Paediatrics 1 Flashcards
What does ‘ADHD’ stand for?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
What are the 3 core behaviours of a person with ADHD?
- Hyperactivity
- Inattention
- Impulsivity
when they are persistent and impact on daily functions.
Which diagnostic tool is used for ADHD?
DSM-V
Diagnostic Statistical Manual 5
A child may have inattentive / hyperactive / impulsive symptoms. When might ADHD be considered in this situation?
- If symptoms were present before 12 years old
- Developmentally inappropriate
- Several symptoms are exhibited in 2 or more settings
Describe ‘inattention’ as applied to ADHD.
- Easily distracted
- Forgetful in daily activities
- Finds it difficult to organise task + activities
- Does not appear to be listening when spoken to directly
Describe ‘hyperactivity’ as applied to ADHD.
- Cannot remain seated
- Talks excessively
Describe ‘impulsivity’ as applied to ADHD.
- Injuries :(
- Difficulty awaiting turn
What are the demographics of children affected by ADHD?
4 - 7 % of school age children
Male : Female = 4:1
Why might ADHD patients be considered to be immature for their age?
- Brain maturation takes a third longer in ADHD patients than non-ADHD patients.
- Counsel patient + parents -> emotional immaturity
In some adults diagnosed with anxiety / depression, what underlying condition might they have?
ADHD.
On assessment of a child for ?ADHD, what should happen?
- Paediatric History -> risk factors, social history
- ADHD nurse Classroom Observation
- Questionnaires: Connor’s questionnaire, SNAP
- Quantitative Behavioural Test: look for impulsivity, inattention
What factors might predispose someone to ADHD?
- Genetic factors
- Environmental factors
> early abusive experience
> in utero -> drug exposure
What is the treatment for ADHD?
- Education
- ADHD parenting programme for primary + secondary school children
- School support + liaison
- Targeted Family Hx of Cardiac disease (Meds may affect the heart)
What medical treatment might be given to someone with ADHD?
- Stimulants:
- Methylphenidate
- Lisdexamphetamine - Non-stimulants
What factors are affected by Autism Spectrum Disorders?
- Communication
- Social interaction
- Behaviour / Poor imagination / Rigidity
What communication difficulties might someone with autism experience?
- Lack of desire to communicate at all
- Communicating needs only
- Disordered or delayed language
- Repeats speech / echolalia
- Good language, but no social awareness
What social interaction difficulties might someone with autism experience?
- No desire to interact with others
- No understanding of unspoken social rules
- Limited interaction with unfamiliar people in unfamiliar circumstances
People with autism have difficulties with imagination / rigidity of thought. Give examples.
- Use toys as objects
- Inability to play or write imaginatively.
- Resist change
- Playing the same game over and over
- Obsessions / Rituals
- Asks same question even when answered.
- inability to see others point of view
What is the treatment for autism?
- No medication
- Education: promote verbal communication / use pictures
Haematopoiesis is the production of blood cells. Where is the predominant source of haematopoiesis i) at birth ii) in childhood?
i) All bone marrow cavities are actively haematopoietic.
ii) Haematopoiesis moves to central bones in childhood (vertebrae, sternum, ribs, pelvis)
What are the 3 mechanisms by which anaemia can be caused?
- Decreased RBC production
- Increased RBC consumption
- Increased RBC loss
What are the 3 forms of anaemia?
- Microcytic
- Microcytic
- Normocytic
What is the aetiology of anaemias?
- Congenital
- Acquired
What are the 2 colours by which RBC are classified if anaemia is suspected?
- Hypochromic
- Normochromic