Paeds- Vaccination Schedule + Milestones Flashcards
Which vaccines are given at two months old?
a) 6 in one vaccine, pneumococcal, rotavirus and meningitis B
b) 6 in one vaccine, MMR and Hib
c) MMR, rotavirus, meningitis B and Hib
a) 6 in one vaccine, pneumococcal, rotavirus and meningitis B
Different vaccines are given at different ages to give the child protection against some infectious diseases
How is the rotavirus vaccine delivered?
a) IM Injection
b) Oral
c) Subcutaneous
d) Intranasal Spray
b) Oral
The route of administration is the path by which a vaccine is brought into contact with the body
At what ages is the 6 in one injection given?
a) 2, 4 and 12 months
b) 4, 12 and 24 months
c) 2, 3 and 4 months
d) 2, 12 and 24 months
c) 2, 3 and 4 months
The 6 in one injection = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hep B
What is the Vaccination Schedule?
- A series of vaccines, including the timing at which they are given, that is recommended in the UK
- Vaccine = ‘an antigenic substance prepared from the causative agent of a disease or a synthetic substitute, used to provide immunity against one or several diseases’
What are the different types of vaccines:
- Live-attenuated
- Inactivated vaccines
- Recombinant/polysaccharide/conjugate vaccines
- Toxoid vaccines
Which vaccines are involved in the vaccination schedule?
- 6-in-one vaccine = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib and hepatitis B • Pneumococcal vaccine
- Rotavirus vaccine
- Meningitis B vaccine
- Hib/Meningitis C vaccine
- MMR vaccines = measles, mumps and rubella
- Influenza
- 4-in-1 pre-school booster = diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
- 3-in-1 teenage booster = tetanus, diphtheria and polio
- Meningitis A, C, W, Y vaccine
6-in-1 Vaccine
When is it given:
Route:
SE:
- Given at 2, 3 and 4 months
- It is an inactivated vaccine
- IM injection, usual site = thigh
- Side effects: • Redness, pain and swelling at the injection site. More common at the second and third dose • Fever • Irritability • Loss of appetite • Vomiting • Abnormal crying
6 in 1 SE can be relieved by?
Calpol
Pneumococcal Vaccine
When is it given:
Route:
SE:
- Given at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
- IM injection, usual site = thigh
- Side effects: • Loss of appetite • Slightly raised temperature • Irritability • Redness, pain and swelling at injection site • High temperature leading to febrile seizure (very rare)
- Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as______ and _________
- It is a conjugate vaccine that protects against __ strains of pneumococcus
- Pneumococcus can cause diseases such as pneumonia and meningitis
- It is a conjugate vaccine that protects against 13 strains of pneumococcus
Rotavirus Vaccine
When is it given
Route
SE
Given at 8 and 12 weeks of age
- It is a live attenuated vaccine
- Given orally – it is a sweet tasting gel
- Side effects: • Restless and irritable • Mild diarrhoea • It is possible to get rotavirus after being vaccinated, but it is rare and the illness is usually milder than it would have been without vaccination
Rotavirus is a common cause of childhood severe _________ and ________
Rotavirus is a common cause of childhood severe diarrhoea and sickness
• Meningitis B is a strain of _________ _________ that can cause _______ and _____________
• Meningitis B is a strain of Neisseria meningitidis that can cause meningitis and meningococcemia
Meningitis B Vaccine
When is it given
Route
SE
- Given at 8 weeks, 16 weeks and one year of age
- IM injection, usual site = thigh
- Side effects: • Fever • Irritability • Redness and tenderness at the injection site
• It is a _________ vaccine contains four proteins taken from group B Neisseria meningitidis
• It is a recombinant vaccine contains four proteins taken from group B Neisseria meningitidis
• Haemophilus influenzae type b can cause several serious infections including ____ ______ ______ ______ ___ __________
g meningitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis, cellulitis and osteomyelitis
Hib/Men C Vaccine
When is it given?
Route
SE?
- Given at one year of age
- IM injection, can be given in the upper arm or thigh
- Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Fever • Irritability • Loss of appetite • Sleepiness • Skin rash – RARE • Anaphylaxis - RARE
Hib/Men C Vaccine is a _________ vaccine
polysaccharide
MMR Vaccine is ____ ______ vaccine
live attenuated
MMR
when is given
ROute
SE
- Given at one year, and three years and four months of age
- Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection to the upper arm or thigh
- Side effects: • Developing mild form of measles or mumps, but it is not infectious • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Fever • Loss of appetite • Idiopathic thromobocytopenic purpura (bruise like spots) • Anaphylaxis - RARE
Children’s Influenza Vaccine
When is it given?
Route?
SE
Given annually as a nasal spray in Sept/Oct for all children aged 2-8 years
- It is given as a nasal spray
- Side effects: • Runny nose • Headache • Loss of appetite • General tiredness • Anaphylaxis - RARE
Children’s Influenza Vaccine is____ ____ Vaccine
live attenuated
• Complications of flu in children include _______ and ________
• Complications of flu in children include bronchitis and pneumonia
4-in-1 Pre-School Booster
• Protects against ____ ____ _____ ___ ______
diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio
4-in-1 Pre-School Booster
When is it given?
Route?
• Given at three years and four months of age
IM injection in upper arm
• Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Loss of appetite • Vomiting/diarrhoea • Limb swelling • Hives – RARE • Covulsions - RARE
4-in-1 Pre-School Booster is a _____ vaccine
toxoid
HPV Vaccine
What does it protects against?
