and ease of machining. A semi-crystalline material, acetal also has a low coefficient of friction and good wear properties-especially in wet environments.

acetals

one of the most versatile and widely used thermoplastic materials. Its physical properties and reasonable price combine to make it a popular choice for numerous applications.

polyamide

Engineering plastic which can replace steel, brass, bronze, aluminum, wood, and rubber, while reducing noise, using less lubrication, and increasing gear life.

polyamide

an amorphous thermoplastic with excellent dimensional stability and good strength and stiffness over a wide range of service temperatures. It is often used for structural applications when transparency and impact strength are essential

polycarbonate

suits a wide variety of electrical applications as well, because of its low moisture absorption, good insulation and excellent flammability rating.

polycarbonate

It is an inexpensive alternative to metals, ceramics, and wood because it is self-lubricating; long-wearing; and shatter-, abrasion-, and corrosion-resistant.

polyethylene umhwpe

noted for its light weight, being less dense than water; it is a polymer of propylene. It resists moisture, oils, and solvents

polypropylene

It is more popularly known as Teflon, and is based on chain of carbon atoms, the same as all polymers.

polytetrafluoroethylene

a thermoplastic that is a polymer of vinyl chloride.This plastic has found extensive use as an electrical insulator for wires and cables.

polyvinyl chloride

It can be machined or cemented and, with standard equipment, will fabricate like wood, metal, or other plastics. It weighs half as much as comparable glass and yet has good shatter resistance and durability.

acrylic

Pin used as locking device for other fasteners. Used with a slotted nut on bolt, screws, or studs, it provides a convenient, low-cost locknut assembly.

split

Pin used for light-duty service in the attachment of wheels, levers and similar components to shafts

taper

Pin holding laminated sections together with surfaces either drawn up tight or separated in some fixed relationship.

parallel or dowel

Pin for fastening machine parts where accuracy of alignment is a primary consideration.

parallel or dowel

Pin for locking components on shafts.

parallel or dowel

Pin used in connecting mating yoke, or fork, and eye members in knuckle-joint assemblies

clevis

This bearing is often referred to as the deep groove or conrad bearing

single row radial

Bearing which is availablein many variations such as single, double shields, and seals.

single row radial

This type of bearing is normally used for radial; and thrust loads (maximum two-thirds of radial).

single row radial

bearings which have a geometry that is similar to that of a deep-groove bearing except for a filling slot

maximum capacity bearing

This bearing provides for heavy radial and light thrust loads without increasing the outside diameter of the bearing. It is about 60 to 80 percent wider than a comparable single-row bearing. Because of the filling slot, thrust loads may be light.

double row

This bearing may be used for primarily radial loads where self-alignment (±4°) is required. The self-aligning feature should not be abused, as excessive misalignment or thrust load (10 percent of radial) causes early failure.

internal self-aligning double-row

These bearings are designed to support combined radial and thrust loads or heavy thrust loads depending on the contact-angle magnitude

angular contact bearing

This type of bearing is used for linear motions on hardened shafts (Rockwell C 58 to 64). Some types can be used for linear and rotary motions

ball bushings

This type of ball or roller bearing has split inner, outer ring, and cage, which are assembled by screws. This feature is expensive but useful where it is difficult to install or remove a solid bearing.

split type ball bearing

Bearings which may be used for low-speed applications where other bearings carry the radial load. These bearings are made with shields, as well as the open type.

ball thrust bearing

These bearings utilize cylinders with approximate length/diameter ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:3 as rolling elements.

cylindrical roller

Bearings which are normally used for heavy radial loads and especially useful for free axial movement of the shaft. They also have the highest speed limits for roller bearings.

cylindrical roller

These bearings have rollers whose length is at least 4 times their diameter. They are the most useful where space is a factor and are available with or without inner race, it must be hardened or ground.

needle bearing

Type of needle bearing which is used for high loads, oscillating, or slow speeds.

full-complement type

Type of needle bearing which should be used for rotational motion. They cannot support thrust loads.

cage type

These bearings are used for heavy radial and thrust loads. They are designed so that all elements in the rolling surface and the raceways intersect at a common point on the axis: thus true rolling is obtained.

tapered roller

These bearings are excellent for heavy radial loads and moderate thrust.

spherical roller

These bearings are made of a series of short rollers to minimize the skidding, which causes twisting of the rollers. They may be used for moderate speeds and loads.

straight-roller thrust bearing

It eliminates the skidding that takes place with straight rollers but causes a thrust load between the ends of the rollers and the shoulder on the race. Thus speeds are limited because the roller end and race flange are in sliding contact.

tapered-roller thrust bearing

Washer used to produce a predetermined pressure on adjacent members where sliding action is desired, or to serve as spring take-up devices in an assembly.

spring lock washer

Washer used with screws to add spring take-up to screw elongation.

conical spring washer

Toothed lock washer used when projection of teeth beyond the head or nut is objectionable.

internal toothed

Toothed lock washer used when security of assembly is critical.

external toothed

Toothed lock washer used under countersunk screw heads.

countersunk external toothed

Tooth locked washer used against soft materials and thin steel sheet

internal external toothed

Washer which provides bearing surface for a nut or screw head, covers large clearance holes, and distribute fastener loads over large area, particularly on soft materials such as aluminum or wood.

plain washer

Washer used with screws and nuts not only to effectively add spring take-up to the screw elongation but to increase the frictional resistance under the screw hard or nut face.

toothed lock washer