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BDS2 Paediatric Dentistry > Paediatric session slides > Flashcards

Paediatric session slides Flashcards

1
Q

What should restorations be to the highest standard possible to maximise?

A

restorations should be to the highest standard possible to maximise the longevity of the restorations

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2
Q

What are operative differences between children and adults?

A

operative differences between children and adults:

  • developmental maturity/behaviour
  • constant change
  • developing dentition
  • operator access (smaller mouths)
  • tooth size and shape
  • preventive care
  • choice of restoration
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3
Q

What questions should you ask when taking a pain history from a child?

A

taking a pain history from a child:

  • where is the pain?
  • what does the tooth feel like?
  • how long has the tooth been painful?
  • does anything make it better or worse?
  • does it stop you sleeping?
  • relieved by analgesics or antibiotics?
  • spontaneous or precipitated?
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4
Q

Sequence of restoration:
>

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in upper arch first

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in upper arch first

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5
Q

Sequence of restoration:
> prevention

>

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

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6
Q

Sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

>

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

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7
Q

Sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

>

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

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8
Q

Sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

>

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

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9
Q

Sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

>

A

sequence of restoration:
> prevention

> fissure sealants

> preventive restorations

> simple fillings (eg. shallow cervical cavities)

> fillings requiring LA but not into pulp in co-operative children

> pulpotomies in the upper arch first

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10
Q

Would minimal cavities that require hand excavation or limited caries removal with a slow speed handpiece require LA?

A

no , minimal cavities that require hand excavation or limited caries removal with a slow speed handpiece may not require LA

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11
Q

What is the maximum dose of lignocaine in mg/kg?

A

the maximum dose of lignocaine is 4.4mg/kg

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12
Q

What is the maximum dose of prilocaine in mg/kg?

A

the maximum dose of prilocaine is 6mg/kg

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13
Q

With primary molar cavity design, what size should the occlusal portion be no greater than?

A

with primary molar cavity design, the occlusal portion should be no greater than 1.5mm

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14
Q

What should primary molar cavity design include?

A

primary molar cavity design should include all pits and fissures

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15
Q

What should be preserved in primary molar cavity design?

A

transverse ridges should be preserved in primary molar cavity design

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16
Q

What can be said about transverse ridges in primary molar cavity design?

A

in primary molar cavity design, transverse ridges should be preserved unless they are undermined by caries

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17
Q

When should transverse ridges not be preserved in primary molar design?

A

transverse ridges should not be preserved in primary molar design unless they are undermined by caries

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18
Q

How deep should an occlusal cavity on a primary molar be?

A

an occlusal cavity on a primary molar should be around 1.5mm deep

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19
Q

An occlusal cavity in a primary molar should be around 1.5mm deep - what is used to create this cavity?

A

an occlusal cavity in a primary molar should be around 1.5mm deep, use a high speed fissure or round bur to create this

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20
Q

For an interproximal cavity in primary molars, what width should the isthmus be relative to the width of the occlusal surface?

A

for an interproxima cavity in primary molars, the isthmus should be 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of the width of the occlusal surface

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21
Q

For an interproximal cavity in primary molars, what does the axial wall follow?

A

for an interproximal cavity in primary molars, the axial wall follows the contour of the tooth

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22
Q

For an interproximal cavity in primary molars, what can be said about the line angles?

A

for an interproximal cavity in primary molars, the line angles are rounded

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23
Q

For an interproximal cavity in primary molars, what should be 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of the width of the occlusal surface?

A

for an interproximal cavity in primary molars, the isthmus should be 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of the width of the occlusal surface

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24
Q

In a box preparation in primary teeth, what does the axial wall follow?

A

in a box preparation in primary teeth, the axial wall follows the contour of the tooth

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25
Q

In a box preparation in primary teeth, what follows the contour of the tooth?

A

in a box preparation in primary teeth, the axial wall follows the contour of the tooth

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26
Q

In a box preparation in primary teeth, what can be said about line angles?

A

in a box preparation in primary teeth, there is rounded line angles

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27
Q

In a box preparation in primary teeth, is there an occlusal extension?

A

no , in a box preparation in primary teeth there is not occlusal extension

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28
Q

When a minimal box preparation is required, is dental dam used?

A

yes , for a minimal box preparation, ideally use dental dam

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29
Q

What is a matrix and wedge used to obtain?

A

a matrix and wedge is used to obtain good contact points

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30
Q

What can be used to obtain good contact points in interproximal box preparations?

A

in interproximal box preparations, a matrix and wedge can be used to obtain good contact points

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31
Q

What bur(s) should be used for an occlusal cavity preparation?

A

for an occlusal cavity preparation, a round bur should be used for the plunge cut or/then a fissure bur

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32
Q

What bur should be used for an interproximal cavity preparation?

A

a fissure bur should be used for an interproximal cavity preparation

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33
Q

What bur should be used for a minimal interproximal box preparation?

A

a fissure bur should be used for a minimal interproximal box preparation

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34
Q

What are examples of restorative materials used in paediatric dentistry?

A

restorative materials used in paediatric dentistry:

  • fissure sealants
  • temporary and intermediate dressings (eg. ZOE)
  • glass ionomer
  • resin modified glass ionomer
  • compomer
  • composite
  • preformed metal crowns
  • amalgam - although banned in under 15s from July 2018
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35
Q

What should you base the requirement of local anaesthetic on?

A

local anaesthetic use should be based on the:
- extent of caries

  • longevity of the tooth
  • co-operation of the child
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36
Q

What should the choice of restorative material be based on?

A

the choice of restorative material should be based on the:
- caries extent

  • longevity of the tooth
  • co-operation of the child
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37
Q

What has a greater success in interproximal cavities after 3 years - RMGIC or conventional GIC?