• Protects against HPV type 6, 11,16 and 18 that cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer and genital warts
HPV Vaccine
When is it given?
Route
Type of vaccine
SE
- Given to women at 12-13 years of age as two injections at least six months apart
- It is a recombinant vaccine
- IM injection in upper arm
- Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headaches • Fever • Nausea • Hives - RARE
3-in-1 Teenage Booster • Protects against what?
diphtheria, tetanus and polio
3-in-1 Teenage Booster
When is it given
Route
Type of vaccine?
SE
- Given at 14 years of age
- It is a toxoid vaccine
- IM injection in upper arm
- Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headache • Nausea and vomiting • Vertigo • Fever • Fainting
Men ACWY Vaccine • Protects against?
meningitis caused by meningococcal types A, C, W and Y
Men ACWY Vaccine
When is it given
Route
Types of vaccine?
SE
- Given at 14 years and new university students aged 19-25
- It is an inactivated vaccine
- IM injection in upper arm
- Side effects: • Pain, redness and swelling at the injection site • Headache • Tired, irritable and sleepy • Loss of appetite • Diarrhoea and vomiting • Rash
• Live vaccines are temporarily contraindicated in individuals who are _______ or who have a ______
• Live vaccines are temporarily contraindicated in individuals who are immunosuppressed or who have a fever
Which diseases does the 3-in1 Teenage Booster protect against?
a) Tetanus, pertussis and polio
b) Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
c) Diphtheria, tetanus and polio
d) Pertussis, diphtheria and polio
c) Diphtheria, tetanus and polio
The 3-in-1 Booster is given at 14 years of age
At which site is the 6-in1 vaccine delivered?
a) Upper Arm
b) Thigh
c) Buttock
The 6-in-1 vaccine is given at 2, 3 and 4 months of age
b) Thigh
What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine?
a) Live
b) Attenuated
c) Recombinant
d) Toxoid
c) Recombinant
At what age should a baby be walking without their hands being held?
a) 6 months
b) 12 months
c) 15 months
d) 18 months
c) 15 months
The answer is 15 months. The aim for the first year is to learn how to walk however the baby still needs to hold hands in order to remain steady
At what age is a baby’s favourite word normally ‘no!’?
a) 18 months
b) 2 years
c) 3 years
d) 4 years
b) 2 years
It’s the terrible twos! Favourite word is no and they become quite selfish in their development
At what age is not sitting a red flag?
a) 9 months
b) 12 months
c) 6 months
d) 15 months
a) 9 months
It’s a red flag at nine months. Babies should normally be sitting by 6 months, half way through the year, half way to standing
What is NOT a common cause of global developmental delay?
a) Cerebral palsy
b) Autism spectrum disorders
c) Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
d) Speech impediment
d) Speech impediments
The four categories are: Gross motor, fine motor & vision, speech and language & socia
What are paediatric milestones?
Importance?
- Milestones are skills babies and young children learn as they grow
- They are useful in tracking a child’s progress and identifying developmental problems
There are four main categories of paediatic milestones?
- Gross motor
- Fine motor
- Language & hearing
- Social
• Normally we learn the milestones at….
6 weeks, 6 months, 12 months, 15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 3 years & 4 years
Why are they important to know milestones?
During early childhood, children cannot articulate their inner state. Milestones are used as clues to find out what is going on inside.
By assessing where a child is in each category, we can tell if they have a delay across all categories, some, or whether the delay is isolated to one category. This can help diagnostically but may also change the treatment chosen.
How are milestones used in everyday clinical practice?
Example
After birth children are seen at regular intervals, they are assessed to see if they are meeting the milestones for their age.
For example: A 6 month old is seen at a well child check. At 6 months the child should be able to sit up (gross motor), pick things up (vision & fine motor), babble (language), and recognise familiar faces (social).
What are the main milesones for 1st year?
2 months – lifts head 45 degrees, follows person with eyes, turns to sound, smiles
4 months – rolls over, laughs
6 months – sit, begins to get stranger anxiety, moves object hand-to-hand
9 months – crawl
12 months – walks with hands held, pincer grip, knows the meaning of many words, stranger anxiety
Main milestones 1 year - 5 years
15 months – Walks without hands held, crawls upstairs, points to what they want, listens to songs, understands phrases
18 months – Steady gait, can run, scribbles with crayon, can point to parts of body
2 years – can climb stairs, throw and kick a ball, can make a tower of bricks, can ask for food and drink, 2/3 word sentences
3 years – Can stand on one foot, knows nursery rhymes, count to ten, can undress and dress
4 years – Can hop, gives 1st and 2nd name, can go to toilet alone
What are three possible cuases of global development delay?
• Prenatal causes: chromosome disorders e.g. Down’s syndrome, cerebral dysgenesis, hypothyroidism, fetal alcohol syndrome
• Perinatal causes: intraventricular haemorrhage, hypoxic brain injury, hypoglycaemia
• Postnatal causes: meningitis/encephalitis, anoxic events, head injury,
Three causes of asymmetrically delay?
- (1st year) Motor: cerebral palsy, congenital myopathy, spinal cord lesions, visual impairment, balance problems
- (2nd year) Language: hearing loss, anatomical deficits, normal variant/familial, environmental deprivation
- (3rd year) Social: autism, hyperactivity, ADHD
What are Red flag milestones?
- No smile à 8 weeks
- Poor eye contact à 3 months
- No reaching à 5 months
- Not sitting à 9 months
- Not walking à 18 months
- No single words with meaning à 18 months
- No 2-3 word sentences à 30 months (2.5 years)
