Paeds Flashcards
1
Q
1st Line Treatment for Pneumonia
A
Amoxicillin
2
Q
2nd Line Treatment for Pneumonia
A
Clarithromycin (If Allergy for Amox.)
3
Q
Commonest cause for Neonatal Conjunctivitis
A
Blocked Lacrimal Duct
4
Q
Organisms Causing Neonatal Conjunctivitis
A
Birth Canal:
Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Other: Haemophilus Influenza Staph. aureus Strep pneumonia HSV Adenovirus
5
Q
Treatment for Chlamydia
A
Erythromycin (4x daily, 14 days)
6
Q
Treatment for Gonorrhoea
A
Cefotaxime (IV)
7
Q
Treatment for Meningitis
A
- IM Benzylpenicillin (in community)
- Cefotaxime
- Amoxicillin (if <3months for listeria cover)
8
Q
Meningitis Prophylaxis
A
- Ciprofloxacin ( 1 dose)
or - Rifampicin (BD, 2 days)
9
Q
Vesicoureteral Reflux Management
A
- Treat acute episode: IV abx, Fluids, Analgesia
- MCUG
- DMSA - 3-4 months post acute infection
- Prophylaxis Abx
10
Q
Causes of Significant Hypoxia
A
- Tetralogy of Fallot
2. Transposition of Great Arteries
11
Q
What can help keep ductus arteriosus open?
A
Prostaglandins
optimise oxygenation
12
Q
Signs of Coarctation of aorta
A
absent femoral pulse
lower O2 sats in leg compared to r. arm
13
Q
Diagnosis Triad of CF
A
Pulmonary/GI manifestations
Family history
positive sweat test (Cl conc.)
14
Q
Common Organisms causing resp infections in a patient with CF
A
staph aureus
psuedomonas aeruginosa
burkholderia cepacia
15
Q
CF Chest XR findings
A
bronchial wall thickening bronchiectasis hyperinflation lobar atelectasis (obstruction by mucus plug) large hilar
16
Q
What is Gaucher’s Disease.
Name 2 signs
A
lysosomal storage disorder
(missing an enzyme that breaks down lipids)
Signs: hepatomegaly & splenomegaly
(lipids build up in organs)
17
Q
What group does Gaucher’s Disease particularly affect?
A
Ashkenazi Jews
18
Q
What Organism common causes: Epiglottitis
A
Haemophilus Influenza type B
19
Q
What Organism common causes: Croup
A
Parainfluenza Virus type 1&2
20
Q
What Organism common causes: URTI
A
RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)
21
Q
What Organisms (5) common causes: Otitis Media
A
RSV Pneumococcus Haemophilus Group A Strep Moraxella
22
Q
What Organism common causes: Sinusitis
A
Pneumococcus
23
Q
What Organisms common causes: Pneumonia
A
Pneumococcus Haemophilus Influenzae Staph aureus Klebsiella pneumoniae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strep A TB
RSV
Influenza
Parainfluenza
Adenovirus
24
Q
What Organism common causes: Bronchiolitis
A
RSV
25
What Organism common causes: Infective Endocarditis
Strep. viridans
26
What Organism common causes: Rheumatic Fever
Group A B-haemolytic Strep.
| Strep throat, scarlet fever
27
What Organism common causes: Pharyngitis/Tonsilitis
Group A Strep.
Adenovirus
EBV
28
What Organism common causes: Diarrhoea
Rotavirus
Calcivirus
Astrovirus
Campylobacter jejuni
Salmonella
E. Coli
Giardia
29
What Organism common causes: UTI
E. Coli
Proteus (structural abnormality)
Psuedomonas
30
What Organism common causes: Meningitis in <3 months
Group B Strep.
E. Coli
Listeria
31
What Organism common causes: Meningitis in >3 months
Neisseria meningitidis
Haemophilus Influenzae
Strep. pneumoniae
32
What Organism common causes: Encephalitis
```
Enterovirus
Varicella
HSV
HIV
Measles
Mycoplasma
Borrelia burgdorferi
```
33
What Organism common causes: Lyme Disease
Borrelia Burgdorferi
34
What Organism common causes: Whooping Cough
Bordetella Pertussis
| gram -ve cocobacilli
35
What Organism common causes: Chickenpox
Varicella Zoster Virus
36
What Organism common causes: Glandular fever
EBV
| Cytomegalovirus
37
What Organism common causes: Slapped Cheek Syndrome
Paravirus B19
38
What Organism common causes: Impetigo
Staphylococcus
| Group A Strep.