A

RMGIC has a greater success in interproximal cavities after 3 years than conventional GIC

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38
Q

What can be said about preformed metal crowns in terms of longevity?

A

preformed metal crowns have the greatest longevity when compared to other resotrative materials

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39
Q

What can be said about the failure rates of amalgam and compomer over a 3 year period?

A

amalgam and compomer have similar failure rates over a 3 year period

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40
Q

What lasts the shortest time out of amalgam, compomer and GIC?

A

amalgam and compomer both last longer than GIC, GIC lasts the shortest time

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41
Q

What is more successful - RMGIC or conventional GIC?

A

RMGIC is more successful than conventional GIC

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42
Q

What is the most successful restorative material in primary molars?

A

preformed metal crowns are the most successful restorative material in primary molars

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43
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavate caries or use a X speed handpiece with a round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • either glass ionomer cement covered with Vaseline or compomer
A

X - slow

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44
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavated caries or use a slow speed handpiece with a X bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • either glass ionomer cement covered with Vaseline or compomer
A

X - round

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45
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavate caries or use a slow speed handpiece with a round bur
  • wash and X (preferably using rubber dam)
  • either glass ionomer cement covered with Vaseline or compomer
A

X - isolate

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46
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavated caries or use a slow speed handpiece with a round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • either X covered with Vaseline or compomer
A

X - glass ionomer cement

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47
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavated caries or use a slow speed handpiece with a round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • either glass ionomer cement covered with X or compomer
A

X - Vaseline

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48
Q

Cervical caries:

  • hand excavated caries or use a slow speed handpiece with a round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • either glass ionomer cement covered with Vaseline or X
A

X - compomer

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49
Q

Interproximal caries (strip crowns):

  • hand excavate or use a X round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • place an acetate strip into interproximal area and restore with compomer/composite
A

X - slow speed

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50
Q

Interproximal caries (strip crowns):

  • hand excavate or use a slow speed X bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • place an acetate strip into interproximal area and restore with compomer/composite
A

X - round

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51
Q

Interproximal caries (strip crowns):

  • hand excavate or use a slow speed round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • place an X strip into interproximal area and restore with compomer/composite
A

X - acetate

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52
Q

Interproximal caries (strip crowns):

  • hand excavate or use a slow speed round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • place an acetate strip into X area and restore with compomer/composite
A

X - interproximal

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53
Q

Interproximal caries (strip crowns):

  • hand excavate or use a slow speed round bur
  • wash and isolate (preferably with rubber dam)
  • place an acetate strip into interproximal area and restore with X /compomer
A

X - composite

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54
Q

What instruments are needed for placing a stainless steel crown?

A

instruments needed for placing a stainless steel crown:
> tapered diamond separating bur

> preformed metal crowns

> glass ionomer luting cement

> crown crimping pliers

> curved crown scissors

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55
Q

What different techniques can you use for crown selection?

A

crown selection techniques:

  • measure mesio-distal width of crown or space with dividers
    OR
  • trial and error after crown preparation
    OR
  • impression and crown prep on model
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56
Q

In the crown preparation for stainless steel crowns, where do you start marginal ridge reduction from?

A

in the crown preparation for stainless steel crowns, start marginal ridge reduction from the occlusal portion of the marginal ridge

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57
Q

What bur should be used in the interproximal preparation for stainless steel crowns?

A

a tapered diamond separating bur should be used in the interproximal preparation for stainless steel crowns

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58
Q

When preparing for stainless steel crowns, the contact area should be broken and what finish should be created mesially and distally?

A

when preparing for stainless steel crowns, the contact area should be broken and a knife edge finish produced mesially and distally

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59
Q

Why should you ensure that there is a knife edge finish when preparing for stainless steel crowns?

A

you should ensure that there is a knife edge finish when preparing for stainless steel crowns as this will prevent the crown from seating

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60
Q

What type of finish in the preparation for stainless steel crowns will allow ledges to prevent the crown from seating?

A

a knife edge finish will allow ledges to prevent the stainless steel crown from seating

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61
Q

In the crown preparation for preformed metal crowns, what should the occlusal reduction be?

A

in the crown preparation for preformed metal crowns, the occlusal reduction should be 1-2mm

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62
Q

In the crown preparation for preformed metal crowns, the buccal and lingual is a X reduction only

A

X - peripheral

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63
Q

With buccal and lingual reduction in crown preparation for preformed metal crowns, you are basically removing any X angles produced during the occlusal and interproximal reductions

A

X - sharp

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64
Q

What do you contour the preformed metal crown margin with to ensure there is a tight cervical fit?

A

you contour the preformed metal crown margin with pliers to ensure there is a tight cervical fit

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65
Q

What on a preformed metal crown do you contour with pliers to ensure a tight cervical fit?

A

you contour the crown margin of a preformed metal crown with pliers to ensure a tight cervical fit

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66
Q

What do you contour the crown margin of a preformed metal crown with pliers to ensure?

A

you contour the crown margin of the performed metal crown with pliers to ensure a tight cervical fit

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67
Q

What should you contour the interproximal region of a preformed metal crown to establish?

A

you should contour the interproximal region of a preformed metal crown to establish contact area

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68
Q

What area of a preformed metal crown should you contour to establish contact area?

A

you should contour the interproximal region of a preformed metal crown to establish contact area

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69
Q

A preformed metal crown should have a “ X “ fit

A

X - snap

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70
Q

Should you establish a contact area with a preformed metal crown if there was not one already present?

A

no , you should not establish a contact area with a preformed metal crown if there was not one already present

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71
Q

What are common problems with stainless steel crowns?

