Paediatrics Flashcards
How do you assess childhood growth?
And how do you recognise deviation from normal patterns?
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“RECOGNISE THE NORMAL PATTERN OF INFANTILE, CHILDHOOD AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT “
(COME UP WITH WAY OF ASKING THIS!!)
What are some of the causes of precocious and delayed puberty?
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What are some of the causes of short stature?
When should you refer?
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What are some of the causes of tall stature?
When should you refer?
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List some of the advantages of breast feeding
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What are some of the common difficulties with breast feeding and how are these overcome?
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What advice would you give to parents about infant weaning?
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Describe the fluid requirements of the ill neonate
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Describe the fluid requirements of the ill child
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Define “failure to thrive” (growth faltering)
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What are some common causes of failure to thrive/growth faltering?
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What is defined as childhood obesity? (How do you assess it?)
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How does Vit A deficiency present in childhood?
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How does Vit D deficiency present in childhood?
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How is Vit A deficiency treated in childhood?
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How is Vit D deficiency treated in childhood?
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Describe how to nutritionally support a chronically sick child
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What are some of the common causes of breathlessness in ages ____________ ___________ _________?
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What are the common causes of wheeze at ages _____. _______. _____?
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How would you diagnose asthma in a school-aged child?
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Describe how to instruct an older child in the measurement of peak flow
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Describe the management of asthma in childhood (according to guidelines)
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What are some of the causes of asthma in childhood?
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What is the prognosis of asthma in childhood?
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What are the causes of acute stridor in children?
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What are the causes of chronic stridor in children?
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How common are Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in children?
What are the main ones/causative organisms?
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What is the treatment for lower respiratory tract infections in children?
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What are the principles of therapy for cystic fibrosis?
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Describe the presentation of cystic fibrosis in:
1) infancy
2) childhood
3) adolescence
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Describe the changes that occur in the transition from foetal to extrauterine circulation
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Describe a cyanotic cardiac disease in childhood.
Outline the treatment.
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Describe an acyanotic cardiac disease in childhood.
What is the treatment?
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How would you recognise congestive cardiac failure in a child?
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What would the initial treatment be for congestive cardiac failure in children?
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What clinical signs are associated with Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with coarctation in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with pulmonary stenosis in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with aortic stenosis in children?
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What are the clinical signs associated with Tetralogy of Fallot in children?
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Describe some of the common arrhythmias in childhood
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What are the principles of treatment of childhood arrhythmias?
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How does myocarditis present in childhood?
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How is myocarditis in childhood managed?
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How does cardiomyopathy present in childhood?
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How do you manage cardiomyopathy in children?
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What children are at risk of infective endocarditis?
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What are the clinical signs associated with infective endocarditis in children?
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How do you treat infective endocarditis in children?
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Outline the general principles of medical therapy used to treat children with cardiovascular disease
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Outline the general principles of surgical therapy used in treatment of cardiovascular disease in children
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What are the common causes of vomiting in:
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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How is vomiting initially managed in:
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the common causes of acute diarrhoea in:
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the common causes of chronic diarrhoea in:
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the common causes of constipation in:
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are some of the treatment options for constipation in infancy/childhood/adolescence?
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What are some of the management options for acute diarrhoea in infancy/childhood/adolescence?
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What are some of the treatment options for chronic diarrhoea in infancy/childhood/adolescence?
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What are the common causes of acute abdominal pain in children?
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What are the common causes of chronic abdominal pain in children?
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What are the common causes of recurrent abdominal pain in children?
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What are the causes of acute bowel obstruction in
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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How does acute bowel obstruction present in
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the principles of management of acute bowel obstruction in
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the common causes of an abdominal mass in infants?
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What are the common causes of an abdominal mass in children?
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What are the common causes of an abdominal mass in adolescence?
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What are the causes of jaundice in childhood?
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How would you investigate jaundice in children?
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What treatment would you initiate in a child presenting with jaundice?
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What advice would you give to parents about childhood gastroenteritis and oral rehydration therapy?
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How might haematuria present in children?
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What are the underlying causes of of haematuria in children?
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What initial therapies are required in haematuria in children?
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How might protienuria present in childhood?
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What are some common underlying causes of protienuria in children?
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What initial therapies are required in a child presenting with protienuria?
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How do urinary tract infections present at different ages?
Eg: Infancy/Childhood/Adolescence
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How are UTIs investigated in different ages?
Eg: Infancy/Childhood/Adolescence
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What treatments are used in the management of UTIs in
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the major causes of acute renal failure in childhood?
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What are the major causes of chronic renal failure in childhood?
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How might acute renal failure present in childhood?
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How might chronic renal failure present in childhood?
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What are the initial treatment options for acute renal failure in children?
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What are the initial treatment options for chronic renal failure in children?
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What are the physiological consequences of renal failure in children?
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How would you define polyuria in children?
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What are the common and important causes of polyuria in children?
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How would you investigate polyuria in children?
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How do you treat polyuria in children?
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What are some common causes of bed wetting in children?
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What advice would you give to parents about bed wetting?
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How do you measure (and interpret) childhood blood pressure?
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What are the causes of hypertension in children?
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How would you investigate hypertension in children?
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What are the treatment options for hypertension in children?
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How do you distinguish between a hernia and a hydrocoele? (In children)
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Describe the normal development of male external genitalia
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Describe the development of female external genitalia (including the labia/vulva)
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What is balanitis?
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When would you initiate treatment for dysuria in children?
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When would you initiate treatment of balanitis in children?
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Describe the normal decent of the testes and mention some common abnormalities in teste decent
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What is “retractile testes”?
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What is meant by “undescended testis”?
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What is the management for retractile testis?
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What is the management for undescended testis?
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How does cerebral palsy present?
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What are the possible causes of cerebral palsy?
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What are some of the therapies used in cerebral palsy?
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Define “febrile convulsions” in children
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How do you differentiate febrile convulsions from other seizure disorders in children?
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How would you assess the ‘floppy’ infant?
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What are the causes of a ‘floppy’ infant?
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How would epilepsy present in
1) Infancy
2) Childhood
3) Adolescence
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What are the common types of epilepsy in infancy/childhood/adolescence?
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How are epileptic disorders diagnosed in children?
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How is epilepsy managed in children?
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How might neuromuscular diseases present in children?
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How are neuromuscular diseases investigated in children?
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How are neuromuscular diseases managed in children?
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How would you outline the nature, treatment and prevention of febrile convulsions and epilepsy to parents?
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What are the common and important causes of headaches in childhood?
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What are some of the treatment options available for headache in childhood?
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What are the causes of cerebral haemorrhage in children?
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What are the causes of stroke in children?
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How are cerebral haemorrhage and stroke assessed in children?
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How is cerebral haemorrhage managed in children?
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How is stroke managed in children?
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How does meningitis present in different age groups of children?
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How do you investigate meningitis in children?
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How do you manage meningitis in children?
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What are the common causes of gait disturbance in
1) Infancy
2) Children
3) Adolescence
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What are the common causes of delayed development in childhood?
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What is the importance of loss of/failure to acquire milestones in the major developmental domains?
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What are some of the milestones in the major developmental domains?
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What are some important neurocutaneous disorders in children?
How do they present?
How are they treated?
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What are some of the important neurodegenerative disorders in children?
How do they present?
How are the managed?
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What are the signs of raised intracranial pressure in
1) Infants
2) Children
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What are the causes of raised intracranial pressure in
1) Infants
2) Children
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