39
What Organism common causes: Scalded Skin Syndrome
Staphylococcus
40
What Organism common causes: Typhoid
Salmonella
41
What Organism common causes: Osteomyelitis
Staph aureus
Strep.
Haemophilus Influenza
42
What Organism common causes: Septic Arthritis
Staph. aureus
| Haemophilus Influenza
43
What Organism common causes: Septicaemia
Pneumococcus
Group B Strep.
Meningococcus
44
What Organism common causes: Scarlet Fever
Strep. pyogenes
45
If few dilated loops of bowel seen on abdo XR;
1. where is the obstruction?
2. give 2 causes
1. proximal obstruction
2. malrotation,
jejunal atresia
46
If multiple dilated loops of bowel seen on abdo XR;
1. where is the obstruction?
2. give 4 causes
1. distal obstruction
2. ileal atresia
meconium ileus or plug
Hirschsprung's
anal atresia
47
What does a "double-bubble" finding on Abdo XR signify?
Duodenal Stenosis
48
Name 2 GI complications those with Down's syndrome are at increased risk of having
Duodenal stenosis
| Hirshsprung's disease
49
What is Hirschsprung's Disease?
absence of parasympathetic ganglion cells in myenteric & submucosal plexus of rectum
50
How do you diagnose Hirschsprung's?
```
Rectal Biopsy
Barium enema (avoid if systemically unwell- perforation likely, enema will make peritonitis worse)
```
51
Complications of Hirshsprung's
Perforation
| Toxic Megacolon
52
Management of Toxic Megacolon
1. fluids
2. decompression
3. Surgery
53
Treatment for Hirschsprung's
Surgery
| Swenson Procedure
54
What 2 plexuses are absent in Hirschsprung's?
Meissner's
| Auerbach's
55
What Triad makes up Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
AKI
Thrombocytopenia
Normocytic anaemia
56
What is Infectious Mononucleosis also known as?
Glandular fever
57
What should not be given in Glandular fever? Why?
Amoxicillin - develop maculopapular pruritis rash
58
Investigations for ALL
blood film
| bone marrow biopsy
59
What is the inheritance pattern of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
Autosomal Recessive
60
What hormones are affected in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? are they high or low?
Cortisol & Aldosterone
| both low
61
What electrolyte imbalances are associated with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia?
hyponatraemia
hyperkalaemia
metabolic acidosis
62
Presentation of Oculomotor (CN3) Nerve Palsy
ptosis
| "down & out" eye
63
Presentation of Abducens (CN6) Nerve Palsy
adducted eye (towards eye)
64
Name 2 sanctuary sites in Chemotherapy
CNS
| Testes
65
What is Wilson's Disease?
high levels of copper deposited in body- problem with excretion
```
Affects:
liver - jaundice
kidneys
eyes - Kayser-Fleischer Ring
brain - parkinsonism, psychosis
```
66
Management of Wilson's Disease
1. Copper Chelating agent - Penicillamine
| 2. Zinc Pyridoxine - for neuro
67
Management of Sickle Cell Disease
1. Hydroxycarbamine
2. Transfusions
3. Stem cell transplant (curative)
4. Penicillin (prophylaxis treatment after splenectomy)
68
Which age group is Hodgkin's Lymphoma more common associated with?
Teens
69
Which age group is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma more common associated with?
Kids
70
How do you monitor Treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma?
PET
71
What are the B Symptoms of Lymphoma?
unexplained fever
unexplained weight loss
night sweats
72
What causes Stephen-Johnson Syndrome?
adverse reaction to meds
| infection (viral)
73
Presentation of Stephen-Johnson Syndrome
Start: flu-like symptoms
Later: red rash that spreads and blisters (target-like)
Affected skin dies and peels off
74
Viral Causes of Stephen-Johnson Syndrome
```
Mumps
Flu
HSV
EBV
Coxsackie virus
```
75
Medication Causes of Stephen-Johnson Syndrome (10)
```
Allopurinol
Carbamazepine
Lamotrigine
Nevirapine
Meloxicam (all oxicams)
Phenobarbitol
Phenytoin
Sertaline
Sulfasalazine
Sulfamethoxazole
```
76
Complications of Chickenpox
Bacterial superinfection
Cerebelitis
DIC
Progressive disseminated disease
77
Presentation of Scarlett fever
```
fever
sore throat
maculopapular rash - sandpaper like
strawberry tongue
cervical lymphadenopathy
```
78
Treatment of Scarlett fever
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
79
If Scarlett Fever a Notifiable Disease?