A

common problems with stainless steel crowns:
> rocking

> canting

> loss of space

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72
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin > X mm beyond maximum curvature

                 ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                 ↓

open margins and an unstable crown will result

                 ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - 1

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73
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum X

                  ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                  ↓

open margins and an unstable crown will result

                  ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                 ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - curvature

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74
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum curvature

                     ↓

difficult to X margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                     ↓

open margins and an unstable crown will result

                     ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                    ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - contour

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75
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum curvature

                   ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                   ↓

X margins and an unstable crown will result

                   ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                  ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - open

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76
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum curvature

                    ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                    ↓

open margins and an X crown will result

                    ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                   ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - unstable

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77
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum curvature

                   ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                   ↓

open margins and unstable crown will result

                   ↓

solution = adjust X

                   ↓

stable crown - 0.5mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - tooth preparation

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78
Q

Rocking:
cervical margin >1mm beyond maximum curvature

                       ↓

difficult to contour margins sufficiently to contact tooth throughout

                       ↓

open margins and an unstable crown will result

                       ↓

solution = adjust tooth preparation

                       ↓

stable crown - X mm beyond maximum curvature

A

X - 5

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79
Q

What is the problem that causes canting to one side of a preformed metal crown?

A

an uneven reduction of occlusal surface can cause canting of a preformed metal crown to one side

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80
Q

What can an uneven reduction of occlusal surface cause in preformed metal crowns?

A

an uneven reduction of occlusal surface in preformed metal crowns can cause canting to one side

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81
Q

What is the solution when a preformed metal crown cants to one side?

A

when a preformed metal crown cants to one side, the solution is to round occluso-buccal line angles

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82
Q

When there is no loss of space, what is the ideal preparation shape for a preformed metal crown?

A

when there is no loss of space, a rectangular preparation is the ideal shape for a preformed metal crown

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83
Q

What can the retention of primary 5s be important to maintain?

A

the retention of primary 5s is important to maintain space

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84
Q

Generally, is LA or preparation for the Hall technique needed?

A

no , generally there is no need for LA or preparation for the Hall technique

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85
Q

In the Hall technique, what is it crucial to choose the correct size of?

A

in the Hall technique, it is crucial to choose the correct size of crown

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86
Q

What should be used in the Hall technique if contact points are a problem?

A

if contact points are a problem, separators should be used in the Hall technique

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87
Q

In the Hall technique, what should be used to cement?

A

in the Hall technique, glass ionomer should be used to cement

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88
Q

Ideally, in the Hall technique, the fit should be X or at least below the margins of any cavitation

A

X - subgingival

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89
Q

Ideally, in the Hall technique, the fit should be subgingival or at least below X of any cavitation

A

X - margins

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90
Q

Ideally, in the Hall technique, the fit should be subgingival or at least below margins of any X

A

X - cavitation

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91
Q

When using the Hall technique, should there be any clinical or radiographic signs of pulpal involvement?

A

no , when using the Hall technique, there should be no clinical or radiographic signs of pulpal involvement

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92
Q

With the Hall technique, what should the tooth have sufficient sound tooth tissue left to retain?

A

with the Hall technique, the tooth should have sufficient sound tooth tissue left to retain the crown

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93
Q

With separators, what should be threaded through them?

A

with separators, 2 lengths of dental floss should be threaded through the separator

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94
Q

What should separators be “flossed” through?

A

separators should be “flossed” through a contact point

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95
Q

How long after placed should you see a patient for removal of a separator (if it has not already fallen out)?

A

you should see a patient 3-5 days after placement of a separator for it to be removed (if it has not already fallen out)

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96
Q

What should a preformed metal crown be filled with?

A

a preformed metal crown should be filled with glass ionomer luting cement

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97
Q

A preformed metal crown should be filled with glass ionomer luting cement, ensuring the crown is well filled and there are no X present

A

X - air bubbles

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98
Q

Should the tooth be dry or wet when placing a preformed metal crown in the Hall technique (with glass ionomer luting cement)?

A

the tooth should be dry if possible when placing a preformed metal crown in the Hall technique (with glass ionomer luting cement)

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99
Q

In the Hall technique, the crown should be placed over the X of the tooth and partially seated until the crown engages with the contact points

A

X - crown

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100
Q

In the Hall technique, the crown should be placed over the tooth and X seated until the crown engages with the contact points

A

X - partially

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101
Q

With the Hall technique, what should encourage the child do to help the preformed metal crown go into place?

A

with the Hall technique, you should encourage the child to bite together to help the crown go into place

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102
Q

If the child does not want to bite to help the preformed metal crown go into place, how should you fully seat the crown?

A

if the child does not want to bite to help the preformed metal crown go into place, you should fully seat the crown with firm finger pressure alone

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103
Q

After a preformed metal crown is fully seated, what should you do with the extruded cement?

A

after a preformed metal crown is fully seated, extruded cement will need to be removed from the margins as soon as possible

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104
Q

After a preformed metal crown has been fully seated, what should you ask the child to do?

A

after the preformed metal crown has been fully seated, you should ask the child to bite firmly on the crown for 2-3 minutes

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105
Q

After the preformed metal crown has been fully seated, what should you do for the next 2-3 minutes if the child does not want to bite down on it?

A

after the preformed metal crown has been fully seated, you should hold the crown with firm finger pressure for 2-3 minutes

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106
Q

What does biting down or holding the preformed metal crown for 2-3 minutes after its placement prevent it from doing?

A

biting down or holding the preformed metal crown for 2-3 minutes after its placement prevents it from springing back a short way

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107
Q

What should you reassure the child and parent after a preformed metal crown is fitted?

