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FINALS > Paeds > Flashcards

Paeds Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of gross motor delay

A
  1. Cerebral palsy
  2. DMD
  3. Antenatal insult eg. stroke
  4. Part of developmental impairment
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2
Q

Causes of speech delay

A
  1. Familial
  2. Hearing impairment
  3. Poor social interaction/neglect
  4. ASD
  5. DMD
  6. Part of developmental impairment eg. Down’s
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3
Q

Dysmorphic features (Down’s)

A 
Hypotonia (reduced muscle tone)
Brachycephaly (small head with a flat back)
Short neck
Short stature
Flattened face and nose
Prominent epicanthic folds
Upward sloping palpable fissures
Single palmar crease

Epicanthic folds are folds of skin overing the medial portion of the eye and eyelid. The palpable fissures are the gaps between the lower and upper eyelid.

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4
Q

Presentation of cerebal palsy

A

HX: Ex-prem or problems at/following birth

  • Developmental delay - MOTOR MILESTONES
  • Shows preference for particular hand (weakness)
  • Feeding difficulties (reflux, aspiration pneumonia)
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5
Q

Causes of nocturnal enuresis (with and without daytime symptoms)

A

With daytime:

  • Overactive bladder
  • Structural abnormalities eg. ectopic ureter
  • Neurological disorders eg. neurogenic bladder
  • Chronic constipation
  • UTI

Without daytime:

  • Lack of sleep arousal
  • Polyuria
  • Small capacity/overactive bladder

NB: primary means never achieved sustained continence

Causes of secondary:

  • Diabetes, UTI, chronic constipation, inadequate fluids, behavioural/psychological/emotional problems
  • Social/family problems, environment (toilet access)

MX: desmopressin

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6
Q

Conditions tested with heel prick test

A
  1. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  2. Congenital hypothyroidism
  3. CF
  4. Sickle cell disease
  5. Medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD)

+ 4 rare metabolic conditions:
- Homocysteinuria, maple syrup urine disease, glutaric aciduria type 1, isovaleric aciduria

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7
Q

Gower’s sign

A

Classically occurs in DMD - uses hands to get up from floor due to thigh weakness

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8
Q

MSK HX symptoms

A 
Pain
stiffness
swelling/mass
warmth 
deformity 
loss of function 
developmental delay or regression of milestones
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9
Q

Describe features of benign and malignant leg pain

A

THINK TIM

Benign: nocturnal, awake from sleep with cramps, resolved with massage/analgesia, functionally normal next day, bilateral, changes site, related to exercise, primary school kids

Malignant: nocturnal but unable to sleep, unremitting, unresponsive to analgesia, loss of function/altered, unilateral, persists in daytime, teenagers

  • causes: bone tumours, neuroblastoma and leukaemia
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10
Q

Malignant MSK features on examination

A

Pain/tenderness
Metaphyseal tenderness - marrow infiltration
Mass on examination
Postural shift - altered gait/sitting
Neurological features
Systemic: weight loss, fever, bruising, anaemia

  • causes: bone tumours, neuroblastoma and leukaemia
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11
Q

Causes of neonatal jaundice

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Breastfeeding induced
  3. Haemolytic disease of the newborn
  4. Neonatal sepsis
  5. Congential hypothyroidism
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12
Q

Causes of neonatal respiratory distress

A
  1. Transient tachypnoea of the newborn
  2. Respiratory distress syndrome - surfactant deficiency
  3. Meconium aspiration
  4. Pneumothorax
  5. Respiratory infection / neonatal sepsis
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13
Q

Causes of neonatal cyanosis

A
  1. Respiratory distress
  2. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
  3. Congenital cyanotic heart disease
  4. Trachea-oesophageal fistula
  5. Diaphragmatic hernia
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14
Q

Neonatal sepsis

A

Cause: GBS

IX: ABC, FBC, CRP, glucose, cultures, LP

ABX: benzylpenicillin and gentamicin

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15
Q

Causes of neonate intestinal obstruction

A
  1. Meconium plug / ileus
  2. Duodenal atresia
  3. Oseophageal atresia
  4. Malrotation with volvulus
  5. Hirschsprung disease
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16
Q

Causes of microcephaly

A
  1. Congenital varicella syndrome
  2. CMV
  3. Zika
  4. Foetal alcohol syndrome
17
Q

Causes of bilious vomiting in neonates

A
  • Malrotation until proven otherwise - emergency
    1. Duodenal atresia
    2. Malrotation w/volvulus
    3. Meconium ileus / plug
    4. NEC
    5. Hirschprung’s disease
18
Q

Facial features of down’s syndrome

A
  1. Prominent epicanthic folds
  2. Upwards slanting palpebral fissures
  3. Brushfield spots on iris (white spots)
  4. Macroglossia
  5. Small chin, flat nose, round face, small ears
19
Q

Features of foetal alcohol syndrome

A

Facial: epicanthic folds, low nasal bridge, absent philtrum, thin upper lip, small chin

Cardiac: VSD and ASD

Growth retardation, behavioural problems

20
Q

Causes of vomiting in a baby

A
  1. Overfeeding
  2. Posseting
  3. GORD
  4. Pyloric stenosis
  5. Obstruction
21
Q

Top 5 causes of abdominal pain in children

A
  1. Acute appendicitis
  2. mesenteric adenitis
  3. constipation
  4. gastroenteritis
  5. UTI
22
Q

Direct vs indirect inguinal hernias

A

Indirect: most common in infants. via deep inguinal ring

Direct: in old people. ‘directly’ via defect in posterior wall

23
Q

Cause of bronchiolitis and MX

A

Cause = RSV

MX supportive eg. humidified oxygen

24
Q

Nerve roots in Erb’s palsy

A

C5 and C6

25
Q

Top 5 cyanosis

A
  1. Respiratory disease
  2. Neonatal - TGA, pulmonary atresia, persistent pulmonary HTN newborn, hypoplastic left heart
  3. During a seizure
  4. Stress
  5. CNS depression
26
Q

Electrolyte disturbance in pyloric stenosis

A

Hypochloraemic Metabolic Alkalosis with Hypokalaemia

27
Q

4 features of tetralogy of fallot

A

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Overriding aorta
Ventricular septal defect

PROVe

28
Q

CF deficiency in haemophilia A

A

factor VIII

29
Q

CF deficiency in haemophilia B

A

factor IX

30
Q

Paediatric fluid bolus

A

20ml/kg

31
Q

Baby feeding requirements

A

150ml/kg/day

32
Q

Nephrotic syndrome criteria

A

Proteinuria, oedema and hypoalbminuaemia

FINALS (6 decks)

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