Yes
80
When can a child return to school after being diagnosed with Scarlett Fever?
24hrs after starting Abx
81
Management of GORD
```
1. Carobel (feed thickener)
+ Gaviscon (alginate therapy
2. Ranitidine (H2 receptor antagonist)
or. Omeprazole
3. Donperidone (D2 antagonist)
4. Surgery - if resistant to meds.
(Nissen Funndoplication)
```
82
Treatment for Tonsilitis
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
83
Management for Faecal Impaction
1. Polyethylene (macrogol laxative) or osmotic laxative if macrogol intolerated
+ electrolytes
2. Senna (stimulant)
84
Management of ITP
majority resolve spontaneously within 6-8 weeks
if need to raise platelets: 1st Line- Prednisolone
avoid NSAIDs and Aspirin - impair platelet function
85
Treatment for Otitis Media
1st Line: Amoxicillin
| 2nd Line: Clarithromycin ( if allergic to Amox.)
86
What murmur is heard with VSD?
Pansystolic
87
What murmur is heard with Patent ductus arteriosus
Continuous Machinery sounding
88
What murmur is heard with ASD?
Ejection systolic
89
What murmur is heard with Tetralogy of Fallot
Harsh Ejection Systolic
90
What murmur is heard with Coarctation of aorta?
heard on back between scapula
91
What makes up Tetralogy of Fallot?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
VSD
Pulmonary Stenosis
Misplaced aorta
92
Which Heart defects cause cyanosis?
Tetralogy of Fallot
| Transposition of great arteries
93
What does ITP common follow after?
Viral Infection
94
What Inheritance pattern if Haemophilia?
X-linked Recessive
| boys affected
95
What deficiency if found in Haemophilia A?
Factor VIII
96
What deficiency if found in Haemophilia B?
Factor IX
97
Complications of haemophilia
```
Haemarthrosis
Chronic arthropathy
Compartment Syndrome (bleeding into muscles)
Haematuria
Hep B infections (due to blood products)
```
98
What Abx can be used in Penicillin allergy?
Clarithromycin
99
Causes of Physiological Jaundice
breast milk feeding
dehydration
biliary atresia
100
What is a complication of severe neonatal jaundice?
Kernicterus
| high levels of unconjugated bilirubin cross blood-brain barrier- collect in basal ganglia & brainstem
101
What can Kernicterus cause?
```
cerebral palsy
hearing loss
convulsions
lethargy
poor feeding
learning difficulties
```
102
Presentation of HSP
Rash - raised, palpable purpura. buttocks and legs
abdo pain
athritis/arthralgia
glomerulonephritis
103
Complications of HSP
Intussusception
Arthritis
Pancreatitis
Acute Renal Impairment
104
Organisma that cause bloody diarrhoea
E. Coli
| Salmonella
105
Who is immune to Slapped Cheek Syndrome?
Those lacking P anigen
| Parovirus replicates in red cell precusor cells expressing P antigens
106
Describe the Rash associated with Slapped Cheek Syndrome
cheeks
| trunk & arms - lace-like (adults)
107
Name a complication of a Parovirus infection in pregnancy
Hydrops fetalis
| fetal bone marrow aplasia-- anaemia
108
Name a complication of a Varicella infection in pregnancy
Limb defects
109
Name a complication of a Rubella infection in pregnancy
cataracts
110
Name a complication of a CMV infection in pregnancy
cerebal palsy
111
Name a complication of a Toxoplasmosis infection in pregnancy
choroidoretinitis
112
What is Toxic Megacolon
Complication of hirschsprung's
- proximal colonic dilation secondary to obstruction
- thining of colonic wall
- bacterial overgrowth
- translocation of gut bacteria
113
Symptoms of Pyloric Stenosis
non-bilious vomit
- immediately after feeding
- projectile
114
Signs of Pyloric Stenosis
wave of peristalsis (L-R)
RUQ mass - firm, mobile, olive-shaped (hypertrophied pylorus)
Depressed fontanelle (dehydration)
Abdo distension
115
Pyloric Stenosis electrolyte pattern
low Cl
low K
metabolic alkalosis
116
Primitive Reflexes
```
Moro
Grasp
Crawl
Step
Tonic Neck
```
117
Causes of jaundice if <24hrs old
Always BAD - unconjugated bilirubin
- Haemolytic
- Congenital
118
Causes of jaundice if 24hrs-3 wks old
```
Haemolysis
Infection
Polycythemia
Physiological
Biliary Atresia
```
119
Causes of jaundice if >3wks
Infection - UTI
Physiological
Hypothyroidism
Liver- Gilbert's Syndrome
120
What can Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome be secondary to?