A

after placement of a preformed metal crown, reassure the child and parent that:

  • the crown is supposed to fit tightly and the gum will adjust
  • child will get used to the feeling of the crown within 24 hours
  • the occlusion tends to adjust to give even contacts bilaterally within a few weeks
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108
Q

What minor failures could come from the Hall technique?

A

minor failures of the Hall technique:

  • new/secondary caries
  • filling/crown worn, lost or requiring another intervention
  • restoration lost but tooth restorable
  • reversible pulpitis treated without requiring pulpotomy or extration
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109
Q

What are major failures that could come from the Hall technique?

A

major failures from the Hall technique:

  • irreversible pulpitis
  • abscess requiring pulpotomy or extraction
  • interradicular radiolucency
  • filling lost and tooth unrestorable
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110
Q

How are band and loop space maintainers kept in the mouth?

A

band and loop space maintainers are cemented

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111
Q

What are disadvantages of unplanned primary tooth extractions?

A

disadvantages of unplanned primary tooth extractions:

  • loss of space causing increased risk of malocclusion
  • decreased masticatory function
  • impeded speech development
  • psychological disturbance
  • trauma from anaesthesia/surgery
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112
Q

What are indications for pulp treatment?

A

indications for pulp treatment:
- good co-operation

  • medical history precludes extraction
  • missing permanent successor
  • over-riding necessity to preserve the tooth (eg. space maintainer)
  • child under 9 years of age
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113
Q

Is a missing permanent successor an indication for pulp treatment?

A

yes , a missing permanent successor is an indication for pulp treatment

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114
Q

What are contra-indications for pulp treatment?

A

contra-indications for pulp treatment:
> poor co-operation

> poor dental attendance

> cardiac defect

> multiple grossly carious teeth

> advanced root resorption

> severe/recurrent pain or infection

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115
Q

Is poor dental attendance a contra-indication for pulp treatment?

A

yes , poor dental attendance is a contra-indication for pulp treatment

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116
Q

Is having a cardiac defect a contra-indication for pulp treatment?

A

yes , having a cardiac defect is a contra-indication for pulp treatment

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117
Q

Is having multiple grossly carious teeth an indication for pulp treatment?

A

no , having multiple grossly carious teeth is a contra-indication for pulp treatment

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118
Q

Is having severe/recurrent pain or infection an indication for pulp treatment?

A

no , having severe/recurrent pain or infection is a contra-indication for pulp treatment

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119
Q

What can be said about the success rate of pulp capping a vital tooth?

A

there is a poor success rate of pulp capping a vital tooth

120
Q

What procedure is the carious or traumatic exposure of a bleeding pulp?

A

the carious or traumatic exposure of a bleeding pulp is a vital pulpotomy

121
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what pulp is preserved and the bleeding controlled?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, the radicular pulp is preserved and the bleeding controlled

122
Q

Should local anaesthetic be used for a vital pulpotomy?

A

yes , always use local anaesthetic for a vital pulpotomy

123
Q

Should rubber dam be used for a vital pulpotomy?

A

yes , rubber dam should be used for a vital pulpotomy

124
Q

Prior to access for a vital pulpotomy, what should be removed?

A

prior to access for a vital pulpotomy, caries should be removed

125
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, how much of the roof of the pulp chamber should be removed?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, remove the entire roof of the pulp chamber

126
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of X
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - pulp chamber

127
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove X pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - coronal

128
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with X excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - sterile

129
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running X round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - large

130
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large X steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - round

131
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton X with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - pledget

132
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with X for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - ferric sulphate

133
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place X /eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - zinc oxide

134
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/ X in the pulp chamber and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - eugenol

135
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the X and restore using a preformed metal crown
A

X - pulp chamber

136
Q

Vital pulpotomy:

  • remove roof of pulp chamber
  • remove coronal pulp with sterile excavator or slow running large round steel bur
  • place a cotton pledget with ferric sulphate for 20 seconds
  • place zinc oxide/eugenol in the pulp chamber and restore using a X
A

X - preformed metal crown

137
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what should you remove the roof of the pulp chamber using?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, remove the roof of the pulp chamber using a sterile diamond fissure bur

138
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what do you gain access by removing?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you gain access by caries removal

139
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what pulp do you remove?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you remove coronal pulp

140
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what do you remove coronal pulp using?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, remove coronal pulp using a sterile excavator or a large round steel bur

141
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what should you control?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you should have haemorrhage control

142
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what should you evaluate?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you should evaluate pulp stumps

143
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what should be placed over root stumps for 20 seconds?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you should place ferric sulphate over root stumps for 20 seconds

144
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what do you use as pulp stump evaluation?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you use minimal oozing as a pulp stump evaluation

145
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what do you cover root stumps with?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you cover root stumps with reinforced ZOE paste / CaOH / MTA

146
Q

In a vital pulpotomy, what do you restore the tooth with?

A

in a vital pulpotomy, you restore the tooth with a preformed metal crown

147
Q

If there is normal bleeding, what can be said about the inflammation of the pulp?

A

if there is normal bleeding, the pulp is uninflammed

148
Q

What can be said about bleeding when the pulp is uninflammed?

A

when the pulp is uninflammed, bleeding is normal

149
Q

When there is normal bleeding and the pulp is uninflammed, what can be said about the colour of the blood?

A

when there si normal bleeding and the pulp is uninflammed, the blood is a bright red colour

150
Q

What can be said about haemostasis when the pulp is uninflammed and bleeding is normal?

A

when the pulp is uninflammed and bleeding is normal there is good haemostasis

151
Q

What can be said about inflammation of the pulp when there is abnormal bleeding?

A

when there is abnormal bleeding there is inflammation of the pulp

152
Q

When the pulp is inflammed, what can be said about bleeding?

