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JUST4MED clinical cases > Paeds- Vaccination Schedule + Milestones > Flashcards

Paeds- Vaccination Schedule + Milestones Flashcards

1
Q

Which vaccines are given at two months old?

a) 6 in one vaccine, pneumococcal, rotavirus and meningitis B
b) 6 in one vaccine, MMR and Hib
c) MMR, rotavirus, meningitis B and Hib

A

a) 6 in one vaccine, pneumococcal, rotavirus and meningitis B

Different vaccines are given at different ages to give the child protection against some infectious diseases

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2
Q

How is the rotavirus vaccine delivered?

a) IM Injection
b) Oral
c) Subcutaneous
d) Intranasal Spray

A

b) Oral

The route of administration is the path by which a vaccine is brought into contact with the body

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3
Q

At what ages is the 6 in one injection given?

a) 2, 4 and 12 months
b) 4, 12 and 24 months
c) 2, 3 and 4 months
d) 2, 12 and 24 months

A

c) 2, 3 and 4 months

The 6 in one injection = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hep B

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4
Q

What is the Vaccination Schedule?

A
  • A series of vaccines, including the timing at which they are given, that is recommended in the UK
  • Vaccine = ‘an antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases’
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5
Q

What are the different types of vaccines:

A
  • Live-attenuated
  • Inactivated vaccines
  • Recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate vaccines
  • Toxoid vaccines
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6
Q

Which vaccines are involved in the vaccination schedule?

A
  • 6-in-one vaccine = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B • Pneumococcal vaccine
  • Rotavirus vaccine
  • Meningitis B vaccine
  • Hib/Meningitis C vaccine
  • MMR vaccines = measles, mumps and rubella
  • Influenza
  • 4-in-1 pre-school booster = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
  • 3-in-1 teenage booster = tetanus, diphtheria and polio
  • Meningitis A, C, W, Y vaccine
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7
Q

6-in-1 Vaccine

When is it given:

Route:

SE:

A
  • Given at 2, 3 and 4 months
  • It is an inactivated vaccine
  • IM injection, usual site = thigh
  • Side effects: • Redness, pain and swelling at the injection site. More common at the second and third dose • Fever • Irritability • Loss of appetite • Vomiting • Abnormal crying
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8
Q

6 in 1 SE can be relieved by?

A

Calpol

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9
Q

Pneumococcal Vaccine

When is it given:

Route:

SE:

A
  • Given at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
  • IM injection, usual site = thigh
  • Side effects: • Loss of appetite • Slightly raised temperature • Irritability • Redness, pain and swelling at injection site • High temperature leading to febrile seizure (very rare)
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10
Q
  • Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as______ and _________
  • It is a conjugate vaccine that protects against __ strains of pneumococcus
A
  • Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis
  • It is a conjugate vaccine that protects against 13 strains of pneumococcus
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11
Q

Rotavirus Vaccine

When is it given

Route

SE

A

Given at 8 and 12 weeks of age

  • It is a live attenuated vaccine
  • Given orally – it is a sweet tasting gel
  • Side effects: • Restless and irritable • Mild diarrhoea • It is possible to get rotavirus after being vaccinated, but it is rare and the illness is usually milder than it would have been without vaccination
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12
Q

Rotavirus is a common cause of childhood severe _________ and ________

A

Rotavirus is a common cause of childhood severe diarrhoea and sickness

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13
Q

• Meningitis B is a strain of _________ _________ that can cause _______ and _____________

A

• Meningitis B is a strain of Neisseria meningitidis that can cause meningitis and meningococcemia

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14
Q

Meningitis B Vaccine

When is it given

Route

SE

A
  • Given at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
  • IM injection, usual site = thigh
  • Side effects: • Fever • Irritability • Redness and tenderness at the injection site
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15
Q

• It is a _________ vaccine contains four proteins taken from group B Neisseria meningitidis

A

• It is a recombinant vaccine contains four proteins taken from group B Neisseria meningitidis

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16
Q

• Haemophilus influenzae type b can cause several serious infections including ____ ______ ______ ______ ___ __________

A

g meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, cellulitis and osteomyelitis

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17
Q

Hib/Men C Vaccine

When is it given?