GI infection- bloody diarrhoea
| E.coli, Shigella
121
Signs of Nephrotic Syndrome
Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminaemia
Oedema
122
Treatment for nephrotic Syndrome
Prednisolone (if steroid sensitive)
fluid balance
low salt diet
123
What usually causes Nephrotic Syndrome?
minimal change disease
124
What can nephrotic syndrome be secondary to?
HSP
SLE
Infection
Allergens
125
Complications of Nephrotic Syndrome
Hypovolaemia
Infection (Pneumococcus) -- due to loss of
immunoglobulins
Thromosis
Hypercholesterolaemia
126
Presentation of Glomerulonephritis
```
-Haematuria
proteinuria
impaired GFR
-Hypertension
-Oedema
```
127
What can Glomerulonephritis be secondary to?
Strep. Infection (Group A)
128
Investigations of UTI
Renal US
MCUG --VU reflux
DMSA
129
Management of Glue Ear
```
Resolve itself (take up to 3 months)
Grommets
```
130
Causes of a Wheeze
Viral Induced
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Asthma
131
Causes of Stridor
```
Croup
Epiglottitis
Bacterial Tracheitis
Diptheria
Inhaled Foreign Body
Angioedema/ Anaphylaxis
Laryngomalacia
```
132
Signs of Resp distress
```
cyanosis
hypoxia
subcostal recessions
tracheal tug
wheeze on auscultation
head bobbing
```
133
Inheritance pattern of CF
autosomal recessive
134
Chromosome and gene affected in CF
chrom 7
delta F508
codes for chloride channels
135
CF gold standard diagnosis
sweat test
136
What viral organisms commonly cause: gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Enterovirus
Norovirus
Adenovirus
137
What bacterial organisms commonly cause: gastroenteritis
Campylobacter jejuni
E. Coli
Shigella
Salmonella
138
Managmemt of gastroenteritis
Oral Rehydration Solutions
139
When should stool sample be taken?
```
diagnostic doubt
sepsis
bloody diarrhoea
diarrhoea >2 wks
immunocompromised
```
140
Live Vaccines
Rotavirus
MMR
Shingles/chicken pox
BCG
141
When is Amoxicillin prescribed in Meningitis treatment
under 3 months - Listeria cover
142
ADHD Management
1. Methylphenidate
| 2. Lisdexamfetamine
143
ADHD
| DSM-V6 Criteria
answers Qs prematurely
always on the go, spontaneous moving around
losing important things, forgetful
can't play quietly
144
Viral Induced Wheeze Management
1. Inhaled Salbutamol
2. O2
3. ICS
4. Montelukast
145
Resp Red flags
```
central cyanosis
floppy
tracheal tug
costal recessions
too breathless to feed/ speak in full sentences
```
146
NEC Presentation
```
abdo distension
(absent bowel sounds)
vomit- bilious
rectal bleeding
lethargy
feed intolerance
visible intestine loops lacking peristalsis
```
147
NEC Diagnosis and Findings
Abdo XR
- dilated bowel loops
- bowel wall oedema
- pneumonitis intestinalis
148
NEC Management
broad spec. Abx
149
Cyanotic Heart Defects
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of great arteries
Tricuspid Atresia
(TTT)
150
Acute Exacerbation of Asthma Management
1. high flow O2 (if Sp02<94%)
2. Oral Prednisolone
3. Nebulised Ipratropium
4. Nebulised Salbutamol
(5. Nebulised Mg if Sp02<92%)
2nd Line
1. IV Salbutamol
2. IV aminophylline
3. IV Mg
151
Chronic Asthma management in under 5s
1. Salbutamol
2. Beclomethasone
3. Montelukast
152
Name 2 Gram -ve Diplocci
Neisseria Meningitidis
| Neisseria Gonorrhoea
153
Viral Meningitis Treatment
Aciclovir
154
How can you group Cryptorchidism
1. Retractable
2. Palpable
3. Unpalable
155
When does testes descent usually occur?