A

when the pulp is inflammed, there is abnormal bleeding

153
Q

What can be said about the colour of the blood if there is abnormal bleeding and an inflammed pulp?

A

if the pulp is inflammed and bleeding is abnormal the blood will be a deep crimson colour

154
Q

If there is abnormal bleeding and an inflammed pulp there will be X bleeding after pressure

A

X - continued

155
Q

When is a pulpectomy performed?

A

a pulpectomy is performed when:

  • non-vital or hyperaemic pulp
  • irreversible pulpitis
156
Q

What pulp treatment is performed for a non-vital pulp?

A

a pulpectomy is performed for a non-vital pulp

157
Q

What pulp treatment is performed for a hyperaemic pulp?

A

a pulpectomy is performed for a hyperaemic pulp

158
Q

What pulp treatment is performed for irreversible pulpitis?

A

a pulpectomy is performed for irreversible pulpitis

159
Q

What is signs of a non-vital primary molar?

A

signs of a non-vital primary molar:

  • hyperaemic pulp - bleeding
  • pulp necrosis and furcation involvement
160
Q

What are symptoms of a non-vital primary molar?

A

symptoms of a non-vital primary molar:
> irreversible pulpitis

> periapical periodontitis

> chronic sinus

161
Q

What does a severe infection with facial swelling result in?

A

a severe infection with facial swelling results in extraction

162
Q

What is the aim of a primary molar pulpectomy?

A

the aim of a primary molar pulpectomy is to prevent / control infection by extirpation of radicular pulp followed by cleaning and obturation of canals

163
Q

What is prevention/control of infection by extirpation of radicular pulp followed by cleaning and obturation of canals the aim of?

A

prevention/control of infection by extirpation of radicular pulp followed by cleaning and obturation of canals is the aim of primary molar pulpectomy

164
Q

What is the estimated working length for a primary molar pulpectomy assessed on?

A

the estimated working length for a primary molar pulpectomy is assessed on the pre-op radiograph

165
Q

What is the radiograph taken prior to a primary molar pulpectomy used to assess?

A

the radiograph taken prior to a primary molar pulpectomy is used to assess the estimated working length

166
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • X /hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a very thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - non-vital

167
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the X
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from the canals 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with CaOH and iodoform paste (Vitapex) (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - pulp chamber

168
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the X of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove the pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate the chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - contents

169
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use X to remove pulpal tissue from the canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - files

170
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove X from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - pulpal tissue

171
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to X short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate the canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a very thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - 2mm

172
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the X
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - estimated working length

173
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove the pulpal tissue from the canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • X with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - irrigate

174
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with X and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a very thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - chlorhexidine

175
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and X with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - dry

176
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with X
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - paper points

177
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate the X with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - canals

178
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate the canals with Vitapex which is a X and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - CaOH

179
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissues from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and X paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - iodoform

180
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissus from the canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a X mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - thin

181
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of X )
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/GI ans restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - ZOE

182
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with X mix of ZOE/GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - thick

183
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open roof of pulp chamber
  • remove contents of pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with thick mix of X /GI and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - ZOE

184
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissues from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with a thick mix of ZOE/ X and restore with a preformed metal crown
A

X - glass ionomer

185
Q

Pulpectomy:

  • non-vital/hyperaemic pulp
  • open the roof of the pulp chamber
  • remove the contents of the pulp chamber
  • use files to remove pulpal tissue from canals to 2mm short of the estimated working length
  • irrigate with chlorhexidine and dry with paper points
  • obturate canals with Vitapex which is a CaOH and iodoform paste (alternatively a thin mix of ZOE)
  • seal with thick mix of ZOE/GI and restore with X
A

X - preformed metal crown

186
Q

What are potential complications with pulpectomies?

A

potential complications with pulpectomies:
> early resorption leading to early exfoliation

> over-preparation

187
Q

What can indicate clinical failure of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy?

A

clinical failure of pulpotomy or pulpectomy:

  • pathological mobility
  • fistula/chronic sinus
  • pain
188
Q

What, radiographically, can indicate failure of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy?

A

radiographic failure of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy:

  • increased radiolucency
  • external/internal resorption
  • furcation bone loss
189
Q

An X in radiolucency can be a sign of failure of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy

A

X - increase

190
Q

How frequent is the clinical review of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy?

A

the clinical review of a pulpotomy or pulpectomy is every 6 months

191
Q

How frequent is the radiographic review of a pulpotomy or a pulpectomy?

A

a pulpotomy or pulpectomy is radiographically reviewed 12-18 monthly

192
Q

What does E# indicate?

A

E# indicates an enamel fracture

193
Q

How is an incisor with an enamel fracture managed?

A

incisor enamel fracture:

  • selective grinding
  • acid etched tip (AET)
194
Q

What does ED# indicate?

A

ED# indicates an enamel and dentine fracture

195
Q

How do you manage an incisor with an enamel and dentine fracture?

A

management of an incisor with an enamel and dentine fracture:

  • acid etched tip (AET)
  • reattach crown fragment
196
Q

What does EDP# indicate?

A

EDP# indicates a fracture causing pulpal exposure

197
Q

How is a fractured incisor causing a pulpal exposure managed?

A

a fractured incisor causing a pulpal exposure is managed:

  • pulp capping
  • pulpotomy - partial/total
  • pulpectomy
198
Q

With crown fractures, after taking a history and examination what should you cover over?

A

with crown fractures, after taking a history and examination you should cover over the exposed dentine

199
Q

With crown fractures, you should take a history and examination and then cover over exposed dentine using what as a “bandage”?