Route

SE?

A
  • Given at one year of age
  • IM injection, can be given in the upper arm or thigh
  • Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Fever • Irritability • Loss of appetite • Sleepiness • Skin rash – RARE • Anaphylaxis - RARE
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18
Q

Hib/Men C Vaccine is a _________ vaccine

A

polysaccharide

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19
Q

MMR Vaccine is ____ ______ vaccine

A

live attenuated

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20
Q

MMR

when is given

ROute

SE

A
  • Given at one year, and three years and four months of age
  • Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to the upper arm or thigh
  • Side effects: • Developing mild form of measles or mumps, but it is not infectious • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Fever • Loss of appetite • Idiopathic thromobocytopenic purpura (bruise like spots) • Anaphylaxis - RARE
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21
Q

Children’s Influenza Vaccine

When is it given?

Route?

SE

A

Given annually as a nasal spray in Sept/Oct for all children aged 2-8 years

  • It is given as a nasal spray
  • Side effects: • Runny nose • Headache • Loss of appetite • General tiredness • Anaphylaxis - RARE
22
Q

Children’s Influenza Vaccine is____ ____ Vaccine

A

live attenuated

23
Q

• Complications of flu in children include _______ and ________

A

• Complications of flu in children include bronchitis and pneumonia

24
Q

4-in-1 Pre-School Booster

• Protects against ____ ____ _____ ___ ______

A

diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio

25
Q

4-in-1 Pre-School Booster

When is it given?

Route?

A

• Given at three years and four months of age

IM injection in upper arm

• Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Loss of appetite • Vomiting/diarrhoea • Limb swelling • Hives – RARE • Covulsions - RARE

26
Q

4-in-1 Pre-School Booster is a _____ vaccine

A

toxoid

27
Q

HPV Vaccine

What does it protects against?

A

• Protects against HPV type 6, 11,16 and 18 that cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer and genital warts

28
Q

HPV Vaccine

When is it given?

Route

Type of vaccine

SE

A
  • Given to women at 12-13 years of age as two injections at least six months apart
  • It is a recombinant vaccine
  • IM injection in upper arm
  • Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headaches • Fever • Nausea • Hives - RARE
29
Q

3-in-1 Teenage Booster • Protects against what?

A

diphtheria, tetanus and polio

30
Q

3-in-1 Teenage Booster

When is it given

Route

Type of vaccine?

SE

A
  • Given at 14 years of age
  • It is a toxoid vaccine
  • IM injection in upper arm
  • Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headache • Nausea and vomiting • Vertigo • Fever • Fainting
31
Q

Men ACWY Vaccine • Protects against?

A

meningitis caused by meningococcal types A, C, W and Y

32
Q

Men ACWY Vaccine

When is it given

Route

Types of vaccine?

SE

A
  • Given at 14 years and new university students aged 19-25
  • It is an inactivated vaccine
  • IM injection in upper arm
  • Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headache • Tired, irritable and sleepy • Loss of appetite • Diarrhoea and vomiting • Rash
33
Q

• Live vaccines are temporarily contraindicated in individuals who are _______ or who have a ______

A

• Live vaccines are temporarily contraindicated in individuals who are immunosuppressed or who have a fever

34
Q

Which diseases does the 3-in1 Teenage Booster protect against?

a) Tetanus, pertussis and polio
b) Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
c) Diphtheria, tetanus and polio
d) Pertussis, diphtheria and polio

A

c) Diphtheria, tetanus and polio

The 3-in-1 Booster is given at 14 years of age

35
Q

At which site is the 6-in1 vaccine delivered?

a) Upper Arm
b) Thigh
c) Buttock

A

The 6-in-1 vaccine is given at 2, 3 and 4 months of age

b) Thigh

36
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?

a) Live
b) Attenuated
c) Recombinant
d) Toxoid

A

c) Recombinant

37
Q

At what age should a baby be walking without their hands being held?