3rd Trimester
156
Who is cryptorchidism more common in
Premature
157
Cryptorchidism Management
1. Repeat testicular exam at 8wk check
2. refer if undescended by 3 months
3. Surgery - Orchidopexy
158
What surgery is performed for cryptorchidism
Orchidopexy
159
Presentaion of Intussusception
```
paroxysmal episodes of colicky pain
redcurrent jelly stool / blood in stool
draw legs up to chest
distension
vomit
constipation
RUQ mass- sausage shape
```
160
Most common site of intussusception
ileum into caecum
161
What age is intussusception most common cause of obstruction
3 months to 2 yrs
162
Investigation of Intussusception and result
US Abdo
| - target sign/doughnut sign -- proximal bowel in distal bowel
163
Intussusception Management
1. fluids
| 2. Rectal air insufflation
164
Causes for: bile-stained vomit
obstruction
| NEC
165
Causes for: haematemesis
peptic ulcer
gastritis
oesophageal varices
166
Causes for: Projectile Vomit
pyloric stenosis
167
Causes for: abdo pain on movement
appendicitis
168
Causes for: blood in stool and vomit
intussusception
gastroenteritis
intolerance
169
Causes for: severe dehydration and vomit
severe gastroenteritis
DKA
systemic infection
170
Causes for: Headache and vomit
increase intracranial pressure
171
Causes for: failure to thrive and vomit
GORD
| Coeliac's
172
Pyloric Stenosis Investigations
Bloods- FBC, U&Es, blood gases
| Test feed - NG tube insertion
173
Pyloric Stenosis Management
1. Fluids
2. Surgery - after fluids/electrolytes normalised
- Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy
174
Side Effects of Salbutamol
tachycardia
hypokalaemia
tremor
175
Chronic Asthma management for 5-12 year olds
1. Salbutamol
2. + ICS
3. + Salmeterol (LABA)
4. increase ICS
5. + montelukast
176
Anaphylaxis Management
1. ABCDE
2. O2
3. Fluids IV
4. IM Adrenaline (repeat after 5 mins)
5. IV hydrocortisone (+2 further doses)
6. Oral Chlorphenamine
measure tryptase
177
Who should receive Palivizumab
CF
Premature
Chronic Lung Disease
Immunodeficiency
178
What is Palivizumab and what is it for
Monoclonal antibody against RSV
| once monthly vaccine
179
Croup Management
1. Dexamethasone
2. O2
3. Nebulised Budesonide
4. Neb. Adrenaline
180
Epiglottitis Management
1. ITU - intubate
2. IV Cefotriaxone
+ Dexamethasone
181
Epiglottitis Prophylaxis
close contact
| Rifampicin
182
IBD Investigations
Colonoscopy
183
Crohn's Presentation
RLQ pain/mass - terminal ileum disease
Perianal disease
Gallstones
mouth to anua
184
Ulcerative Colitis Presentation
bloody diarrhoea
LLQ tenderness
from anus
185
Crohn's Macroscopic findings
skip lesions
cobblestone mucosa
strictures
186
Crohn's Microscopic Findings
non-caseating granulomas
| transmural inflammation
187
Ulcerative Collitis Macroscopic Findings
continuous
| mucosal ulceration
188
Ulcerative Collitis Microscopic Findings
no granulomas
| mucosal & submucosal inflammation
189
Crohn's Induction of Remission
1. Enteral nutrition (Modulen) - liquid feed for 6-8 wks
| 2. Glucocorticosteroids
190
Crohn's Maintenance of remission
1. Azathioprine or. Mercaptopurine
191
Ulcerative Colitis Induction of Remission
1. Glucocorticosteroids or Aminosalicylates (Mesalazine)
192
Ulcerative Collitis Maintenance of Remission
1. Aminosalicylates eg. Mesalazine
193
What Antibodies are associated with Coeliac's Disease
ETG
Endomysial cells
gliadin
194
Coeliac's Disease Investigations
Antibodies- tTG testing
- If +ve = endoscopy & biopsy
- If -ve = serum IgA
195
Histological findings of Coeliac's Disease
crypt hyperplasia
villi atrophy
intraepithelial lymphocytes
196
What can develop in Post-Gastroenteritis Syndrome
Lactose Intolerance
197
What do the lines on Bilirubin Chart represent
Phototherapy
| Exchange Transfusion
198
Presentation of Biliary Atresia
severe jaundice 2 days post birth