A

with crown fractures, you should take a history and then cover over exposed dentine with compomer or composite as a “bandage”

200
Q

With pulpal exposure, what does the survival of the pulp depend on?

A

with pulpal exposure, the survival of the pulp depends on:

  • associated periodontal ligament injury
  • extent of the exposed dentine
  • age of the patient (open vs closed apex)
201
Q

With pulpal exposure fractures, what can be said about the prognosis when it is not a luxation (displacement) injury?

A

with pulpal exposure fractures, when there is no luxation (displacement) injury then the prognosis is better

202
Q

What does bacterial ingress in pulpal exposure fractures cause?

A

bacterial ingress in pulpal exposure fractures causes pulp death

203
Q

When there is a vital open apex tooth with an exposed pulp, what kind of exposures should you use a pulp cap for?

A

when there is a vital open apex tooth with an exposed pulp, you should use a pulp cap for small exposures

204
Q

When there is a vital immature (open apex) tooth with a pulp exposure fracture, you should use a pulp cap on small exposures when they are less than X old

A

X - 24 hours

205
Q

When there is a vital immature (open apex) tooth with a pulp exposure fracture, what should you apply direct to the exposure site when doing a pulp cap?

A

when there is a vital immature (open apex) tooth with a pulp exposure fracture, you should apply Ca(OH) 2 direct to the exposure site when doing a pulp cap

206
Q

When there is a vital immature (open apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, what type of exposures should a pulpotomy be used for?

A

when there is a vital immature (open apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, a pulpotomy should be used for larger exposures

207
Q

What does a pulpotomy maintain of the remaining (non-infected) pulp?

A

a pulpotomy maintains the vitality of the remaining (non-infected) pulp

208
Q

What does a pulpotomy maintain the vitality of?

A

a pulpotomy maintains the vitality of the remaining (non-infected) pulp

209
Q

What can be said about root formation with pulpotomies in vital immature (open apex) teeth with exposed pulp factures?

A

in vital immature (open apex) teeth with pulp exposed fractures, pulpotomies allow root formation to continue

210
Q

When direct pulp capping, what do you arrest with pressure with moistened cotton wool?

A

when direct pulp capping, you arrest haemorrhage with pressure with moistened cotton wool

211
Q

When direct pulp capping, what do you arrest haemorrhage with?

A

when direct pulp capping, you arrest haemorrhage with pressure via moistened cotton wool

212
Q

When direct pulp capping, what is placed directly over the exposure site?

A

when direct pulp capping, Ca(OH) 2 is placed directly over the exposure site

213
Q

When direct pulp capping, where is Ca(OH) 2 placed?

A

when direct pulp capping, Ca(OH) 2 is placed directly over the exposure site

214
Q

In a pulpotomy, what is the pulp dressed with?

A

in a pulpotomy, the pulp is dressed with Ca(OH) 2

215
Q

In a non-vital immature (open apex) tooth, what does a pulpectomy remove?

A

in a non-vital immature (open apex) tooth, a pulpectomy removes all necrotic pulp

216
Q

In a non-vital immature (open apex) tooth, X is used to provide apical barrier against which to condense root canal filling (gutta persha)

A

X - mineral trioxide aggregate

217
Q

In a non-vital immature (open apex) tooth, mineral trioxide aggregate is used to provide an X barrier against which to condense root canal filling (gutta persha)

A

X - apical

218
Q

In non-vital immature (open apex) teeth, mineral trioxide aggregate is used to provide an apical barrier against which to condense X (gutta persha)

A

X - root canal filling

219
Q

In apexification of non-vital immature (open apex) teeth, what is placed in root canals to induce an apical barrier?

A

in apexification of non-vital immature (open apex) teeth, calcium hydroxide is placed in root canals to induce apical barrier

220
Q

In apexification of non-vital immature (open apex) teeth, what is calcium hydroxide placed in root canals to induce?

A

in apexification of non-vital immature (open apex) teeth, calcium hydroxide is placed in root canals to induce apical barrier

221
Q

What are some concerns that the long term use of CaOH inside root canals reduces in dentine?

A

there are some concerns that the long term use of CaOH inside root canals reduces the mineral content of dentine

222
Q

There are some concerns that the long term use of CaOH inside root canals reduces the mineral content of dentine, making a tooth more likely to what?

A

there are some concerns that the long term use of CaOH inside root canals reduces the mineral content of dentine, making a tooth more susceptible to root fracture

223
Q

With apical barrier formation using MTA, what depth of MTA should be placed at the apical end of the root?

A

with apical barrier formation using MTA, 5mm of MTA should be placed at the apical end of the root

224
Q

With apical barrier formation using MTA, what is the placement of MTA carried out using?

A

with apical barreir formation using MTA, placement of MTA is carried out using obtura probes

225
Q

When there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, what exposed would a pulp cap be used on?

A

when there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, a pulp cap would be used in small exposures

226
Q

When there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, what should be used on small exposures that are less than 24 hours old?

A

when there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, a pulp cap should be used on small exposures that are less than 24 hours old

227
Q

When there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, what should be done for teeth with large exposures that are over 24 hours old with necrotic pulp?

A

when there is a mature (closed apex) tooth with a pulp exposed fracture, a pulpotomy or pulpectomy should be done for teeth with large exposures that are over 24 hours old with necrotic pulp

228
Q

What is calcium hydroxide used to induce a calcific barrier following?

A

calcium hydroxide is used to induce a calcific barrier following pulpotomy procedures

229
Q

What type of barrier is calcium hydroxide used to induce following pulpotomy procedures?

A

calcium hydroxide is used to induce a calcific barrier following pulpotomy procedures

230
Q

What is calcium hydroxide useful for decreasing in non-vital mature permanent teeth?