a) 6 months
b) 12 months
c) 15 months
d) 18 months

A

c) 15 months

The answer is 15 months. The aim for the first year is to learn how to walk however the baby still needs to hold hands in order to remain steady

38
Q

At what age is a baby’s favourite word normally ‘no!’?

a) 18 months
b) 2 years
c) 3 years
d) 4 years

A

b) 2 years

It’s the terrible twos! Favourite word is no and they become quite selfish in their development

39
Q

At what age is not sitting a red flag?

a) 9 months
b) 12 months
c) 6 months
d) 15 months

A

a) 9 months

It’s a red flag at nine months. Babies should normally be sitting by 6 months, half way through the year, half way to standing

40
Q

What is NOT a common cause of global developmental delay?

a) Cerebral palsy
b) Autism spectrum disorders
c) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
d) Speech impediment

A

d) Speech impediments

The four categories are: Gross motor, fine motor & vision, speech and language & socia

41
Q

What are paediatric milestones?

Importance?

A
  • Milestones are skills babies and young children learn as they grow
  • They are useful in tracking a child’s progress and identifying developmental problems
42
Q

There are four main categories of paediatic milestones?

A
  • Gross motor
  • Fine motor
  • Language & hearing
  • Social
43
Q

• Normally we learn the milestones at….

A

6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, 15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years & 4 years

44
Q

Why are they important to know milestones?

A

During early childhood, children cannot articulate their inner state. Milestones are used as clues to find out what is going on inside.

By assessing where a child is in each category, we can tell if they have a delay across all categories, some, or whether the delay is isolated to one category. This can help diagnostically but may also change the treatment chosen.

45
Q

How are milestones used in everyday clinical practice?

Example

A

After birth children are seen at regular intervals, they are assessed to see if they are meeting the milestones for their age.

For example: A 6 month old is seen at a well child check. At 6 months the child should be able to sit up (gross motor), pick things up (vision & fine motor), babble (language), and recognise familiar faces (social).

46
Q

What are the main milesones for 1st year?

A

2 months – lifts head 45 degrees, follows person with eyes, turns to sound, smiles

4 months – rolls over, laughs

6 months – sit, begins to get stranger anxiety, moves object hand-to-hand

9 months – crawl

12 months – walks with hands held, pincer grip, knows the meaning of many words, stranger anxiety

47
Q

Main milestones 1 year - 5 years

A

15 months – Walks without hands held, crawls upstairs, points to what they want, listens to songs, understands phrases

18 months – Steady gait, can run, scribbles with crayon, can point to parts of body

2 years – can climb stairs, throw and kick a ball, can make a tower of bricks, can ask for food and drink, 2/3 word sentences

3 years – Can stand on one foot, knows nursery rhymes, count to ten, can undress and dress

4 years – Can hop, gives 1st and 2nd name, can go to toilet alone

48
Q

What are three possible cuases of global development delay?

A

• Prenatal causes: chromosome disorders e.g. Down’s syndrome, cerebral dysgenesis, hypothyroidism, fetal alcohol syndrome

• Perinatal causes: intraventricular haemorrhage, hypoxic brain injury, hypoglycaemia

• Postnatal causes: meningitis/encephalitis, anoxic events, head injury,

49
Q

Three causes of asymmetrically delay?

A
  • (1st year) Motor: cerebral palsy, congenital myopathy, spinal cord lesions, visual impairment, balance problems
  • (2nd year) Language: hearing loss, anatomical deficits, normal variant/familial, environmental deprivation
  • (3rd year) Social: autism, hyperactivity, ADHD
50
Q

What are Red flag milestones?

A
  • No smile à 8 weeks
  • Poor eye contact à 3 months
  • No reaching à 5 months
  • Not sitting à 9 months
  • Not walking à 18 months
  • No single words with meaning à 18 months
  • No 2-3 word sentences à 30 months (2.5 years)
51
Q
A

JUST4MED clinical cases (15 decks)

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