pale stool
dark urine
199
Risk Factors for Biliary Atresia
Down's
| CFC1 mutation
200
Management of Biliary Atresia
1. US - gallbladder & bile duct
2. TBIDA scan - show no excretion
3. Surgery - Kasai Procedure
201
Inheritance Pattern of Hereditary Spherocytosis
Autosomal Dominant
202
Hereditary Spherocytosis Investigations
FBC - increase MCHC & reticulocytes
Blood Film - sphere RBC
Coomb's Test
203
Hereditary Spherocytosis Management
Splenectomy
Cholecystectomy
Penicillin prophylaxis
Folate supplements
204
Inheritance Pattern of G6PD
X-linked recessive
205
G6PD Presentation
splenomegaly
| gallstones
206
Triggers for G6PD symptoms
infection
medication
fava beans
207
G6PD Investigations
Blood Film - heinz bodies
208
What will Liver biopsy show in Neonatal Hepatitis
mulitnucleated giant cells
| Rosette formation
209
Neonatal Hypothyroidism Presentation
prolonged neonatal jaundice
hypotonia
large tongue
210
Causes of Hypothyroidism
UK- hormonal dysgenesis, ectopic thyroid
| Later in childhood- autoimmune thyroiditis
211
Galactosaemia Presentation
cataracts
hepatomegaly
shock from E.Coli sepsis
212
Galactosaemia Management
mum and baby dairy free diet
213
Wilson's Disease inheritance pattern & chromosome affected
Autosomal Recessive
| Chrom. 13
214
Management of Fitting Child
1. high flow O2
2. capillary blood glucose
3. gain IV access
4. bloods - FBC, U&Es, gases, Ca, Mg
IV Lorazepam
215
What is Sandifer Syndrome
neurological signs associated with feeding
eg. Gord - dystonic posturing of head, neck, back
- can cause apnoea
216
What is the APGAR Scoring System
```
for neonates
A- activity
P- pulse
G- grimmace
A- apperance
R- Resp
```
217
What is the Guthrie Card
Heel Prick test
218
What is looked for in the Guthrie Card
Hypothyroidism
CF
Sick-cell
Phenylketonuria
219
Neonatal Infections
```
TORCHS:
Toxoplasmosis
Rubella
CMV
Herpes Simplex
Syphilis
```
220
Toxoplasmosis Presentation
hydrocephalus
microcephaly
cerebral palsy
221
Rubella Presentation
sensorineural deafness
congenital cataracts
glaucoma
cerebral palsy
222
CMV Infection Presentation
```
sensorineural deafness
growth retardation
jaundice
cerebral palsy
purpuric skin lesion
```
223
Herpes Simplex Neonatal Presentation
limp hypoplasia
corticol atrophy
give Zaricella Zoster IgG
224
What is Transient Tachypnoea of Newborn
Physiological pulmonary oedema
- following emergency C-section
- not had time to absorb amniotic fluid in lungs
225
Transient Tachypnoea of Newborn Management
Resolve spontaneously by 48hrs
| O2 + CPAP
226
Respiratory Distress in Neonates CXR findings
'ground-glass'
indistinct heart border
air bronchograms
227
Complication of O2 and ventilation in Neonates
retinopathy
| pneumothorax
228
Meconium Aspirate Syndrome Presentation
term baby
meconium/dark green staining of amniotic fluid
resp distress
229
Meconium Aspirate Syndrome CXR Findings
patchy infiltrates
atelectasis
coarse streaking
230
Meconium Aspirate Syndrome Management
suctioning
| O2
231
Common Organism causing neonatal Sepsis
Group B strep
232
Management of Neonatal Sepsis
1. Benzylpenicillin + Gentamycin
| 2. blood cultures, CRP, LP
233
Risk Factors for Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension in Newborns
```
Meconium aspirate syndrome
Resp. distress syndrome
Sepsis
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Maternal NSAID use - 3rd Trimester
Maternal SSRI use
```
234
Apnoea of Prematurity Management
IV Caffeine
| Tactile Stimulation
235
Brain Haemorrhage Treatment
Vit. K
236
Hypoxic Ischaemia Encephalopathy Complications
cerebral palsy
| seizures
237
Hypoxic Ischaemia Encephalopathy Management
therapeutic hypothermia
238
NEC Risk Factors
```
formula feeding
resp distress
low birth weight
prematurity
Abx
anti-acid meds
```
239
How does retinopathy of Prematurity come about?