A

calcium hydroxide is useful for decreasing microbial load in non-vital mature permanent teeth

231
Q

What does calcium hydroxide do to root dentine?

A

calcium hydroxide makes root dentine brittle

232
Q

What should you store an avulsed tooth in?

A

you should store an avulsed tooth in fresh cold milk or saliva

233
Q

What should you not allow an avulsed tooth to do?

A

you should not allow an avulsed tooth to dry out

234
Q

If there is obvious debris on a tooth, how should you wash it?

A

if there is obvious debris on a tooth, wash it for 10 seconds under cold water while holding the crown

235
Q

What should you not handle in an avulsed tooth?

A

with an avulsed tooth you should not handle the root

236
Q

How should you re-implant an avulsed tooth?

A

you should re-implant an avulsed tooth quickly

237
Q

What should be placed fro 2 weeks with a re-implanted avulsed tooth?

A

a flexible splint should be placed with a re-implanted avulsed tooth for 2 weeks

238
Q

How long should a flexible splint be placed for with an re-implanted avulsed tooth?

A

a flexible splint should be placed for 2 weeks with a re-implanted avulsed tooth

239
Q

With an avulsed tooth, what should be started in 2 weeks unless the open apex is replanted within 30-45 minutes?

A

with an avulsed tooth, root canal treatment should be started in 2 weeks unless the open apex is replanted within 30-45 minutes

240
Q

What should flexible 2 week splints be provided for?

A

flexible 2 weeks splints should be provided fro avulsions

241
Q

How long should flexible splints be provided for with avulsions?

A

with avulsions, flexible splints should be provided for 2 weeks

242
Q

What should flexible 4 week splints be provided for?

A

flexible 4 week splits should be provided for luxations or apical and middle 3rd root fractures

243
Q

How long should flexible splints be provided for luxations?

A

flexible splints should be provided for luxations for 4 weeks

244
Q

What should rigid splints be provided for 4 weeks fo?

A

rigid splints should be provided for 4 weeks for dento-alveolar fractures

245
Q

How long should rigid splints be provided for dento-alveolar fractures?

A

rigid 4 week splints should be provided for dento-alveolar fractures

246
Q

What are better for splints - composite or acrylic wires?

A

composite wires are better than acrylic wires for splints

247
Q

When is an acrylic URA type splint useful?

A

an acrylic URA type splint is useful when there are few abutment teeth

248
Q

What splints are useful when there are few abutment teeth?

A

acrylic URA type splints are useful when there are few abutment teeth

249
Q

Orthodontic brackets and wires can be used as splints, however they must be X or else the teeth will be moved

A

X - passive

250
Q

What happens to teeth in orthodontic brackets if the wire is active?

A

with orthodontic brackets, if the wire is active then the teeth will be moved

251
Q

Creating splints:

  • cut and bend X mm stainless steel wire
  • apply composite resin to traumatised tooth and those adjacent
  • sink the contoured, passive wire into the composite
  • shape and cure composite
  • smooth rough composite and wire ends
A

X - 0.6

252
Q

Creating splints:

  • cut and bend 0.6mm stainless steel wire
  • apply X to traumatised tooth and those adjacent
  • sink the contoured, passive wire into the composite
  • shape and cure composite
  • smooth rough composite and wire ends
A

X - composite resin

253
Q

Creating splints:

  • cut and bend 0.6mm stainless steel wire
  • apply composite resin to traumatised tooth and those adjacent
  • sink the contoured, X wire into the composite
  • shape and cure composite
  • smooth rough composite and wire ends
A

X - passive

254
Q

Creating splints:

  • cut and bend 0.6mm stainless steel wire
  • apply composite resin to traumatised tooth and those adjacent
  • sink the contoured, passive wire into the composite
  • shape and cure the composite
  • X rough composite and wire ends
A

X - smooth

255
Q

What is a fissure sealant?

A

a fissure sealant is a protective plastic coating used to seal fissures and pits to prevent food and bacteria getting caught in them and causing decay

256
Q

What is the name given to the protective plastic coating used to seal fissures and pits to prevent food and bacteria getting caught in them and causing decay?

A

fissure sealants are protective plastic coatings that are used to seal fissures and prevent food and bacteria getting caught in them and causing decay

257
Q

What is less protected by fluoride - fissures, smooth surfaces or interproximal surfaces?

A

fissures are less protected than smooth surfaces or interproximal caries from fluoride

258
Q

Is it possible to clean the base of fissures with a toothbrush?

A

no , it is not possible to clean the base of fissures with a toothbrush

259
Q

What material is mostly used for fissure sealants?

A

it is mostly bis-GMA that is used for fissure sealants

260
Q

What is occasionally used for fissure sealants?

[not bis-GMA]

A

glass ionomer is occasionally used for fissure sealants

261
Q

What children are indications for fissure sealant placement?

A

indications for fissure sealant placement:

  • children deemed to be high risk for caries
  • medically compromised children
  • children with learning difficulties
  • children with physical and mental disabilities
262
Q

If a child is a low caries risk, do they need to have their first permanent teeth routinely sealed?

A

no , if a child is low caries risk they do not need to have their first permanent teeth routinely sealed - rather these fissures should be closely monitored

263
Q

What teeth and surfaces do fissure sealants have the greatest benefit?

A

fissure sealants have the greatest benefit on the occlusal surfaces of permanent molar teeth

264
Q

What pits of upper incisors should be fissure sealed?

A

the cingulum pits of upper incisors should be fissure sealed

265
Q

What pits of lower molars should be fissure sealed?

A

the buccal pits of lower molars should be fissure sealed

266
Q

What pits of upper molars should be fissure sealed?

