Paediatrics, Urinary Health and Men's Health Flashcards
Children dosage of supplements - how are these adjusted for their age?
Instaill still breastfeeding: dose the mother
Infants < 2: Fried’s rule - (Age in months / 150) x adult dose
2+: Young’s rule- Age of child/(age of child +12) x adult dose.
What is a gentler alternative to psyllium husk for young children, and how can it be prepared?
Slippery elm powder or marshmallow root; soaked flaxseed mucilage blends well
Instead of using essential oils like oregano and thyme, what alternative approach can be taken for young children?
Avoid essential oils and use fresh garlic, thyme, or oregano as antimicrobials (e.g., garlic bread).
What is a modified approach to an anti-candida diet for young children?
Remove sugar from the diet and use S. boulardii and probiotics.
Why is establishing the infant microbiome within the first month of life crucial?
It influences health outcomes, with lower diversity linked to obesity, Type II diabetes, and chronic inflammatory illnesses.
Compare the microbiome composition of infants born vaginally and via caesarean.
Vaginal-born infants have higher diversity, including Bacteroides spp., Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, and Streptococcus.
Caesarean-born infants have lower Bifidobacterium, higher Clostridium, and Staphylococcus.
Why is the colonisation rate of gut microbiota higher in the first week for vaginal-born infants compared to C-section-born infants?
Bacteroides spp., crucial commensals, play a role in short-chain fatty acid production and the maturation of Peyer’s patches.
List some benefits of microbiome diversity in infants, particularly related to Bifidobacterium spp.
Enhanced lactose digestion.
Intestinal wall integrity through SCFA prod.
Innate immunity development.
Peristalsis stabilization.
Production of organic acids, bacteriocins, antimicrobial, and iron-scavenging compounds.
How is a healthy infant microbiome developed, and which bacteria are heavily colonizing breast milk?
Breast milk is colonized with Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., including B. breve, B. bifidum, B. adolescentis, L. gasseri, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and L. salivarius. The microbiome is fostered by translocating the maternal gut microbiome to breast tissue.
What health implications are associated with the absence of an established microbiota in infants?
It has been linked to underdevelopment of the myenteric plexus and hypersensitivity of the HPA-axis stress response.
Describe the microbiome’s impact on infant temperament and cognitive scores based on studies by Fox et al. (2020) and Tamana et al. (2021).
High Bifidobacterium spp. and Lachnospiracea were associated with positive temperament.
Klebsiella and Ruminococcus-1 were associated with negative temperament.
Bacteroides spp. abundance had positive effects on language and cognitive scores.
How does a healthy microbiome influence infant immunity, and what changes are observed in Th2 dominance?
A healthy microbiome aids infant immunity, normalizing Th2 dominance, which is associated with increased IgE and allergen sensitivity. Lactobacillus spp. produce acids to prevent inflammation.
Define infantile colic, its signs/symptoms, and natural approaches for alleviation.
Regular prolonged crying in an otherwise healthy infant.
Symptoms: apparent pain, prolonged crying, and body stiffening.
Natural approaches: burping, probiotics, gentle abdominal pressure, fennel seed tea, chamomile tea, intolerance checks, and creating a soothing environment.
Name three therapeutic foods recommended for coughs, colds, and fevers in children.
Garlic, onion with manuka honey, and freshly grated ginger in hot water are recommended therapeutic foods.
Explain the benefits of fevers in children.
Fevers are essential for the immune system, promoting T-cell differentiation, increasing heat shock proteins, and aiding in the body’s response to infections.
What are the causes or risk factors for otitis media in children?
Common causes include age (3 months - 4 years), under-functioning immune system, and non-infective factors such as allergies or environmental irritants.
Provide three natural approaches for managing otitis media.
Encourage upright bottle feeding
Use hot/cold compresses
Apply tea tree or garlic oil around the ear opening.
Remove allergens and explore dental/TMJ
How can nutritional approaches help manage childhood anxiety?
removing caffeine, sugar, additives (CNM Diet),
stabilizing blood glucose,
hydration
herbal nervines: chamomile, lavender.
Identify two common causes or risk factors for childhood anxiety.
Common causes include bullying, social media, friendship issues, and poor teaching, along with blood sugar dysregulation (hypoglycaemia, poor sleep) and chronic stress (↑ cortisol).
List three functions of the urinary system.
filtering and eliminating wastes
regulating acid-base balance
maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
regulating blood volume and pressure
regulating blood glucose levels
activating vitamin D,
producing erythropoietin
According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), what is the kidney associated with?
vitality, energy, sexual energy, reproduction, fertility, and the emotion of fear.
Why is limiting protein intake important for kidney health?
To reduce nitrogenous wastes (urea, creatinine, uric acid), which can overload the kidneys. Animal protein poses a higher risk due to increased acid load and inflammation.
What are the key signs and symptoms of cystitis?
dysuria, frequent/urgent urination, suprapubic pain/tenderness, foul-smelling/cloudy urine, hematuria, malaise, and fever.
What are common causes and risk factors for UTIs?
Bacterial overgrowth (commonly E. coli), recurrent infections linked to imbalances, women’s anatomy, menopause, pregnancy, sexual activity, aging, BPH, antibiotics, intestinal dysbiosis, and the “Gut-vagina-bladder axis.” (bacterial vaginosis)
What should be avoided or reduced in a natural approach to UTI prevention?
Avoid or reduce simple sugars, refined carbohydrates, urinary tract irritants (caffeine, diet soft drinks, alcohol), red meat, pork, poultry, and irritating body cleaning products.
What are the recommended inclusions in a natural approach for UTI prevention?
Include a plant-based diet, prebiotic and probiotic foods, adequate water intake, and consider cranberry (unsweetened juice or powder) to reduce bacterial adhesion to the bladder epithelium.
UTI supportive supplements and doses?
D mannose (500 every 2 hours 3-5 days) - recurrent UTIs
Vit A (5000): mucus membrane, re-epitelialisation, lymphatic tissue and immune cell support, T cell profiliferation
Vit C (500-5000): regulate lymphocytes, phagocytes, NK cells. Integrity of uroepithelial lining of urinary tract.
Vit D: anti-microbial, innate mucosal immunity. deter pathogens bacterial attachement
Zinc (15-60): ↑ phagocytle, NK, T+B cell activity ↑ resistance to infection
Probiotic Lactobacillus: Suppress pathogenic colonisation. Module immune system. Epithelial barrier integrity.
Name three herbs that provide natural support for UTIs.
Crataeva (Crataeva nurvala), Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), and Cornsilk (Zea mays)
What is the suggested herbal infusion for UTI support and how should it be consumed?
Infuse 5 g Crataeva, 4 g Bearberry, and 5 g Cornsilk in 500 ml freshly boiled water. Strain and take ½–1 cup every 2–4 hrs. However, it should not be used during pregnancy.
What are the symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis (IC)?
bladder and pelvic pain/pressure (intermittent or constant), urinary urgency/frequency, dyspareunia, and visible petechial (pinpoint) haemorrhages on cystoscopy.