retinal blood vessel formation is stimulated by hypoxia
| exposure to high O2 prevents this from happening--retinal damage
240
Management of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Screen for in <32wks and <1.5kg
| Transpupillary diode laser therapy
241
Management of Kawasaki's
Aspirin
IV Immunoglobulins
Routine Echos
242
Complication of Kawasaki's
Coronary artery aneurysms
243
Management of Meningococcal Septicaemia
Meningococcal PCR
| Dexamethasone - reduce frequency and severity of hearing loss and neuro damage
244
What should not be used in Chickenpox management
NSAIDs- increase risk of secondary infections
245
Impetigo Management
1. swabs
2. topical fusidic acid
3. flucloxacillin
246
Slipped Upper Femoral Epiphysis Management
Immobilisation
Analgesia
Screw fixation
247
Septic Arthritis Pathogens for neonates and older children
neonates: strep.
older: staph. aureus
248
septic arthritis management
```
joint aspiration
blood cultures
splint
IV Abx
surgical drainage
```
249
sickle cell disease inheritance pattern
autosomal recessive
- chrom 11
- single nucleotide mutation
250
DKA Management
Fluids
IV insulin - start 1-2 hrs after fluids
KCl
251
Corticosteroids Side Effects
acne
striae
telangiectasia
skin thinning
252
Sepsis 6
```
Blood cultures
Urine output
Fluids IV
Abx
Lactate measurement
O2
```
253
4 key drivers for Failure to thrive
Inadequate intake
Inadequate retention
Malabsorption
Increased requirements
254
Whooping Cough Treatment
Erythromycin
255
ALL Presentation
Hepatosplenomegaly
| high WCC -- high K, Phospate, Uric Acid, LDH
256
ALL Management
1. Allopurinol + Hyperhydration
2. Crossmatch + Platelet Transfusion
3. Bone Marrow Aspirate
4. Chemo
257
Phenylketonuria Inheritance pattern
Autosomal Recessive
| Metabolic Disorder
258
Phenylketonuria Management
Low phenylketonuria diet + amino acid supplements
| Lifelong
259
Child has bloody diarrhoea then develops jaundiced and oedema
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
260
Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome Investigations
Stool culture (E.Coli, Salmonella)
FBC
Blood Film
Renal function + electrolytes
261
HSP Presentation
rash
abdo pain
arthralgia
glomerulonephritis
262
HSP Investigations
FBC
Clotting screen
Renal Function
Urine dipstick
263
HSP Complications
Intussusception
Renal Impairment
Pancreatitis
Arthritis
264
Haemolytic Jaundice Investigations
```
FBC
Blood film
serum bilirubin
bllod group
coomb's test
```
265
What replacements do those with haemolytic jaundice require?
Folic Acid
266
When is the MMR vaccine given?
1 yr
| 3 yr 4 months
267
When is the DTaP vaccine given?
```
8 wks
12 wks
16 wks
3 yrs 4 months
DT- 13-18 yrs
```
268
When is the Hib vaccine given?
8 wks
12 wks
16wks
1 yr
269
When is the IPV vaccine given?
```
8 wks
12 wks
16 wks
3 yrs 4 months
13-18 yrs
```
270
When is the HepB vaccine given?
8 wks
12 wks
16 wks
271
When is the Rotavirus vaccine given?
8 wks
| 12 wks
272
When is the PCV vaccine given?
12 wks
| 1 yr
273
When is the MenB vaccine given?
8 wks
16 wks
1 yr
274
What vaccines do at risk neonates get?
BCG
| Hep B
275
What diseases does the DTap Vaccine cover?
diptheria
tetanus
pertussis
276
What vaccines are given at 8 wks?
DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
MenB
Rotavirus
277
What vaccines are given at 12 wks?
DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
PCV
Rotavirus
278
What vaccines are given at 16 wks?
DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
| MenB
279
What vaccines are given at 1 yr?
MMR
MenB
PCV
Hib/MenC
280
What vaccines are given at 3 yrs 4 months (start of school)
DTaP/IPV
| MMR
281
When is the HPV vaccine given?
11-14 yrs
| second dose 6-24 months later
282
What vaccines are given at 13-15?
HPV
MenACWY
DT/IPV