A

the palatal pits of upper molars should be fissure sealed

267
Q

What should be done with a child that has caries in one permanent first molar?

A

if a child has caries in one permanent first molar, they should have the other 3 fissure sealed immediately

268
Q

What does occlusal caries in first permanent molars indicate for the second permanent molars?

A

occlusal caries in the first permanent molars indicates that the second permanent molars must be sealed on eruption

269
Q

What dental dam placement should be used for fissure sealing?

A

when fissure sealing, use a single tooth dental dam

270
Q

What should be used to etch the enamel surface for fissure sealant placement?

A

35% ortho-phosphoric acid should be used to etch the enamel surface for fissure sealant placement

271
Q

If etch touches the soft tissues, why should you rinse this?

A

if etch touches the soft tissues, you should rinse this as it could cause a burn

272
Q

What appearance should the etched surface have when dry?

A

when dry, the etched surface should have a chalky-white/frosty appearance

273
Q

Any etched enamel not eventually covered with fissure sealant will take how long to remineralise?

A

any etched enamel not eventually covered with fissure sealant will remineralise within 24 hours

274
Q

What can you use to add resin to the depths of the dry fissure pattern when fissure sealing?

A

when fissure sealing, add the resin to the depths of the dry fissure pattern using a brush , micro-brush or small excavator

275
Q

What must you ensure the fissure sealant material is in the base of?

A

you must ensure that the fissure sealant material is in the base of the fissure

276
Q

What will overfilling when fissure sealing lead to in terms of long term retention?

A

overfilling when fissure sealing will lead to a decrease in long term retention

277
Q

What should you do to check that a fissure sealant is firmly adhered?

A

to check that a fissure sealant is firmly adhered, use a sharp probe and try and dislodge

278
Q

What should you do if there are air-blows present in a fissure sealant?

A

if there are air-blows present in a fissure sealant, remove this part of the sealant and redo

279
Q

What should you do if some of the fissure sealant material has flowed interproximally?

A

if some fissure sealant material has flowed interproximally, remove this with a sharp probe and dental floss

280
Q

How often should you clinically review fissure sealants?

A

you should clinically review fissure sealants every 4-6 months

281
Q

What are indications for glass ionomer fissure sealants?

A

indications for glass ionomer fissure sealants:
> where good moisture control cannot be achieved

  • high risk children with partially erupted molars
  • special needs children
  • poorly co-operating children

> where there is a high degree of sensitivity due to developmental or hereditary enamel defects - drying the tooth would be extremely painful in these cases

282
Q

What should you use to smooth GI fissure sealant into fissures?

A

you should use your finger or thumb to smooth GI fissure sealant into fissures

283
Q

Why should you keep your finger over a GI fissure sealant or place petroleum jelly until it is set?

A

keep your finger over GI fissure sealant or place petroleum jelly to decrease moisture contamination until it is set

284
Q

What is a fissure that is discoloured, brown or black known as?

A

a fissure that is discoloured, brown or black is known as a stained fissure

285
Q

What can be used in the diagnosis of stained fissures?

A

diagnosis of stained fissures:
> visual (dry tooth)

> probe/explorer

> bitewing radiograph

> electronic

> fibre optic transillumination

> CO 2 laser

> air abrasion

286
Q

When is there greater accuracy in the diagnosis of a stained fissure?

A

there is greater diagnosis of a stained fissure when 2 or 3 methods are used together

287
Q

If an investigation reveals that caries does not enter the dentine, should you provide a fissure sealant?

A

yes , if an investigation reveals that caries does not enter the dentine, provide a fissure sealant and monitor

288
Q

What is a preventive resin restoration (PRR) or a sealant restoration (SR)?

A

a preventive resin restoration (PRR) or a sealant restoration (SR) is when a defect is filled with a small amount of composite then sealed over the top with a fissure sealant

289
Q

What is it known as when a defect is filled with a small amount of composite then sealed over the top with a fissure sealant?

A

when a defect is filled with a small amount of composite then sealed over the top with a fissure sealant this is known as a preventive resin restoration (PRR) or a sealant restoration (SR)

290
Q

What should be maximised in the management of virgin caries in first primary molars?

A

prevention should be maximised in the management of virgin caries in first primary molars

291
Q

What teeth should be prioritised in any mixed dentition treatment plan?

A

always prioritise the first permanent molars in any mixed dentition treatment plan

292
Q

Caries most commonly affects the pits and fissures of first permanent molars but where else may it develop?

A

caries most commonly affects the pits and fissures of first permanent molars but may also develop proximally below the contact point

293
Q

When caries in first permanent molars is extensive what should you always consider?

A

when caries in first permanent molars is extensive you should always consider the long term prognosis

294
Q

In what cases may bulk fill composite be useful?

A

bulk fill composite may be useful when the child cannot sit for the length of time necessary for completion of a quality composite restoration under rubber dam

295
Q

Under what age can you not use amalgam in children?

A

you cannot use amalgam in children under 15 year sold

296
Q

When carrying out extractions of the first permanent molars, when would the optimal occlusal result be obtained?

A

when carrying out extractions of the first permanent molars, the optimal occlusal result will be obtained when:

  • bifurcation of the lower 7 is seen to be forming on a panoramic radiograph (typically around 8.5-10 years)
  • 5s and 8s are all present and in a good position on the panoramic radiograph
  • mild buccal segment crowding
  • class I incisor relationship
297
Q

In some situations, what can extraction of first permanent molars of poor prognosis at the correct time allow?

A

in some situations, extraction of the first permanent molars of poor prognosis at the correct time can allow the development of a caries-free dentition in the adolescent , without spacing

BDS2 Paediatric Dentistry (7 decks)

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